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5. Review state-of-the-art of output-based methodological approaches for substantiating freedom from infection

Author

Meletis, Eleftherios, primary, Conrady, Beate, additional, Hopp, Petter, additional, Lurier, Thibaut, additional, Frössling, Jenny, additional, Rosendal, Thomas, additional, Faverjon, Céline, additional, Carmo, Luís Pedro, additional, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, additional, Ózsvári, László, additional, Kostoulas, Polychronis, additional, van Schaik, Gerdien, additional, Comin, Arianna, additional, Nielen, Mirjam, additional, Knific, Tanja, additional, Schulz, Jana, additional, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, additional, Fourichon, Christine, additional, Santman-Berends, Inge, additional, and Madouasse, Aurélien, additional

Published
2024
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6. Review state-of-the-art of output-based methodological approaches for substantiating freedom from infection

Author

Meletis, Eleftherios, Conrady, Beate, Hopp, Petter, Lurier, Thibaut, Frössling, Jenny, Rosendal, Thomas, Faverjon, Céline, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Ózsvári, László, Kostoulas, Polychronis, van Schaik, Gerdien, Comin, Arianna, Nielen, Mirjam, Knific, Tanja, Schulz, Jana, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Fourichon, Christine, Santman-Berends, Inge, Madouasse, Aurélien, Meletis, Eleftherios, Conrady, Beate, Hopp, Petter, Lurier, Thibaut, Frössling, Jenny, Rosendal, Thomas, Faverjon, Céline, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Ózsvári, László, Kostoulas, Polychronis, van Schaik, Gerdien, Comin, Arianna, Nielen, Mirjam, Knific, Tanja, Schulz, Jana, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Fourichon, Christine, Santman-Berends, Inge, and Madouasse, Aurélien

Abstract

A wide variety of control and surveillance programmes that are designed and implemented based on country-specific conditions exists for infectious cattle diseases that are not regulated. This heterogeneity renders difficult the comparison of probabilities of freedom from infection estimated from collected surveillance data. The objectives of this review were to outline the methodological and epidemiological considerations for the estimation of probabilities of freedom from infection from surveillance information and review state-of-the-art methods estimating the probabilities of freedom from infection from heterogeneous surveillance data. Substantiating freedom from infection consists in quantifying the evidence of absence from the absence of evidence. The quantification usually consists in estimating the probability of observing no positive test result, in a given sample, assuming that the infection is present at a chosen (low) prevalence, called the design prevalence. The usual surveillance outputs are the sensitivity of surveillance and the probability of freedom from infection. A variety of factors influencing the choice of a method are presented; disease prevalence context, performance of the tests used, risk factors of infection, structure of the surveillance programme and frequency of testing. The existing methods for estimating the probability of freedom from infection are scenario trees, Bayesian belief networks, simulation methods, Bayesian prevalence estimation methods and the STOC free model. Scenario trees analysis is the current reference method for proving freedom from infection and is widely used in countries that claim freedom. Bayesian belief networks and simulation methods are considered extensions of scenario trees. They can be applied to more complex surveillance schemes and represent complex infection dynamics. Bayesian prevalence estimation methods and the STOC free model allow freedom from infection estimation at the herd-level from longit

Published
2024

7. Review state-of-the-art of output-based methodological approaches for substantiating freedom from infection

Author

FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH – Veterinary Epidemiology, Meletis, Eleftherios, Conrady, Beate, Hopp, Petter, Lurier, Thibaut, Frössling, Jenny, Rosendal, Thomas, Faverjon, Céline, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Ózsvári, László, Kostoulas, Polychronis, van Schaik, Gerdien, Comin, Arianna, Nielen, Mirjam, Knific, Tanja, Schulz, Jana, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Fourichon, Christine, Santman-Berends, Inge, Madouasse, Aurélien, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH – Veterinary Epidemiology, Meletis, Eleftherios, Conrady, Beate, Hopp, Petter, Lurier, Thibaut, Frössling, Jenny, Rosendal, Thomas, Faverjon, Céline, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Ózsvári, László, Kostoulas, Polychronis, van Schaik, Gerdien, Comin, Arianna, Nielen, Mirjam, Knific, Tanja, Schulz, Jana, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Fourichon, Christine, Santman-Berends, Inge, and Madouasse, Aurélien

Published
2024

9. A scoping review on associations between paratuberculosis and productivity in cattle.

Author

Griss, Silja, Knific, Tanja, Buzzell, Anne, Pedro Carmo, Luís, Schüpbach-Regula, Gertraud, Meylan, Mireille, Ocepek, Matjaž, and Thomann, Beat

Subjects
CATTLE productivity, MYCOBACTERIUM avium paratuberculosis, PARATUBERCULOSIS, MILKFAT, MILK proteins
Abstract

