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This work investigates the effect of varying the knitting structure and stitch length (SL) on various thermo-physiological and ergonomic comfort properties of the occupational graduated compression socks. Thermo-physiological comfort, ergonomic comfort and dimensional stability of theses stockings were analysed in a comparative manner. Obtained results were evaluated statistically using the technique of analysis of variance (ANOVA). A Fisher's multiple comparison test was commissioned to analyze the relationship between the alteration of stitch length (SL) on various utility functions and properties desired in the occupational compression socks. In order to examine whether the difference of stitch length is significant, p values were determined. Further the influence of knitting structures e.g., plain, 2 × 2 Rib and 1 × 3 Rib was analysed on the selected properties. The interactive effect of both stitch length (SL) and knitting structure was studied using statistical techniques. It was concluded that knitting structure has a stronger impact on thermo-physiological and ergonomic comfort properties. Results showed a significant variation in thermo-physiological and ergonomic comfort by altering stitch length by means of the statistical analysis. An innovative approach for the manufacturers has been developed for optimizing performance in compression stockings. The construction of the compression socks can thus be optimized in terms of constructional parameters to provide optimum comfort to the users.

Polyethylene is getting tremendous attention in personal thermal management textiles for summer, but there is lack of systematical coolness and thermal-wet comfort research in wearing knitting fabrics. In this work, two group of knitting structure were designed following a sandwich structure model that consisted of a middle layer of multifilament and two asymmetric outer layers. Nine bi-layer samples interknitted with polyester were fabricated with one face composed of polyester filaments and the other face built of polyethylene and polyester filaments. Textile parameters, such as knitting structure, polyethylene fractions and distribution in the inner layer, yarn composition and relative porosity, were considered. Breathability, thermal transfer properties, moisture management performance and dynamic cooling performance was measured and evaluated to investigate the thermal-wet and coolness relevant comfort properties of these fabrics. It was found that the fabrics knitted with tuck stitches have better air permeability, contact coolness, overall moisture management and dynamic cooling performance in comparison to the fabrics knitted with float stitches. The air permeability became better with the increasing proportion of polyethylene and the decreasing ratio of tuck stitch. The effective contact area of polyethylene with skin was beneficial to promote the transient thermal conductivity and dynamic cooling performance of fabric. The result also suggested that an asymmetric structure with meshes in the inner layer were beneficial to promote moisture management. Meanwhile, when the proportion of tuck stitch in inner layer was 6.25 %, the air permeability and heat transfer properties of fabric were the best. Moreover, independent tests had proved that the performance of transient and steady thermal conductivity of polyethylene/polyester fabric was the best when the mass ratio of polyethylene was 49.3 % in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, nine bi-layer knitted samples with varied knitting structures and made up of different yarn compositions were fabricated, and their thermal comfort properties were investigated. The thermal comfort properties were evaluated by breathability, water transfer properties, thermo-physiology properties and dynamic cooling properties, and their relationship with fabric knitting structure and yarn composition were investigated statistically. It was observed that bi-layer knitted fabrics with meshes at one side had better air permeability, moisture management properties, drying performance, thermo-physiological properties and dynamic cooling function, but lower wicking height than bi-layer knitted fabrics with trim and symmetrical structure (without meshes). The composition of nylon and polyester filaments with varied wettability as outer and inners layer of bi-layer knitted fabrics, respectively, improved the water one-way transport capacity significantly. In particular, bi-layer fabrics with asymmetric structure and made up of yarns with varied hydrophilicity as each layer have excellent moisture management capacity. Moreover, fabrics made up of yarns with finer fibers exhibited better thermal comfort properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many kinds of medical textiles, such as woven textiles, non-woven textiles, braided textiles and knitted textiles. Non-woven medical textiles constitute more than 60% of the total medical textiles used, but are almost disposable ordinary medical textiles. While knitted fabrics forms a small part of the medical textiles, but are greatly applied in high-tech medical textiles, containing artificial blood vessels, hernia patches, cardiac support devices, knitted medical expandable metallic stents and tendon scaffolds. Knitting structures, including weft knitting structure and warp knitting structure. The knitted textiles are popular for their loose structure, greater flexibility, higher porosity, more flexible structure and better forming technology. The present article will introduce some knitting structures and materials applied in the medical textiles in accordance with non-implantable, implantable, extra-corporeal textiles and healthcare and hygiene products.

