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This study examines whether individual auditors with experience as independent directors provide better audit performance than those without independent directorship experience. Using the Chinese setting where audit partners' names are publicly disclosed, we find that audit partners with independent director experience provide higher audit quality for clients that operate in the same industries as the companies where they concurrently hold or have previously held directorships. However, directorship experience at companies in different industries has an insignificant effect on audit quality. These findings suggest that independent director service enables audit partners to gain industry-specific knowledge. This leads to knowledge spillovers on the audits of clients in the same industries. This study contributes to the literature by identifying an alternative channel through which auditors gain industry-specific knowledge which enhances their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how hospital cost efficiency can improve because of knowledge spillover effects, arising from the experiences of members of a healthcare system. We identify two types of functional technology networks—that we term repository-type and workflow-type networks—which are defined by the adoption patterns of different types of electronic health record (EHR) systems application functions by hospitals in a health system. Additionally, we examine how structural features of these two network types—namely, network centrality and interconnectedness—impact such knowledge spillover effects. By analyzing seven years of panel data for 1,420 U.S. hospitals across 216 health systems, and data obtained from surveys of healthcare experts, we found that greater centrality of nodes in repository-type networks enhances the influence of partners' experiences on cost efficiency but has the opposite effect in workflow-type networks, while greater interconnectedness of workflow-type networks enhances the influence of partners' experiences on cost efficiency. Interestingly, we found the opposite effect in repository-type networks, where greater interconnectedness diminishes the influence of partners' experiences on cost efficiency. We discuss reasons for this surprising and counterintuitive finding. Overall, our results demonstrate that at least in healthcare settings where information technologies enable knowledge-sharing networks to be formed, benefits can accrue through knowledge spillover effects; moreover, variations across functional categories of technologies adopted in a network context can result in different technology-network structures with differential impacts on hospital cost efficiency because of their influence on knowledge spillover at both the hospital and system levels. Not only can these results explain mixed findings in the literature that has been dominated by a focus on cost efficiency outcomes dependent solely on the EHR adoption choices of individual hospitals, but they also provide the basis for guidelines for a network-based perspective of technology adoption. We discuss other possible settings to which our empirical findings can be reasonably generalized, including supply chain technologies and the Internet of Things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Did migrants make Paris a mecca for the arts and Vienna a beacon of classical music? Or was their rise a pure consequence of local actors? We use data on more than 22,000 historical individuals born between the years 1000 and 2000 to estimate the contribution of famous immigrants, emigrants and locals to the knowledge specialisations of European regions. We find that the probability that a region develops or keeps specialisation in an activity (based on the birth of famous physicists, painters, etc.) grows with both the presence of immigrants with knowledge about that activity and immigrants with knowledge in related activities. In contrast, we do not find robust evidence that the presence of locals with related knowledge explains entries and/or exits. We address some endogeneity concerns using fixed-effects models considering any location–period–activity-specific factors (e.g., the presence of a new university attracting scientists). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies inter-regional technology spillover in EU-28 countries and shows how regional total factor productivity (TFP) shocks shape aggregate productivity in Europe. This paper provides evidence that several regions play a significant role as common factors in the production function of almost every other region. We provide a procedure to identify and test these regions through inter-regional trade flows. In our estimations, the ten most pervasive regions out of 272 NUTS 2 regions explain about 12% of the total factor productivity growth in the EU-28 countries. Significant heterogeneity exists in the region's ability to absorb imported knowledge among these countries. Local knowledge stock's contribution is limited compared to imported knowledge due to a regional disparity in R&D distribution. Our work contributes to understanding the granular features of spatial macroeconomics, with a particular focus on inter-regional trade flows and knowledge spillovers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of studies has investigated the geography of entrepreneurship in developed countries, with entrepreneurship researchers recently extending this topic to the developing country context. However, geography-oriented studies that consider extreme spatial differences in such contexts remain scarce. To address this gap, this paper provides a spatial-econometric analysis of the role of agglomeration economies and knowledge spillovers on start-up rates across cities in Turkey between 2009 and 2018 by considering extreme spatial differences, a common characteristic of many developing countries. By doing so, this paper determines whether the leading stylized facts that are empirically tested in developed countries hold for developing countries and analyses the extent to which extreme spatial differences matter to regional entrepreneurship performance. The spatial-econometric analysis also offers an evaluation of the mimicking effect, which examines how nearby cities influence each other in the new firm formation process. The econometric model reveals that while the entrepreneurial patterns of developed countries have some relevance to Turkey in general, the outcomes vary significantly between leading and lagging regions. This underscores the crucial importance of accounting for entrenched spatial disparities in developing countries when researching entrepreneurship and the need to identify suitable policy combinations for promoting local ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge spillovers, driven by development and research projects, are crucial in generating new companies and services. They enhance innovation, improve competitiveness, and sustain the economic growth of nations. Hence, this paper aims to examine the relationship between knowledge spillovers and economic growth. It offers a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on the relationship between knowledge spillovers and economic growth, investigating the impact of economic cycles on knowledge spillover. Doing this provides valuable insights into how to leverage them at the different stages of the economic cycle. Hence, a PRIMA systematic review was conducted. Articles from the last 15 years were analyzed from repositories and scientific databases with a Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.8902. This review