Paratuberculosis (PTB), or Johne's disease, is a disease with worldwide distribution caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that leads to chronic enteritis, primarily in ruminants. Even subclinical infection significantly reduces the animals' performance, and consequences of the disease lead to high economic losses for the cattle industry. To estimate the economic burden of bovine PTB and to evaluate the benefits of a potential control program, accurate estimates of the production effects associated with the disease are required. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review was to provide a comprehensive overview of associations between MAP infection and production parameters in cattle. The studies were collected from three electronic databases. Of the total 1,605 identified studies, 1,432 did not meet the set criteria in the title and abstract screening and a further 106 were excluded during full-text review. Finally, data on 34 different production parameters were extracted from 67 publications. Results show that the magnitude of reported performance losses varies depending on several factors, such as the type of diagnostic test applied, disease status or number of lactations. Studies reported a reduction in milk yield, changes in milk quality (e.g., higher somatic cell count, lower amount of produced milk fat and protein), reduced fertility (e.g., prolonged calving interval and service period, higher abortion rate and calving difficulties), reduced weaning weight, slaughter weight and slaughter value, or a higher risk for mastitis. Results from the studies included in our review show a median decrease of milk yield per infected cow of -452 kg/lactation for raw and -405 kg/lactation for modeled data. Similarly, the amount of produced milk protein fell by a median of -14.41 kg/lactation for modeled data and the amount of produced milk fat by a median of -13.13 kg/lactation. The reviewed studies revealed a prolonged calving interval by around 30 days and a 1.5 to 3 times higher likeliness of culling per lactation in PTB positive animals. Results from this scoping review provide evidence-based inputs for the development of economic models aiming at the estimation of the costs and benefits associated with different disease control scenarios for PTB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Canine neonatal assessment by vitality score, amniotic fluid, urine, and umbilical cord blood analysis of glucose, lactate, and cortisol

Author

Plavec, Tanja, Knific, Tanja, Slapšak, Aleksandra, Raspor, Sara, Lukanc, Barbara, and Zakošek, Maja

Subjects
lactate, dogs, newborn, lactic acid, Apgar score, hydrocortisone, neonate, glucose, cortisol, neonatal fluids, infant, udc:637.7.09:579:618.2/.7
Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of parturition type on vitality in newborn puppies, their weight gains, and survival in the first week postpartum. One hundred and twenty-three puppies were divided in three groups: vaginal parturition (VP), emergency (EM-CS), and elective cesarean section (EL-CS). Apgar scores were assessed 5, 15, and 60 min postpartum. Lactate and glucose concentrations were measured in amniotic fluid and umbilical blood cortisol concentrations were measured in amniotic fluid and puppy urine. Puppies’ weight gain was tracked daily for 7 days postpartum. Apgar score at 5 and 15 min was significantly better in the VP group. EL-CS puppies had significantly lower umbilical blood and amniotic fluid lactate concentrations compared to the VP group, which also had higher umbilical blood lactate concentration than EM-CS puppies. The cortisol concentration in the amniotic fluid and in urine differed significantly between the groups, with the highest concentration in the EM-CS, followed by the VP group. Glucose concentration in amniotic fluid was higher in the VP group than EM-CS group. The type of parturition had no impact on puppies’ weight gain or their survival at birth however, supportive treatment was provided for non-vital puppies. Non-invasive analysis of puppies’ fluids could help in the assessment of the neonatal vitality.

Published
2022

14. Corrigendum: Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe (Front. Vet. Sci., (2021), 8, (688078), 10.3389/fvets.2021.688078)

Author

Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Juste, Ramon A., Thulke, Hans Hermann, van Schaik, Gerdien, Yıldız, Ramazan, Gunn, George John, Graham, David A., Houe, Hans, Vilček, Štefan, Ocepek, Matjaž, Fourichon, Christine, Balseiro, Ana, Polak, Mirosław P., Ózsvári, L., Toplak, Ivan, Kaler, Jasmeet, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Santman-Berends, Inge M.G.A., Frössling, Jenny, Conrady, Beate, Starič, Jože, Gethmann, Jörn Martin, Berezowski, John Andrew, Madouasse, Aurélien, Sáez, José Luís, Strain, Sam A.J., Ježek, J., Ribbens, Stefaan, Hopp, Petter, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Niculae, Mihaela, Faverjon, Céline, Papadopoulos, Th, Gomes, Jacinto, Mõtus, Kerli, Chaligiannis, Ιlias, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Niza-Ribeiro, João José Rato, Autio, Tiina, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Gerilovych, Anton Pavlovych, Šerić – Haračić, Sabina, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Knific, Tanja, Pozzato, Nicola, Duarte, E. L., Henry, Madeleine K., Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Šatrán, Petr, Kaplan, Selçuk, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Mandelík, René, Papadopoulos, D., Djadjovski, Igor, Koleci, Xhelil, Tamminen, Lena Mari, Alishani, Mentor, Sekovska, Blagica, Meletis, Eleftherios, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, Costa, Lina, Nikitović, Jelena, Tuunainen, Erja, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, Verner, Sharon, Mincu, Madalina, Rapaliuté, Eglė, Irimia, Elena, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Liza, Schwan, Ebba, Guelbenzu, Maria, Kneževič, Nada, and Tangen-Opsal, Marie