This work investigates the effect of varying the knitting structure and stitch length (SL) on various thermo-physiological and ergonomic comfort properties of the occupational graduated compression socks. Thermo-physiological comfort, ergonomic comfort and dimensional stability of theses stockings were analysed in a comparative manner. Obtained results were evaluated statistically using the technique of analysis of variance (ANOVA). A Fisher's multiple comparison test was commissioned to analyze the relationship between the alteration of stitch length (SL) on various utility functions and properties desired in the occupational compression socks. In order to examine whether the difference of stitch length is significant, p values were determined. Further the influence of knitting structures e.g., plain, 2 × 2 Rib and 1 × 3 Rib was analysed on the selected properties. The interactive effect of both stitch length (SL) and knitting structure was studied using statistical techniques. It was concluded that knitting structure has a stronger impact on thermo-physiological and ergonomic comfort properties. Results showed a significant variation in thermo-physiological and ergonomic comfort by altering stitch length by means of the statistical analysis. An innovative approach for the manufacturers has been developed for optimizing performance in compression stockings. The construction of the compression socks can thus be optimized in terms of constructional parameters to provide optimum comfort to the users., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Inguinal hernia repairs are among the most frequent operations performed worldwide. This study aims to provide further understanding of structural characteristics of hernia prostheses, and better comprehensive evaluation. Weight, porosity, pore size and other physical characteristics were evaluated; warp knitting structures were thoroughly discussed. Two methods referring to ISO 7198:1998, i.e., weight method and area method, were employed to calculate porosity. Porosity ranged from 37.3% to 69.7% measured by the area method, and 81.1% to 89.6% by the weight method. Devices with two-guide bar structures displayed both higher porosity (57.7%–69.7%) and effective porosity (30.8%–60.1%) than single-guide bar structure (37.3%–62.4% and 0%–5.9%, respectively). Filament diameter, stitch density and loop structure combined determined the thickness, weight and characteristics of pores. They must be well designed to avoid zero effective porosity regarding a single-bar structure. The area method was more effective in characterizing flat sheet meshes while the weight method was perhaps more accurate in describing stereoscopic void space for 3D structure devices. This article will give instructive clues for engineers to improve mesh structures, and better understanding of warp knitting meshes for surgeons.

Application fields of cut resistant textile are very wide, such as, workplace, sports, transportation, and military. With the requirement of lightweight and comfortable cut-proof clothes, the knitted fabric has the advantages of its structure, which is more and more widely used. The common four forms of yarn in the knitting structure is held loop, tuck loop, float loop, and free yarn. The cut resistant mechanism of fabric is much more complex, due to their fiber and yarn intrinsic properties and fabric structure. So, cut test of fiber, yarn, and fabric is necessary, while no established standard for the cut testing of fiber or yarns exists, there are three standards used to evaluate the cut resistance of knitted or woven fabrics used in protective clothing: BS EN 388, ASTMF1790, ISO13997. Now, there are simple models on cut resistance of fabric, consisting of forces in the cutting process and contact area. There are still a lot of work to continue to get a thorough understanding of mechanism of fabric’s cut resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many kinds of medical textiles, such as woven textiles, non-woven textiles, braided textiles and knitted textiles. Non-woven medical textiles constitute more than 60% of the total medical textiles used, but are almost disposable ordinary medical textiles. While knitted fabrics forms a small part of the medical textiles, but are greatly applied in high-tech medical textiles, containing artificial blood vessels, hernia patches, cardiac support devices, knitted medical expandable metallic stents and tendon scaffolds. Knitting structures, including weft knitting structure and warp knitting structure. The knitted textiles are popular for their loose structure, greater flexibility, higher porosity, more flexible structure and better forming technology. The present article will introduce some knitting structures and materials applied in the medical textiles in accordance with non-implantable, implantable, extra-corporeal textiles and healthcare and hygiene products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comfort provided by clothing