identifies and presents a systematic analysis of the impacts of favoring and hindering knowledge spillovers in the economic growth of a nation. These effects offer greater resilience to a nation after periods of recession. In addition, the case study of three countries is presented to illustrate the findings from the review. The results show that better utilizing knowledge spillovers to enhance economic growth depends on a functional compromise between the university, industry, and governments to understand and commit to knowledge-based economic development. Our study has implications for policymakers who aim to boost economic growth by promoting knowledge spillovers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global digitization trend provides a favorable development environment for the efficient acquisition of knowledge and technology. However, restrictions imposed by countries on digital trade have hindered this trend. This study is based on 60 sample countries to study the impact of the digital trade barrier (DTB) on the technology innovation efficiency (TIE) of each country and the pathways from 2014 to 2020. Research finds that DTB significantly inhibits TIE. Among the five different policy fields that form DTB, Infrastructure and Connecting DTB and Other DTB have the greatest negative impact on TIE. A mechanism analysis found that DTB increases the difficulty of acquiring knowledge spillover and the high cost of research and development, leading to the mismatch and low efficiency of innovation resources, ultimately leading to a reduction in technological innovation efficiency in various countries. Participating in international technological innovation networks and improving technological innovation capabilities have a moderating effect on the aforementioned negative impacts that is beneficial for the sustainable development of national technological innovation. Heterogeneity tests indicate that countries with weaker innovation capabilities, low- and middle-income countries, and countries that have not joined the OECD have a more significant negative impact. This study serves as an important reference for the government to adjust digital trade policies and guide the effective use of external resources for sustainable and efficient technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on understanding the features that identify and characterise knowledge spillovers in Business Intelligence (BI) organisations from a strategic entrepreneurial perspective. Thus, we carried out exploratory qualitative research through recourse to case studies involving twenty professionals holding leadership roles in BI organisations. The results enable the identification of six dimensions that characterise knowledge spillovers in an organisational environment: Organisational dynamics, Internal flows, Maintenance and responsibility, Learning and training, Teams, and Critical points. This study sought to counter the gaps in understanding how knowledge flows within organisations and thereby provide a more detailed vision of interactions within BI organisational environments. We conclude that professionals are concerned over internal processes capable of maintaining, fostering and sharing the knowledge captured by the organisation and the importance of specific channels for such processes. In addition, preparing and training teams represent engaging professionals and promoting and disseminating the knowledge captured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitioning from a linear economy to a circular economy (CE) supports the realisation of societal values towards more sustainable development. This article identifies mechanisms by which circularity can be embedded in entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) through the flow of relevant knowledge and values. It presents a dynamic model that illustrates how reverse knowledge spillovers from entrepreneurs can complement traditional technological knowledge spillovers from incumbents, ultimately advocating for CE values and validating circular knowledge. The validated circular knowledge, in turn, alters the knowledge filter of incumbents, leading to shifts in their research and development (R&D) focus and their willingness to embrace new knowledge. This symbiotic relationship of knowledge spillovers between circular start-ups and incumbents can significantly enhance the motivation of participants in EEs to adopt CE values and leverage circular knowledge. Overall, the article shows how knowledge spillovers can facilitate a wider adoption of circular knowledge and CE values within EEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the comprehensive previous research on different aspects of inventions and externalities spanning both the micro- and macrolevels, no prior studies have, to our knowledge, examined the relationship between the commercialization strategies of inventions/patents and social knowledge spillovers. To bridge this gap in the literature, we examine how such spillovers, measured as forward citations, covary with four commercialization modes: (1) setting up a new firm, (2) commercialization within an existing firm where the inventor either is employed or (3) has an ownership stake, and (4) licensing/selling patents to other firms. Alternatively, an inventor may refrain from commercialization. Utilizing unique survey data on patents owned by small- and medium-sized enterprises and individuals, we provide evidence that commercialization through licensing/selling is the most efficient way of generating knowledge diffusion. We also find some support for new ventures being an important source of knowledge spillovers. Plain English Summary: New inventions and discoveries, here defined as patents, are instrumental in promoting growth and increasing societal prosperity. To contribute to a benevolent development of societies, it is imperative that new findings and new knowledge also is disseminated to a large group of users and producers. We investigate how such diffusion is affected by the chosen strategy to commercialize patents: through a new firm, within an existing firm, or licensing/selling patents to other firms. We provide evidence that commercialization through licensing/selling, closely followed by setting up a new firm, appears to be the most efficient way to generate knowledge diffusion. Policymakers should therefore not only support technological development and encourage new firms but also facilitate for firms to interact and enhance their networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Editorial introduces a Special Issue that aims to develop a more insightful understanding of the processes and mechanisms that initiate and drive local interactions between science and innovation activities in the economy. The contributions primarily extend this line of inquiry, which is highly relevant in the context of regional Science, Technology & Innovation (STI) policy initiatives in two directions: 1) by taking advantage of increasingly available and previously understudied data on scientific and technical knowledge production, and the intrinsic connections thereof; and 2) by examining intra-regional collaboration patters, a topic that recently has gained prominence in regional innovation studies, via a more inclusive perspective that includes the different actors who are involved in these processes into the investigative framework. The Editorial also provides an outlook towards future policy opportunities and possible research directions in this field of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is the first attempt to integrate microdata on universities and firms across most European countries