Abstract

In the original article, there was an error. We used the phrase “non-regulated” for cattle diseases that are in fact listed in the New Animal Health Law that went into force in 2021. A correction has beenmade toAbstract. The corrected section is shown below. Copyright © 2022, Hodnik, Acinger-Rogić, Alishani, Autio, Balseiro, Berezowski, Carmo, Chaligiannis, Conrady, Costa, Cvetkovikj, Davidov, Dispas, Djadjovski, Duarte, Faverjon, Fourichon, Frössling, Gerilovych, Gethmann, Gomes, Graham, Guelbenzu, Gunn, Henry, Hopp, Houe, Irimia, Ježek, Juste, Kalaitzakis, Kaler, Kaplan, Kostoulas, Kovalenko, Kneževič, Knific, Koleci, Madouasse, Malakauskas, Mandelik, Meletis, Mincu, Mõtus, Muñoz-Gómez, Niculae, Nikitović, Ocepek, Tangen-Opsal, Ózsvári, Papadopoulos, Papadopoulos, Pelkonen, Polak, Pozzato, Rapaliuté, Ribbens, Niza-Ribeiro, Roch, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Saez, Nielsen, van Schaik, Schwan, Sekovska, Starič, Strain, Šatran, Šerić-Haračić, Tamminen, Thulke, Toplak, Tuunainen, Verner, Vilček, Yildiz and Santman-Berends

Published
2022

15. Corrigendum: Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe

Author

Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Gunn, George J., Henry, Madeleine K., Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon A., Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selcuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Kneževič, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelik, Rene, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, Niculae, Mihaela, Nikitović, Jelena, Ocepek, Matjaž, Tangen-Opsal, Marie, Ózsvári, László, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Polak, Miroslaw Pawel, Pozzato, Nicola, Rapaliuté, Eglé, Ribbens, Stefaan, Niza-Ribeiro, João, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Liza, Saez, Jose Luis, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, van Schaik, Gerdien, Schwan, Ebba, Sekovska, Blagica, Starič, Jože, Strain, Sam, Šatran, Petr, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, Thulke, Hans Hermann, Toplak, Ivan, Tuunainen, Erja, Verner, Sharon, Vilček, Štefan, Yildiz, Ramazan, Santman-Berends, Inge M.G.A., FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, and Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren

Subjects
control programmes, Europe, disease control, output-based standards, cattle, SOUND control, veterinary(all)
Abstract

A Corrigendum on Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe (Front. Vet. Sci., (2021), 8, (688078), 10.3389/fvets.2021.688078)

Published
2022

16. Corrigendum: Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe

Author

FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Gunn, George J., Henry, Madeleine K., Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon A., Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selcuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Kneževič, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelik, Rene, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, Niculae, Mihaela, Nikitović, Jelena, Ocepek, Matjaž, Tangen-Opsal, Marie, Ózsvári, László, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Polak, Miroslaw Pawel, Pozzato, Nicola, Rapaliuté, Eglé, Ribbens, Stefaan, Niza-Ribeiro, João, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Liza, Saez, Jose Luis, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, van Schaik, Gerdien, Schwan, Ebba, Sekovska, Blagica, Starič, Jože, Strain, Sam, Šatran, Petr, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, Thulke, Hans Hermann, Toplak, Ivan, Tuunainen, Erja, Verner, Sharon, Vilček, Štefan, Yildiz, Ramazan, Santman-Berends, Inge M.G.A., FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Gunn, George J., Henry, Madeleine K., Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon A., Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selcuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Kneževič, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelik, Rene, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, Niculae, Mihaela, Nikitović, Jelena, Ocepek, Matjaž, Tangen-Opsal, Marie, Ózsvári, László, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Polak, Miroslaw Pawel, Pozzato, Nicola, Rapaliuté, Eglé, Ribbens, Stefaan, Niza-Ribeiro, João, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Liza, Saez, Jose Luis, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, van Schaik, Gerdien, Schwan, Ebba, Sekovska, Blagica, Starič, Jože, Strain, Sam, Šatran, Petr, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, Thulke, Hans Hermann, Toplak, Ivan, Tuunainen, Erja, Verner, Sharon, Vilček, Štefan, Yildiz, Ramazan, and Santman-Berends, Inge M.G.A.