depends on several factors, one of them being thermal comfort. Human thermal comfort depends on a combination of clothing, climate, and physical activity. It is known, the fibre type, yarn properties, fabric structure, finishing are the main factors affecting thermo-physiological comfort. The thermal property of knitted fabric is very important not only for its thermal comfort but also for protection against cross weather conditions. Most of the studies carried out have been devoted to measure static thermal properties. But it is very important not only amount of the heat released to the environment but also the dynamics of the heat transmission. The main goal of this work was to investigate the dynamic of the heat and cool transfer through the fabrics with different knitting pattern and different type of the yarns. Three different types of knitted fabrics were developed for this experimental work.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.19.2.4434

The handle properties of single jersey fabrics composed of superfine wools (17 μm) of different fibre curvature (114 vs. 74 °/mm) in blends with cashmere (fibre curvature 49 °/mm) were investigated. There were four blend ratios of cashmere (0, 25, 50, 75%) plus 100% cashmere. Each of the nine fibre blend combinations were replicated three times, and each was knitted into three tightness factors. The 81 fabrics were evaluated using the Wool HandleMeter, which measures seven primary handle attributes and Overall handle, and have been calibrated using a panel of experts and a wide variety of commercial fabrics. Results were analysed by ANOVA and general linear modelling. Tightness factor significantly affected all Wool HandleMeter attribute values, with the effect of tightness factor varying according to handle attribute. The Wool HandleMeter was able to detect differences between fabrics composed of superfine wool differing in fibre curvature, with lower fibre curvature wool fabrics having more preferred Overall handle and softer, looser, cooler, lighter and less dry handle attributes at some or all tightness factors compared with fabrics composed of higher fibre curvature superfine wool. Progressively blending cashmere with wool significantly improved Overall handle, increased soft and smooth handle, reduced dry, heavy and tight handle. Linear regression modelling indicated that fabric mass per unit area explained more than 50% of the variance in overall fabric handle and in combination with variations in fabric thickness and yarn elongation could explain 71% of the variance in Overall handle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prickle evoked by 48 knitted fabrics was assessed by wearers under a defined evaluation protocol. The relationship between the average wearer prickle score and known properties of constituent fibre, yarns and fabrics and fabric evaluation using the Wool ComfortMeter (WCM) was determined using linear modelling. After log transformation, the best model accounted for 87.7% of the variance. The major share of variation could be attributed to differences between mean fibre diameter (MFD) and WCM values. Low prickle scores were linearly associated with lower MFD, lower WCM and lower yarn linear density. There was an indication that yarn twist affected prickle scores and that fabrics composed of cotton evoked less prickle. Measures of fibre diameter distribution or coarse fibre incidence and other fabric properties were not significant. The analysis indicates that wool garments can be constructed to keep wearer assessed prickle to barely detectable levels and textile designers can manipulate a range of parameters to achieve similar wearer comfort responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this replicated experiment, we investigated the comfort properties of single jersey fabrics composed of cashmere in blends with superfine wools of different fibre curvature (crimp) where the fibre diameter of the wool and cashmere were tightly controlled. The 81 fabrics were evaluated using the Wool ComfortMeter (WCM) which has been calibrated using wearer trials of wool knitwear. General linear modelling determined the best prediction models for log10 transformed fabric WCM values using 27 fibre, 16 yarn and 30 fabric attributes. Tighter fabrics were less comfortable. Progressively blending cashmere with wool progressively increased comfort assessment. The WCM was able to detect differences between fabrics which were more supple and springy, thinner and lighter, and were composed of more elastic, uniform and stronger yarns. Together these attributes explained 82% of the variance in WCM value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the feasibility of assessing yarns with the Wool ComfortMeter (WCM) to predict the comfort properties of the corresponding single jersey-knitted fabrics. The optimum yarn arrangement to predict the comfort value of a corresponding control fabric was determined using nine wool and wool/nylon-blended yarns (mean fibre diameter range 16.5–24.9 μm) knitted into 34 different fabrics. Using a notched template, yarn winding frequencies of 1, 3, 6, 12, 25 and 50 parallel yarns were tested on the WCM. The best predictor of fabric WCM values was using 25 parallel yarns. Inclusion of knitting gauge and cover factor slightly improved predictions. This indicates that evaluation at the yarn stage would be a reliable predictor of knitted fabric comfort, and thus yarn testing would avoid the time and expense of fabric construction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The comfort provided by clothing depends on several factors, one of them being thermal comfort. Human thermal comfort depends on a combination of clothing, climate, and physical activity. It is known, the fibre type, yarn properties, fabric structure, finishing are the main factors affecting thermo-physiological comfort. The thermal property of knitted fabric is very important not only for its thermal comfort but also for protection against cross weather conditions. Most of the studies carried out have been devoted to measure static thermal properties. But it is very important not only amount of the heat released to the environment but also the dynamics of the heat transmission. The main goal of this work was to investigate the dynamic of the heat and cool transfer through the fabrics with different knitting pattern and different type of the yarns. Three different types of knitted fabrics were developed for this experimental work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Knitting structures make plain knitted fabric different from woven fabric. With the aid of a micro-constitutive model the buckling of a knitted fabric sheet subjected to simple shear in an arbitrary direction is investigated. The large deformation of the fabric sheet in its critical configuration is considered. The theory of stability for finite deformations is applied to the analysis. All the stress boundary conditions of the knitted fabric sheet are satisfied. An equation for determining the buckling direction angle is derived. It is shown that there are two possible buckling modes: a flexural mode and a barreling mode. The buckling conditions for the two modes are also obtained, respectively. A numerical calculation reveals that only the flexural mode can occur, which agrees with experimental observations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Electrically superior triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) using 3D fabric and PDMS show great application potential for biokinetic energy harvesting and multifunctional self-power devices. In this study, TENG with fabric-PDMS-fabric structure was produced using various 3D fabrics and PDMS. The peak-to-peak output voltage of various 3D fabrics was compared. The output voltage changes due to structure and vertical fibers. Also, the coefficient of surface friction between the PDMS and the fabric improves the output voltage. TENG using different 3D-spacer polymeric fabrics showed different maximum peak-to-peak output voltage performance. It is attributed to the stiffness, lateral elasticity and 3D morphology of the fabrics. It is considered that those factors including stiffness, lateral elasticity and 3D morphology influence the densities in vertical and lateral fiber to fiber interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kintting structure are asually classified by technical process, This article analyzed weft knitting structures from the perspective of spatial-dimension and visual effect and pointed out the methods for developing new visual effect of knitting structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inguinal hernia repairs are among the most frequent operations performed worldwide. This study aims to provide further understanding of structural characteristics of hernia prostheses, and better comprehensive evaluation. Weight, porosity, pore size and other physical characteristics were evaluated; warp knitting structures were thoroughly discussed. Two methods referring to ISO 7198:1998, i.e. , weight method and area method, were employed to calculate porosity. Porosity ranged from 37.3% to 69.7% measured by the area method, and 81.1% to 89.6% by the weight method. Devices with two-guide bar structures displayed both higher porosity (57.7%-69.7%) and effective porosity (30.8%-60.1%) than single-guide bar structure (37.3%-62.4% and 0%-5.9%, respectively). Filament diameter, stitch density and loop structure combined determined the thickness, weight and characteristics of pores. They must be well designed to avoid zero effective porosity regarding a single-bar structure. The area method was more effective in characterizing flat sheet meshes while the weight method was perhaps more accurate in describing stereoscopic void space for 3D structure devices. This article will give instructive clues for engineers to improve mesh structures, and better understanding of warp knitting meshes for surgeons.