in order to disentangle the impact of knowledge spillovers from human capital (graduates) and intellectual capital (codified research output) on the performance of firms. Data cover all Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) registered in the official European Tertiary Education Register (ETER). Data on performance of firms are from ORBIS and refer to change in the 2011–2015 period in turnover, total assets, intangible assets, and employment. Firms are georeferred and the spillovers from all HEIs located at a given distance are summed and integrated. The findings suggest that, among knowledge spillovers, the creation of human capital via education of students has a larger impact than the circulation of research knowledge. Moreover, the two factors seem to be complements rather than substitutes. Spatial proximity is important for embodied knowledge spillovers (i.e. educated people), while for codified and disembodied spillovers (citations to publications) the spatial dimension is less relevant. The findings have important managerial and policy-making consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idiosyncrasies of family firms (FFs) may enable or hamper their ability to exploit the region's knowledge spillovers. To the date, this issue has not been addressed by the literature. The purpose of this paper is twofold: firstly, to explore whether FF nature influences on firm innovative performance by acknowledging the fact that firm innovation happens in a certain location where firms are exposed to knowledge spillovers; and secondly, to analyse whether FF management plays a moderating role in the effects of regional knowledge spillovers on innovative outcomes. We used multilevel modelling and panel data methodology in a sample of 1191 Spanish manufacturing firms over the period 2009–2016. By applying multilevel analysis and panel data methods, the results indicate that being part of a family group increases innovative performance, and this effect seems to be even more important in regions with low technological or human capital resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous empirical studies have highlighted the importance of the institutional framework in fostering a transition towards the circular economy (CE). Adopting a dynamic approach, which merges three Flash Eurobarometer surveys conducted in 2015, 2017 and 2021 into a single dataset, we observe the evolution in the factors determining the adoption of CE practices. Firstly, using factor analysis, our results indicate two groups of institutional drivers: knowledge and environmental spillovers. Secondly, applying a multivariate probit model, we observe that both spillovers have a positive effect on the adoption of the CE. Finally, we find that the effect of knowledge spillovers remains relatively constant, while that of environmental spillovers tends to increase. This suggests that firms are increasingly benefiting from the adoption of circular practices by their peers. Policymakers should take into account that a more intense knowledge spillovers and a stronger institutional framework will increase the likelihood of European small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) adopting CE practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does common ownership affect creative destruction? What are the underlying mechanisms? Do the effects of increased common ownership vary among different customer segments? Using product-level data, we show that, on average, firms with greater common ownership introduce new products at a faster rate and discontinue existing products at a similar pace. The observed economic impacts intensify over time, reflecting the gradual nature of knowledge spillovers and the learning curve. Subsequent to an increase in common ownership, portfolio firms tend to both add and drop products that are dissimilar to those of their rival firms, with the net effect of decreasing between-firm product dissimilarity. We also find that the effects are more relevant for product modules with greater technological likeness, lower barriers to market entry, and greater numbers of product market players. Product variety is substantially greater in product lines catering to higher-income households. Overall, the result highlights the procompetitive effects of increased common ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the impact of universities on firm performance based on the universe of firms in Germany from 2013 to 2017. From a regional perspective, firms have 0.92 % more revenues per employee in counties with a university than in a county without a university. To address potential endogeneity concerns, I focus on a subsample of universities, founded for political reasons. Analysing different types of German universities indicates that the high-skilled regional labour supply is important for the positive impact of universities, while proximity to the knowledge spillovers of research-intensive universities is associated with weaker firm performance. The latter finding is at least partially explained by the networks of multinational firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a research perspective, postcolonial criticism helps overcome the long-standing prevailing Eurocentrism's control over geographical knowledge systems and research theories, thus avoiding neglect of geographical knowledge from non-European areas. The research paradigm of geography of knowledge history which has gradually attracted extensive attention in recent years, is different from the geography of science history based on Eurocentrism. The geography of knowledge history emphasizes the accumulation of non-European geographical knowledge and the importance and academic value of non-European knowledge systems. Experoutination (youli) is the activity in which humans, since ancient times, engage in geographical exploration and experience in distant locations during travels and at destinations, resulting in an amount of diverse records. The experoutination(youli) records are of significant importance for studying the carriers and processes of knowledge spillovers throughout historical periods, providing crucial data sources for research in the history of knowledge geography and postcolonial criticism. Based on processing and coding 32 experoutination (youli) records formed in the South China Sea section of the Maritime Silk Road from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, this study established a database of experoutination (youli) records. This study finds that the knowledge spillovers, in the South China Sea section of the Maritime Silk Road, caused by experoutination (youli) has three carriers: private individuals, government organizations and trade organizations. The results of content analysis show that geographic knowledge spillovers can be divided into explicit and implicit, which can be further divided into 16 sub types and 63 basic types. The carriers and contents of knowledge spillovers are obviously different during periods. This study proves with historical data and specific cases that the experoutination (youli) records are an important data source for research on knowledge spillovers, which has important theoretical value for the geography of knowledge history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: Research on industry evolution highlights the role of knowledge‐building activities of startups and established firms in shaping knowledge evolution in a nascent industry. Yet, research thus far has overlooked the possibility that differences between startups and established firms might also shape the diffusion of the knowledge that they build. This