Published
2022

17. SOUND-control:stimulating output-based surveillance

Author

van Schaik, Gerdien, Santman-Berends, Inge, Knific, Tanja, Jakob Hodnik, Jaka, Strain, Sam, Gethmann, Jörn, Gunn, G, Henry, M D, Faverjon, Céline, Madouasse, Aurélien, Meletis, Eleftherios, Berezowski, John, Guelbenzu, M, Carmo, Luís, Costa, L, Gomes, J, Fourichon, C, Conrady, Beate, van Schaik, Gerdien, Santman-Berends, Inge, Knific, Tanja, Jakob Hodnik, Jaka, Strain, Sam, Gethmann, Jörn, Gunn, G, Henry, M D, Faverjon, Céline, Madouasse, Aurélien, Meletis, Eleftherios, Berezowski, John, Guelbenzu, M, Carmo, Luís, Costa, L, Gomes, J, Fourichon, C, and Conrady, Beate

Published
2022

19. Basic Exploratory Study of Bisphenol A (BPA) Dietary Administration to Istrian Pramenka Rams and Male Toxicity Investigation

Author

Šturm, Sabina, primary, Weber, Klaus, additional, Klinc, Primož, additional, Spörndly-Nees, Ellinor, additional, Fakhrzadeh, Azadeh, additional, Knific, Tanja, additional, Škibin, Andrej, additional, Fialová, Věra, additional, Okazaki, Yoshimasa, additional, Razinger, Tanja, additional, Laufs, Jürgen, additional, Kreutzer, Robert, additional, Pogačnik, Milan, additional, Švara, Tanja, additional, and Cerkvenik-Flajs, Vesna, additional

Published
2022
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23. Overview of cattle diseases listed under category C, D or E in the animal health law for which control programmes are in place within Europe

Author

Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luis Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Ježek, Jožica, Knific, Tanja, Ocepek, Matjaž, Starič, Jože, and Toplak, Ivan

Subjects
control programmes, Europe, disease control, output-based standards, cattle, SOUND control, udc:636.09
Abstract

The COST action “Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control),” aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min–max: 1–13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.

Published
2021

24. Dirofilaria spp. and Angiostrongylus vasorum

Author

Fuehrer, Hans-Peter, Morelli, Simone, Unterköfler, Maria Sophia, Bajer, Anna, Bakran-Lebl, Karin, Dwużnik-Szarek, Dorota, Farkas, Róbert, Grandi, Giulio, Heddergott, Mike, Jokelainen, Pikka, Knific, Tanja, Leschnik, Michael, Miterpáková, Martina, Modrý, David, Huus Petersen, Heidi, Skírnisson, Karl, Vergles-Rataj, Aleksandra, Schnyder, Manuela, and Strube, Christina

Subjects
udc:636.09:616, Angiostrongylus vasorum, Central Europe, Dirofilaria immitis, parasitic diseases, Northern Europe, Dirofilaria repens
Abstract

In the past few decades, the relevance of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens, causing cardiopulmonary and subcutaneous dirofilariosis in dogs and cats, and of Angiostrongylus vasorum, causing canine angiostrongylosis, has steadily increased in Central and Northern Europe. In this review, a summary of published articles and additional reports dealing with imported or autochthonous cases of these parasites is provided for Central (Austria, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Luxemburg, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland) and Northern (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) Europe. Research efforts focusing on Dirofilaria spp. and A. vasorum have varied by country, and cross-border studies are few. The housing conditions of dogs, pet movements, the spread of competent vectors, and climate change are important factors in the spread of these nematodes. Dogs kept outside overnight are a major factor for the establishment of Dirofilaria spp. However, the establishment of invasive, diurnal, synanthropic, competent mosquito vectors such as Aedes albopictus may also influence the establishment of Dirofilaria spp. The drivers of the spread of A. vasorum remain not fully understood, but it seems to be influenced by habitats shared with wild canids, dog relocation, and possibly climatic changes its pattern of spreading appears to be similar in different countries. Both Dirofilaria spp. and A. vasorum merit further monitoring and research focus in Europe.