study abductively explores this conjecture in the context of solar energy by examining the extent to which the photovoltaic cell inventions that firms create spur subsequent inventions by other firms. In contrast with existing literature highlighting differences across firms in the types of inventions they create, this study reveals asymmetries between startups and established firms in the diffusion of the knowledge underlying their inventions, even when they create inventions with similar attributes. Managerial Summary: This study examines differences between startups and established firms in shaping knowledge diffusion in a nascent industry. Using data from photovoltaic cell patents, it shows that startups' inventions spur more subsequent inventions by other firms, even when compared to established firms' inventions with similar attributes. Findings indicate that such asymmetry is not driven by knowledge transfer mechanisms but rather by factors associated with knowledge spillovers. Specifically, findings reveal that university citations of a startup's patents draw other firms' attention to those patents, and that startups are less able to preempt rivals through cumulative inventions and less able to rely on litigiousness to deter rivals from building on their patents. These findings underscore the asymmetric influence startups have in shaping the knowledge underlying a nascent industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper explains the mechanisms underlying the generation of two-way knowledge spillovers through the interaction of subsidiaries with differentiated local responsibilities and domestic firms. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on firm-level panel data from a census of Colombian manufacturing firms for the period 2003–2012. The estimation procedure involves two stages. In the first one, total factor productivity (TFP) of foreign and domestic firms is estimated. In a second step, we estimate conventional spillovers (from foreign-owned to local firms) and reverse spillovers (from local to foreign-owned firms) separately, using a random effect approach. Findings: This study's findings reveal that only locally creative subsidiaries enjoy positive and significant two-way knowledge spillover effects. The connectivity of subsidiaries to local and international networks is reinforced by reciprocal relationships among actors that enhance bidirectional knowledge flows, these being favored by the dynamics of clustering effects. Originality/value: The paper contributes with new empirical evidence about the mechanism explaining how the technological heterogeneity of subsidiaries plays a determinant role in the generation of both knowledge flows from foreign to domestic firms and to the reverse, all integrated into the same framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of related and unrelated variety on total factor productivity (TFP) in Poland. Based on dynamic panel data regression results for Polish regions in 2003-2019, we find the positive effect of related variety and the strong negative effect of unrelated variety on TFP. This implies that regions with high related and low unrelated variety optimize TFP. Using the estimated TFP values, we tested for TFP convergence to the technological frontier using convergence tests that take into account significant differences in technological advancement across regions. We reject TFP convergence for all regions, but we find evidence of regional club convergence. The results of the convergence tests obtained for the simulation variants indicate that changes in related and unrelated variety structures may lead to the formation of convergence clubs with the regional technological leader. Furthermore, the changes primarily in related variety structures lead to the convergence of some regions to the regional technological frontier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We model the spatial characteristics of technological knowledge flows in the UK. Using a novel and highly accurate dataset of inventor locations, we test for localisation of knowledge spillovers in citations between UK patent applications from 1982 to 2015. We apply continuous distance localisation tests separately to patent citations in 313 technologies and find that spillovers are localised in far fewer technologies and at shorter distances than previous studies have suggested. Only 30% of technologies in the UK display localisation, knowledge spillovers decay rapidly at distances between 30 and 80 km, and spillovers within technologies are twice as frequently localised as spillovers between technologies. Our results suggest that technological and geographical proximity are important determinants of knowledge spillovers in the UK and that close physical proximity is particularly relevant for industrial sectors that are more reliant on tacit knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As there are many studies on the predictors of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting, the influences of foreign direct investments (FDIs) knowledge spillovers (KSs) on CSR reporting in developing countries remain unclear. This paper introduces the passive‐learning KSs concept to explain whether, why, and how domestic firms learn CSR knowledge from their foreign counterparts. First, we investigate the relationship between foreign ownership and the quality of CSR reporting (CSRQ). Second, we test the moderating effect of three types of direct institutional pressures: the green development policy, the mandatory CSR reporting requirement, and CSR regulations issued by the State‐owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. Third, we examine the moderating effect of board interlocks to explore the indirect impacts of institutional pressures. We run regressions on a sample of Chinese A‐share listed companies and the hypotheses are generally supported. This paper contributes to the literature on CSR reporting and FDIs KSs by adopting the passive‐learning KSs theory to explain CSR KSs in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-scale urban innovation networks are important channels for intra- and inter-city knowledge spillovers and play an important role in urban industrial innovation and growth. However, there is a lack of direct evidence on the impact of multi-scale urban innovation networks on industrial development. Drawing upon the "buzz-and-pipeline" model, this paper analyzes the impact of multi-scale urban innovation networks on industrial development by taking the automobile manufacturing industry in China's five urban agglomerations as an example. Firstly, based on the Form of Correlation between International Patent Classification and Industrial Classification for National Economic Activities (2018) and co-patents, we construct urban innovation networks on three different geographical scales, including intra-city innovation networks, inter-city innovation networks within urban agglomerations, and innovation networks between cities within and beyond urban agglomerations. Then, we employ the ordinary least squares model with fixed effects at the urban agglomeration level to explore the impact of urban multi-scale knowledge linkages on the development of the automobile manufacturing industry and the results showed that urban innovation networks at three different geographical scales have different impacts on industrial development. Specifically, intra-city innovation networks have a facilitating effect on industrial development, while both inter-city innovation networks within urban agglomerations and innovation networks between cities within and beyond urban agglomerations have an inverted