Published
2021

25. Overview of Slovenian Control Programmes for Cattle Diseases Not Regulated by the European Union

Author

Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Knific, Tanja, Starič, Jože, Toplak, Ivan, Ocepek, Matjaž, Hostnik, Peter, and Ježek, Jožica

Subjects
disease control, bovine, Veterinary Science, Review, cattle trade, disease surveillance, legislation, infectious diseases
Abstract

The European Union (EU) regulates the control of cattle diseases listed in categories A and B of the Animal Health Law (AHL). However, the control of other cattle diseases that have no, or limited EU regulation, is left to each member state. Slovenia has five control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases: bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), bluetongue and anthrax. Two (IBR and BVD) are voluntary and the others (EBL, anthrax and bluetongue) are compulsory. The three compulsory CPs are funded by the government. All the CPs are run by the government and laboratory tests are performed by the National Veterinary Institute. The rules for the CPs are laid down in Slovenian legislation. In addition, there is a national directive for the control of salmonellosis. Both BVD and IBR are endemic and have CPs based on increased biosecurity, testing and culling or vaccination, financed by the animal owners. Slovenia has been officially free of EBL since 2005 and carries out surveillance based on serological testing of a representative number of herds and inspection of carcasses at slaughter or necropsy. Vaccination is the main disease control measure for anthrax (sporadic) and bluetongue (currently perceived free—vaccination since 2017). Lack of motivation of farmers to participate in voluntary disease CPs and to implement and follow strict biosecurity measures are the most pressing issues in improving the health status of Slovenian cattle. An overview of the existing CPs and the circumstances leading to their implementation are presented.

Published
2021

27. Occurrence of Alternaria and other toxins in cereal grains intended for animal feeding collected in Slovenia

Author

Babič, Janja, Tavčar-Kalcher, Gabrijela, Celar, Franci Aco, Kos, Katarina, Knific, Tanja, and Jakovac-Strajn, Breda

Subjects
cereals, animal feed, cereal grains, analysis, mycotoxins, co-occurrence, Alternaria, toxicity, occurrence, chemistry, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), udc:636.082:615.9:543:582.28, methods
Abstract

In recent years, the less-studied Alternaria mycotoxins have attracted increasing interest due to the lack of survey data and their ability to cause toxic effects in animals and humans. To fill the gap, the aim of this three-year survey was to investigate the presence and co-occurrence of Alternaria and other mycotoxins in a total of 433 cereal grain samples from Slovenian farms and agricultural cooperatives from 2014 to 2016. Using the multi-mycotoxin method, 14 mycotoxins were determined. In 53% of 433 analysed samples, contamination with at least one mycotoxin was found. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) were present in 32% and 26% of cereal grain samples, respectively, whereas alternariol (AOH), tentoxin (TEN), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3- and 15-AcDON), and zearalenone (ZEN) were present in fewer than 15% of the samples. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was found in one rye sample, while diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), HT-2 and T-2 toxin, and fumonisins B$_1$ and B$_2$ (FB1 and FB2) were not detected. The highest maximum and median concentrations of Alternaria toxins were determined in spelt in 2016 (TeA, 2277 µg/kg and 203 µg/kg, respectively), and those of Fusarium toxins in wheat in 2015 (DON, 4082 µg/kg and 387 µg/kg, respectively). The co-occurrence of two or more mycotoxins was found in 43% of the positive samples. The correlations between Alternaria toxins were very weak but statistically significant (r: 0.15–0.17, p: 0.0042–0.0165). A well-known correlation between Fusarium toxins DON and ZEN was weak and highly significant (r = 0.28, p < 0.0001).

Published
2021

28. Celovita kvantitativna ocena tveganja za prisotnost Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis v mleku in mlečnih izdelkih

Author

Knific, Tanja and Ocepek, Matjaž

Subjects
metode, mleko, milk, paratuberkuloza, epidemiologija, mikrobiologija, prevalence, microbiology, transmission, risk assessment, methods, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, food safety, ocena tveganja, Cattle diseases, paratuberculosis, Bolezni goveda, prenos, epidemiology, prevalenca, biological models, biološki modeli, varnost živil
Abstract

Cilj disertacije je bil oceniti tveganje za izpostavljenost bakteriji Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) preko mleka in mlečnih izdelkov za slovenskega potrošnika. Domneva se, da je MAP lahko povezana s Crohnovo boleznijo in nekaterimi drugimi kroničnimi boleznimi ljudi. Čeprav vzročnost še ni bila dokazana, je pomembno izboljšati razumevanje tveganja za izpostavljenost. Glavni vir MAP za ljudi je najverjetneje govedo. MAP pri govedu povzroča paratuberkulozo ali Johne-jevo bolezen, ki zmanjšuje ekonomsko učinkovitost govedoreje po vsem svetu. Zaradi pomanjkanja empiričnih podatkov smo razvili dva modela za pridobitev podatkov o možnem epidemiološkem stanju v sektorju mleka v Sloveniji. S stohastičnim razrednim modelom smo preučili širjenje MAP v tipični slovenski čredi krav molznic. Z modeliranjem širjenja MAP na časovnem omrežju s tako imenovanim SI modelom (angl. susceptible-infectious dovzeten-inficiran) in štirih scenarijev verjetnosti prenosa MAP pa smo ocenili možno prevalenco. Pridobljene rezultate smo uporabili v modelu kvantitativne ocene tveganja s simulacijami Monte Carlo za oceno možne izpostavljenosti človeka bakteriji MAP preko mleka in mlečnih izdelkov. Poleg tega smo izvedli analizo omrežja premikov goveda v Sloveniji, da bi ocenili možnost izvajanja ciljanih intervencijskih ukrepov. Rezultati kažejo, da analiza omrežja lahko nudi podporo pri optimizaciji nadzora paratuberkuloze v Sloveniji. V nasprotju z našo hipotezo je razredni model pokazal podobno razširjenost MAP znotraj črede, kot so ocenile predhodne raziskave v Sloveniji. Z upoštevanjem danih predpostavk in negotovosti smo ocenili, da je splošno tveganje za izpostavljenost MAP preko mleka in mlečnih izdelkov za slovenskega potrošnika majhno. Kvantitativno oceno izpostavljenosti smo izvedli za surovo mleko, pasterizirano polnomastno mleko in mleko, obdelano pri ultra visoki temperaturi, vendar menimo, da se lahko rezultati do neke mere prenesejo tudi na druge mlečne izdelke na zadevni ravni proizvodnje. Za ljudi, ki uživajo surovo mleko in surove mlečne izdelke s kmetij s paratuberkulozo, je tveganje za izpostavljenost MAP visoko. Vendar je bila simulirana količina MAP na liter surovega mleka v rezervoarju za mleko na kmetiji nizka. Pomembno je poudariti, da je tveganje za izpostavljenost MAP preko pasteriziranega mleka v maloprodaji in preko drugega predelanega mleka najverjetneje zanemarljivo. Naši rezultati bi lahko nudili podporo za informirano odločanje o intervencijskih ukrepih za nadzor MAP v Sloveniji. V primeru, da bo povezava med MAP in boleznimi pri človeku potrjena, lahko naša raziskava služi kot dober začetek prizadevanj za zmanjšanje tveganja. Dobljeni rezultati so lahko uporabni tudi za druge države, ki imajo podobno strukturo mlečnih gospodarstev. The objective of this thesis was to assess the risk of exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) via milk and milk products for the Slovenian consumer. MAP is suspected to be linked to Crohn’s disease and some other chronic human diseases. Although causality has not yet been confirmed, it is important to improve the understanding of the risk of human exposure. Cattle are believed to be the main source of MAP for humans. In cattle, MAP causes paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease, a worldwide endemic disease with large economic consequences. Due to the lack of empirical data, we applied two models as tools for obtaining data on the epidemiological situation of MAP, specific for the Slovenian dairy sector. A stochastic compartmental model was developed to study the within-herd spread of MAP in a typical Slovenian dairy herd and a susceptible-infectious model on the temporal network of cattle movements to estimate the prevalence of MAP using four different scenarios for probabilities of transmission. The obtained results were used in the quantitative risk assessment model with Monte Carlo simulations to assess possible human exposure to MAP via milk and milk products. Additionally, network analysis of Slovenian cattle movements was performed to estimate the prospect of targeted MAP intervention measures. The results suggest that network analysis may provide support in the optimization of paratuberculosis control in Slovenia. The compartmental model showed a similar within-herd prevalence of MAP in Slovenia as was previously estimated, which was opposite to what we hypothesized. Concerning the underlying assumptions and uncertainties, we estimated that the overall risk of exposure to MAP via milk and milk products for the Slovenian consumer is low. The quantitative exposure assessment was performed for raw milk, pasteurised whole milk and ultra-high temperature treated milk nevertheless, we believe that the results can be extended, at least in part, to other milk products at the respective level of production. For people consuming raw milk and raw milk products from farms with paratuberculosis, the risk of exposure to MAP is high. However, the simulated amount of MAP per litre of raw bulk tank milk was low. It is important to emphasise that the risk of exposure to MAP via pasteurised retail milk and via other processed milk is most likely insignificant. Our results could provide support for informed decision-making in MAP intervention measures in Slovenia and in case the link between MAP and human diseases is confirmed also as a start for possible risk mitigation efforts. These results could be applicable to other countries with a similar dairy farm structure.