U-shaped impact on industrial development. The interactions between urban innovation networks on three different geographical scales have a negative effect on industrial development. Simultaneously, the agglomeration level of urban industry plays a positive moderating role in the impacts of multi-scale urban innovation networks on industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study firms' optimal R&D location strategies in a dynamic industry model with competition in product quality. In light of potential future inwards and outwards spillovers firms make their location choices relying on heuristic strategies that are based on the expected present values associated with alternative location patterns. Using a simulation analysis, we show how the strategies of innovators and imitators differ and how they depend on whether firms operate in strongly or weakly innovative industry environments. We also characterize how firms' location choices should account for the innovativeness of the competitors active in a location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives The aim of the paper is to measure innovation capital of Polish cities and verify whether its dispersion changed. Material and methods Data was retrieved from the Local Data Bank provided by Statistics Poland. The sample consists of 18 Polish cities. The research period covers years 2014-2021. The TOPSIS method was applied to build the innovation capital index of cities and sigma convergence of innovation capital was verified. Results The findings indicate relatively high cross-sectional disparities in the vast majority of the investigated indicators of cities’ innovation capital. The largest disparities were identified for the number of higher education graduates and the new registered enterprises in high-tech services sector. The constructed composite indicator - innovation capital index took the highest average values in the analysed period for Wrocław, Poznań, Kraków, Warszawa, and Lublin, whereas Gorzów Wielkopolski, Zielona Góra, Bydgoszcz, and Białystok achieved the lowest values. The sigma convergence analysis revealed that the differentiation of innovation capital in Polish cities remained at a similar level and there was no convergence in this area. Conclusions Innovation capital plays a key role in the development of urban economy. Given the complexity of innovation capital, its measurement should comprise a set of indicators reflecting both output and input dimensions. Identification of spatial patterns of innovation capital distribution should enable to adjust smart specialization strategy to territorial characteristics of a given city.

The purpose of this study was to synthesize the literature that has been established on the interrelationship of “knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurial ecosystem” through a systematic literature review. The query strings generated 85 articles, of which 51 were selected for final review. The analysis was performed using MySLR software that uses the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) method, and the effectiveness was measured through the perplexity score and coherence value of the topics. The results reveal that although a plethora of literature is available on these two topics individually, the mutual relationship between these two concepts is understudied. A stronger research interest was observed after 2018 which indicates the infancy of the topic as a whole, which is yet to be explored and empirically tested, specifically in developing economies. Most of the research was focused on the role of universities, innovation, geographic dynamics and policies with respect to entrepreneurial ecosystems. Results reveal the disparity of knowledge spillovers with regard to other contributors; significantly lesser attention was paid to its role in relation to the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Along with critical analysis and synthesis of literature, future directions have also been presented in the paper.

We explore the role of elites for development and the spread of industrialized dairying in Denmark in the 1880s. We demonstrate that the location of early proto-modern dairies, introduced by landowning elites from northern Germany in the eighteenth century, explains the location of industrialized dairying in 1890: an increase of one standard deviation in elite influence increases industrialized dairying by 56 percent of the mean exposure in one specification. We interpret this as evidence for a spread of ideas from the elites to the peasantry, which we capture through measures of specialization in dairying and demand for education and identify a causal relationship using an instrument based on distance to the influential first mover. Finally, we demonstrate that areas with cooperatives enjoyed greater wealth by the twentieth century, and that they are today associated with other Danish cultural attributes: a belief in democracy and individualism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the link between firm performance in emerging economies and transport infrastructure endowment, as a key element of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. We ground on the idea that transport infrastructures, by enabling connectivity, interactions and the exchange of knowledge and ideas, have the potential to enhance commercial opportunity recognition, technological development and, thus, firm economic performance. We also emphasize the crucial role of logistics system performance in providing better linkages between suppliers, firms and customers. The empirical analysis is focused on emerging economies whose infrastructure endowment is lower than those of developed ones; thus, its improvement is likely to be associated with better performance of their firms and economies. The results suggest that part of country-level differences in firm's labour productivity is explained by transport endowment. Particularly, transport networks, such as roads and railways, and the logistics system and services show strong and positive relationships with productivity, while transport nodes, such as airports and ports, show little or no association. This might occur because networks spread knowledge spillovers in a more capillary way compared to nodes. Overall, the empirical results suggest that policy-makers in emerging economies can sustain the economic performance of firms, with beneficial effects on the economic system, by improving their transport endowment. Plain English Summary: Firms are part of national ecosystems whose attributes may influence their performance and, therefore, the economic growth of a country. In this paper, we focus on transport infrastructure endowment. We distinguish between transport networks and transport nodes, and we consider the logistic system and services. Our research questions are tested on a sample of firms in emerging economies. In so doing, we combine micro-data on firms from East Europe and Central Asia with macro-data on transport endowment. We show that more developed transport systems are positively associated with better economic performance of firms. Particularly, the beneficial effect of transport networks is found to be more prominent, possibly because more developed transport networks are associated with increased opportunities for knowledge exchange between firms. Also, the logistics system is linked to better firm performance by reducing time and distance constraints and providing better linkages along the supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the New Pattern of Development, knowledge-based entrepreneurial activities have become avital locomotive for high-quality economic growth. The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship(KSTE)posits that, due to knowledge filters such as organizational inertia, cultural orientation, and resource and capabilities, knowledge-creating organizations as called incumbent organizations are unable to fully commercialize their newly created knowledge. The value embedded in the knowledge is rather realized through venturing behaviors outside the incumbent organizations. As such, this research first overviews the literature related to KSTE by focusing on its two theoretical premises: knowledge filters and knowledge spillovers. Then, this research conducts a comprehensive literature review and organizes this line of inquiry into a framework which includes five parts: levels of analysis, sources and measures of knowledge spillovers, types and measures of knowledge-spillover-based entrepreneurship, factors influencing the process of knowledge-spillover-based entrepreneurship, and outcomes of such entrepreneurial activities. By doing so, this research also uncovers the major limitations of KSTE. Second and more importantly, this research summarizes KSTE studies that were conducted by the research group of digitalization strategy andinnovation at Xi'an Jiaotong University and explicates four theoretical breakthroughs made by this research group:(1)proposes and empirically testes the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship in alliances. It is suggested that partners' knowledge protection can be regarded as an important form of knowledge filters in alliances. As such, this research group extends the theoretical boundary of KSTE and examines the learning paradox in alliances by introducing KSTE from the national level of analysis to organizational and interorganizational levels.(2)This research group proposes and differentiates cultural knowledge filters and capability knowledge filters. Such differences have been investigated in two different countries: the US and India. KSTE has therefore been enriched as different types of knowledge filters have been analyzed.(3)The research group examines how institutional factors such as national institutions, government policy and tax support, government transparency, market competitiveness, and industry technological turbulence can function as boundary conditions for KSTE. In addition, the interaction effects between these institutional factors have also been examined. By doing so, the theoretical boundaries of KSTE have been specified.(4)The research group develops a novel concept of national entrepreneurial values and examines its moderating role in the link between national knowledge creation and employee venturing behaviors. In this case, this research group is able to empirically examine the core theoretical relationships at the national level. Finally, this research develops several promising research directions based on the main limitations of this line of literature. In a nutshell, KSTE posits that knowledge filters are barriers that can block the transformation of organizational knowledge to commercialized knowledge, suggests that entrepreneurship especially employee venturing behaviors is an important mechanism that can penetrate knowledge filters, and argues that entrepreneurship becomes an importantconduit of knowledge spillovers. All these important propositions of KSTE are aligned perfectly with the main ideas of knowledge economy that emphasizes the creation, sharing, and exploitation of knowledge. Therefore, KSTE becomes an important conduit through which to show how knowledge at the national and organizational levels can promote economic growth and enhance social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation aims to provide insights into the nexus between firms and localities that ultimately shapes the evolution of regional knowledge spaces. The 'inventive footprint' of firms, indicated by the spatial distribution of associated inventors across regional economic settings, provides the foundation to analyse whether firms' external knowledge sourcing contributes to their own evolution, and by extension to their home region's technological capabilities. Findings indicate that firms' innovation efforts beyond their home base are subsequently absorbed at home and thus that knowledge-sourcing activities by multi-locational firms significantly contributes to the evolution of regional knowledge space trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior work has maintained that organizations benefit from managing the transfer of proprietary knowledge. Transfer is often advantageous within organizational boundaries but may be harmful across them, because it might erode competitive advantage. Hence, we ask: How can organizations affect the direction in which knowledge flows? We examine the role of organizational climate as a governing mechanism for knowledge transfer. Our empirical strategy consists of a mixed-methods approach leveraging qualitative and experimental data over two cycles of theory building and theory testing. We start with an extensive field study of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), leveraging the insights from desk research, field observations, 53 interviews, and a laboratory-in-the-field experiment involving 518 physicists. We then provide a causal test of the emerging framework by means of two laboratory experiments with 389 participants. Our findings suggest employees are more likely to transfer knowledge to their colleagues when they identify as an integral part of the organization, but they would rather transfer knowledge to outside competitors when their organization encourages them to outperform coworkers. In the presence of an organizational climate that is unfavorable to preventing knowledge spillovers, we argue, organizations can redirect the locus of knowledge transfer internally by acting upon an individual employee's job design and socialization regime. History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory. Funding: The authors acknowledge generous financial support from Bocconi University, the HEC Foundation of HEC Paris, and IESEG School of Management. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1551. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: That social franchising programs induce favorable outcomes is readily taken for granted, albeit lacking robust empirical support. Addressing this situation, this paper takes a closer look at a fractional social franchising program in the public health-care sector in Vietnam to better understand how such programs work. This paper aims to expand the nascent body of empirical research that has examined the inner workings of social franchising programs from the perspective of clients by focusing on the health professionals who work there. Design/methodology/approach: Using an exploratory qualitative research design, the authors conducted 25 semistructured interviews with health professionals of a fractional franchising program called Sisterhood, which introduced reproductive health and family planning services into existing health facilities in Vietnam. Interviews were triangulated with Sisterhood's internal documents as well as with publicly available reports. Findings: The analysis highlights two pathways through which the social franchising program brought about positive change. On the one hand, the analysis suggests that many of the positive outcomes reported by public health professionals were consistent with the stated goals and measures used by the Sisterhood program, providing evidence that improving the quality of health care for disadvantaged communities can be achieved through careful design and