Published
2021

30. Existence and Quality of Data on Control Programs for EU Non-regulated Cattle Diseases: Consequences for Estimation and Comparison of the Probability of Freedom From Infection

Author

Rapaliute, Egle, primary, van Roon, Annika, additional, van Schaik, Gerdien, additional, Santman-Berends, Inge, additional, Koleci, Xhelil, additional, Mincu, Madalina, additional, Gethmann, Jörn, additional, Conrady, Beate, additional, Knific, Tanja, additional, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, additional, Berezowski, John, additional, Carmo, Luís Pedro, additional, Madouasse, Aurélien, additional, Tarpai, Attila, additional, Gerilovych, Anton, additional, Malakauskas, Alvydas, additional, Sekovska, Blagica, additional, Fourichon, Christine, additional, Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, additional, Roch, Franz-Ferdinand, additional, Houe, Hans, additional, Dudek, Katarzyna, additional, Mõtus, Kerli, additional, Ózsvári, László, additional, Costa, Lina, additional, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo, Maria, additional, Henry, Madeleine K., additional, Alishani, Mentor, additional, Pozzato, Nicola, additional, Hopp, Petter, additional, Juste, Ramon, additional, Strain, Sam, additional, Mandelik, Rene, additional, Vilček, Štefan, additional, Autio, Tiina, additional, Tamminen, Lena-Mari, additional, and Faverjon, Céline, additional

Published
2021
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32. Existence and quality of data on control programs for EU non- regulated cattle diseases: consequences for estimation and comparison of the probability of disease freedom

Author

Rapaliutė , Eglė, Van Roon, Annika, van Schaik, Gerdien, Santman-Berends, Inge, Koleci, Xhelil, Mincu, Madalina, Gethmann, Jörn, Conrady, Beate, Knific, Tanja, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luis Pedro, Madouasse, Aurélien, Tarpai, Attila, Gerilovych, Anton, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Sekovska, Blagica, Fourichon, Christine, Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Houe, Hans, Dudek, Katarzyna, Mõtus, Kerli, Ózsvári, László, Costa, Lina, Gonzalo, Maria Guelbenzu, Alishani, Mentor, Pozzato, Nicola, Hopp, Petter, Juste, Ramon, Strain, Sam, Mandelik, Rene, Vilcek, Stefan, Autio, Tiina, Tamminen, Lena-Mari, and Faverjon, Céline

Abstract

Some European countries have successfully implemented country-specific control programs (CPs) for infectious cattle diseases that are not regulated or are regulated only to a limited extent at the European Union (EU) level. Examples of such diseases include bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), and Johne's disease (JD). The CPs vary between countries in the design and quality of collected data as well as methods used to detect infection and estimate prevalence or probability of freedom from infection. Differences in disease status between countries and non-standardized approaches to assess freedom from infection pose a risk for countries with CPs for non-regulated diseases as infected animals may influence the progress of the disease control or eradication program. The implementation of output-based standards allows estimation and comparison of the probability of freedom for non-regulated cattle diseases in European countries. The aim of the current study was to assess the existence and quality of data that could be used for estimating freedom from infection in European countries. The online data collection tool was sent to 32 countries participating in the SOUND control COST Action and was completed by 24 countries. Data on cattle demographics and data from CPs of IBR and BVD exist in more than 50% of the response countries. However, data describing risk factors and CP of JD was reported as existing in

Published
2021

33. Existence and Quality of Data on Control Programs for EU Non-regulated Cattle Diseases: Consequences for Estimation and Comparison of the Probability of Freedom From Infection

Author

Rapaliute, Egle, van Roon, Annika, van Schaik, Gerdien, Santman-Berends, Inge, Koleci, Xhelil, Mincu, Madalina, Gethmann, Jörn, Conrady, Beate, Knific, Tanja, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Madouasse, Aurélien, Tarpai, Attila, Gerilovych, Anton, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Sekovska, Blagica, Fourichon, Christine, Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Houe, Hans, Dudek, Katarzyna, Mõtus, Kerli, Ózsvári, László, Costa, Lina, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo, Maria, Henry, Madeleine K., Alishani, Mentor, Pozzato, Nicola, Hopp, Petter, Juste, Ramon, Strain, Sam, Mandelik, Rene, Vilček, Štefan, Autio, Tiina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, Faverjon, Céline, Rapaliute, Egle, van Roon, Annika, van Schaik, Gerdien, Santman-Berends, Inge, Koleci, Xhelil, Mincu, Madalina, Gethmann, Jörn, Conrady, Beate, Knific, Tanja, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Madouasse, Aurélien, Tarpai, Attila, Gerilovych, Anton, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Sekovska, Blagica, Fourichon, Christine, Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Houe, Hans, Dudek, Katarzyna, Mõtus, Kerli, Ózsvári, László, Costa, Lina, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo, Maria, Henry, Madeleine K., Alishani, Mentor, Pozzato, Nicola, Hopp, Petter, Juste, Ramon, Strain, Sam, Mandelik, Rene, Vilček, Štefan, Autio, Tiina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, and Faverjon, Céline