execution. On the other hand, the analysis revealed beneficial outcomes that were outside the scope of the Sisterhood program and, in this sense, "unexpected." Specifically, the paper sheds light on unintended knowledge spillover effects in which nonfranchised health professionals began to adopt new practices and principles introduced by the social franchising program. Originality/value: The paper taps into a largely under-researched phenomenon – fractional social franchising – from the perspective of health professionals. Unpacking how the social franchising program created favorable outcomes, some by design and others by accident, the paper opens new empirical and policy insights into how social franchising can improve public health in hard-to-reach communities in the global South. Based on the findings, the authors argue for the intentional promotion and institutionalization of knowledge transfers from franchised to nonfranchised health facilities to reinforce and scale up the positive impact of social franchising. The authors conclude by emphasizing the need for future research to adopt a complexity-sensitive approach that accounts for the dynamic, nonlinear adoption pathways social franchising can take. Such an approach is essential to uncover the beneficial outcomes that can result from social franchising programs but cannot be readily predicted by program design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of local knowledge specializations from universities in the artificial intelligence (AI) startup creation process. The empirical analysis is grounded in the Knowledge Spillovers Theory of Entrepreneurship. It provides evidence of the interplay between the presence of university knowledge specializations and the creation of AI startups located in Italian NUTS3 regions. More precisely, we analyze the mix of different types of university knowledge specializations able to foster the creation of AI startups, demonstrating that competencies in technological domains, such as computer science, need to be complemented with domains of applications for the emergence of AI technology. The findings indicate that the creation of AI startups is closely tied to the local knowledge present in the region. The article also proposes an empirical approach to identify and classify innovative startups operating in AI domains. Our work offers important implications for regional innovation policies and the management of AI in entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relying on high penetration and strong diffusion capabilities, the digital economy is becoming a new driving force for industrial integration and development. It is of great significance to promote the coordinated development of manufacturing and producer services. This paper took panel data on 286 prefecture-level cities and above in China from 2011 to 2019 as its research object, and used the two-way fixed effect model, threshold effect model, and the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) as its econometric testing methods. This analysis explored the impact of the digital economy on the synergetic agglomeration between manufacturing and productive service industries in China. The results of the research showed that the synergetic agglomeration of industries is significantly promoted by the digital economy. This conclusion was still valid after an endogeneity test was carried out. The digital economy's role was found to mainly involve promoting knowledge spillovers and expanding the market size. An in-depth analysis of the digital economy has enabled the collaborative agglomeration of manufacturing and producer services in large, medium-sized, and small cities. The digital economy had the greatest effect on small cities, followed by medium-sized cities and large cities. The synergetic aggregation between the manufacturing and high-end producer services industries is significantly promoted by the digital economy. However, it was not found to have had a significant effect on the synergetic agglomeration between the manufacturing and low-end producer services industries. The impact of the digital economy on industrial collaborative agglomeration is nonlinear. Only when the level of the digital economy exceeds the threshold can the promoting effect of the digital economy on industrial collaborative agglomeration be manifested. In summary, the development of the digital economy was found to have promoted industrial collaboration and agglomeration in the study areas and their neighboring regions in the study period. The research results of this article are of great significance for achieving the goal of the "two-wheel drive" of the manufacturing and producer services industries, as well as high-quality economic development in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since human capital is the factor that creates and disseminates knowledge and develops and produces technology, it is considered as one of the most important factors affecting growth and development today. On the other hand, universities are one of the most important cornerstones of human capital, knowledge creation and diffusion. In the international and national literature, only citations are used to measure university-based knowledge spillovers and other factors are neglected. To fill this gap in the literature, this study proposes an analogy for the measurement of spillovers created by academic staff, taking into account the literature on knowledge and technology spillovers in the industrial sector. Knowledge spillovers are categorized into explicit and implicit knowledge spillovers under university-to-university and private sector spillovers. Explicit knowledge spillovers from the university to other universities include publications, citations, patents, co-authored works, while tacit knowledge spillovers include conferences, graduate and doctoral students, academic mobility and projects. A similar analogy is proposed for knowledge spillovers from universities to industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the knowledge economy, information and communication technologies (ICT) have accelerated the digitalization of organizations, households, and management, which leads to the economic growth of countries and regions. Russia lags behind developed countries in investing in knowledge economy sectors and in the share of these sectors in GDP. Although ICT has been assigned a decisive role in the digitalization of regions, the digital divide and fragmentation of the knowledge economy at the mesolevel are holding back growth. The objective of the study is to assess how the economic growth of regions is impacted by the spending of developing the knowledge economy, including the ICT sector, and indices of digitalization of households and organizations. An econometric model of endogenous growth has been proposed and tested on the data from Rosstat and the HSE University. Indices of digitalization of households and organizations for 2017 were compiled for 80 regions. In the index of digitalization of households, the first five positions were occupied by Moscow oblast, the Republic of Tatarstan, Tyumen oblast, Moscow, and St. Petersburg; in the index of digitalization of organizations, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Leningrad oblast, Stavropol krai, and Tambov oblast; at the same time, many regions of Asian Russia and the North Caucasus lagged significantly behind. The hypothesis that ICT spending leads to an increase in GRP per capita growth rate by 1 percentage point and is complementary to the spillover of spending on higher education has been confirmed. Digitalization indices have positive but statistically insignificant regression coefficients. Spending on other sectors of the knowledge economy—science, higher education, and healthcare, which form human capital—were unable to significantly affect economic growth of regions in 2017, perhaps due to underfunding of their development (versus developed countries). The article concludes that in order to ensure the economic growth of Russian regions in the context of digital transformation, systemic actions are needed in managing all sectors of the knowledge economy and knowledge spillovers, a breakthrough in domestic science and ICT. The results obtained in the study can be useful in managing the knowledge economy in the context of digital transformation of Russian regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation activities of firms tend to be highly persistent. Yet, little is still known about potential spatial contingencies affecting the degree of persistence. This paper analyses the influence of local knowledge spillovers on firms' persistence in innovation activities. Using a representative panel data set of firms in Germany from 2002 to 2016, complemented by detailed geographic information of patent activity over discrete distances to proxy local knowledge spillovers, we find that the local patenting activity positively moderates persistency in innovation activities. Estimations with different distance bands show that the strength of knowledge spillovers that contribute to innovation persistence attenuates with increasing distance and vanishes beyond 30 kilometres in manufacturing and beyond 20 kilometres in services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the spillover from the outcomes of military R&D to subsequent civil applications. We aim to identify the characteristics of those military innovations that are more likely to be exploited in civilian areas (i.e. dual use) and we build on previous literature to develop a methodology to identify such cases. Using both patent and citation data, we investigate country effects and invention-level characteristics that increase the likelihood to observe a military-to-civil knowledge spillover. We test these relationships by estimating probit, survival, and competing-event models on a large sample of military inventions filed between 2002 and 2012. Our results indicate that the incidence of dual use decreases during the period analysed and is heterogeneous across both technologies and countries. Military inventions having wider technological and geographical scopes are more likely to be cited by subsequent civil patents but military-to-civil spillovers occur later than military-to-military ones. Finally, the first dual use application of a military invention tends to appear within the country boundaries, suggesting that cross-border knowledge spillovers are not immediate. Our evidence is functional to the assessment of the potential indirect effects generated by the innovative activities of companies operating in the defence sector on the civilian sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We implement an experimental design based on a duopoly game in order to analyse the impact of public subsidies on the willingness to cooperate in research and development (R&D) activities. We first implement six experimental markets by exogenously varying the level of knowledge spillovers (low or high) and the intensity of competition in the product market (low, intermediate, or high). We find that the probability of cooperation increases in the level of spillovers and decreases in that of market competition. We then replicate the six experimental markets by subsidising subjects who cooperate. Whenever they are sufficient to change the incentive structure of the game, subsidies substantially increase the probability of cooperation, causing, however, a reduction of R&D investments. Overall, our evidence suggests that, depending on the characteristics of the market, the provision of subsidies is not always desirable. These might be redundant because firms have sufficient private incentives to invest cooperatively in R&D, or even counterproductive, as they might induce firms to significantly reduce R&D investments compared to the noncooperative scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an augmented two‐sector endogenous growth model for a small, open economy characterized by human capital accumulation and productive government expenditure, we analyse the nature of the relationship between openness and growth. External openness enters the human capital accumulation function directly. Productive government expenditure affects human capital accumulation, relying on seigniorage revenue as finance where seigniorage is itself dependent on the level of openness. The findings indicate two, opposing effects of openness on growth ‐ a direct effect of openness on growth through knowledge spillovers that affect human capital accumulation, and an indirect effect of decreasing seigniorage revenue on growth through decreasing productive government expenditure on human capital. We discuss conditions under which the openness‐growth curve can be concave/convex, without specifying theoretical functional forms or values to unknown parameters in the model to provide concise theoretical results. Rather, drawing samples of exact model‐match countries over 1980–2011, we rely on a semi‐parametric, data‐driven empirical approach to provide empirical impetus to the theoretical outcomes reported. We show the relationship between openness and growth is non‐linear. Specifically, inverted U–shaped. The result suggests that openness only have a positive impact on the growth‐rate until a certain threshold‐level, thereafter, the effect is negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced business services (ABS) are seen as generators and disseminators of innovation among their client companies, and their use by client companies can improve efficiency and productivity. However, one question that has not been addressed is whether ABS provision can be an explanatory factor for the total productivity of the factors (TPF). This paper aims to determine whether the innovation generated and/or transmitted by ABS companies is reflected in the TPF growth in the manufacturing sector. For this purpose, a Cobb-Douglas function was estimated using panel data analysis on data of ten OECD countries in the period 1977-1996. ABS labour was considered the proxy variable for the provision of these types of services and treated as a separate factor in the production process. The quantitative study shows that the contribution of labour endowment in ABS to the efficiency and productivity of manufacturing industry is significant, that it generates spillovers and that it is an explanatory factor for the TPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of barriers to knowledge diffusion in energy technologies in 29 countries from 1990 to 2015, distinguishing between efficient fossil-based generation and mature renewable options, namely wind and solar. We show that knowledge flows are higher in countries with similar technological profiles, particularly for mature renewables. The study finds that international knowledge spillovers have increased in intensity for wind and solar, while the opposite is true for fossil-based technologies. That means that foreign knowledge has increasingly informed domestic investors and points to the key role that knowledge flows from abroad had in promoting innovation in low-carbon technology options. Integrated assessment models should account for the role international knowledge spillovers play in the generation of new knowledge and in contributing to rapid decrease in costs.