Abstract

Some European countries have successfully implemented country-specific control programs (CPs) for infectious cattle diseases that are not regulated or are regulated only to a limited extent at the European Union (EU) level. Examples of such diseases include bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), and Johne's disease (JD). The CPs vary between countries in the design and quality of collected data as well as methods used to detect infection and estimate prevalence or probability of freedom from infection. Differences in disease status between countries and non-standardized approaches to assess freedom from infection pose a risk for countries with CPs for non-regulated diseases as infected animals may influence the progress of the disease control or eradication program. The implementation of output-based standards allows estimation and comparison of the probability of freedom for non-regulated cattle diseases in European countries. The aim of the current study was to assess the existence and quality of data that could be used for estimating freedom from infection in European countries. The online data collection tool was sent to 32 countries participating in the SOUND control COST Action and was completed by 24 countries. Data on cattle demographics and data from CPs of IBR and BVD exist in more than 50% of the response countries. However, data describing risk factors and CP of JD was reported as existing in <25% of the countries. The overall quality of data in the sections on demographics and CPs of IBR and BVD were evaluated as “good”, but risk factors and JD data were mostly evaluated as “fair.” Data quality was considered less good mainly due to two quality criteria: accessibility and accuracy. The results of this study show that the quantity and quality of data about cattle populations and CPs are relatively similar in many surveyed countries. The outcome of this work provides an overview of the current situation in the European

Published
2021

34. Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe

Author

FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Gunn, George J., Henry, Madeleine K., Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon A., Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selcuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Kneževič, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelik, Rene, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, Niculae, Mihaela, Nikitović, Jelena, Ocepek, Matjaž, Tangen-Opsal, Marie, Ózsvári, László, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Polak, Miroslaw Pawel, Pozzato, Nicola, Rapaliuté, Eglé, Ribbens, Stefaan, Niza-Ribeiro, João, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Liza, Saez, Jose Luis, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, van Schaik, Gerdien, Schwan, Ebba, Sekovska, Blagica, Starič, Jože, Strain, Sam, Šatran, Petr, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, Thulke, Hans Hermann, Toplak, Ivan, Tuunainen, Erja, Verner, Sharon, Vilček, Štefan, Yildiz, Ramazan, Santman-Berends, Inge M.G.A., FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Gunn, George J., Henry, Madeleine K., Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon A., Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selcuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Kneževič, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelik, Rene, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, Niculae, Mihaela, Nikitović, Jelena, Ocepek, Matjaž, Tangen-Opsal, Marie, Ózsvári, László, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Polak, Miroslaw Pawel, Pozzato, Nicola, Rapaliuté, Eglé, Ribbens, Stefaan, Niza-Ribeiro, João, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Liza, Saez, Jose Luis, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, van Schaik, Gerdien, Schwan, Ebba, Sekovska, Blagica, Starič, Jože, Strain, Sam, Šatran, Petr, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, Thulke, Hans Hermann, Toplak, Ivan, Tuunainen, Erja, Verner, Sharon, Vilček, Štefan, Yildiz, Ramazan, and Santman-Berends, Inge M.G.A.

Published
2021

35. Existence and Quality of Data on Control Programs for EU Non-regulated Cattle Diseases: Consequences for Estimation and Comparison of the Probability of Freedom From Infection

Author

FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Rapaliute, Egle, van Roon, Annika, van Schaik, Gerdien, Santman-Berends, Inge, Koleci, Xhelil, Mincu, Madalina, Gethmann, Jörn, Conrady, Beate, Knific, Tanja, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Madouasse, Aurélien, Tarpai, Attila, Gerilovych, Anton, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Sekovska, Blagica, Fourichon, Christine, Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Houe, Hans, Dudek, Katarzyna, Mõtus, Kerli, Ózsvári, László, Costa, Lina, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo, Maria, Henry, Madeleine K., Alishani, Mentor, Pozzato, Nicola, Hopp, Petter, Juste, Ramon, Strain, Sam, Mandelik, Rene, Vilček, Štefan, Autio, Tiina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, Faverjon, Céline, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Rapaliute, Egle, van Roon, Annika, van Schaik, Gerdien, Santman-Berends, Inge, Koleci, Xhelil, Mincu, Madalina, Gethmann, Jörn, Conrady, Beate, Knific, Tanja, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Madouasse, Aurélien, Tarpai, Attila, Gerilovych, Anton, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Sekovska, Blagica, Fourichon, Christine, Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Houe, Hans, Dudek, Katarzyna, Mõtus, Kerli, Ózsvári, László, Costa, Lina, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo, Maria, Henry, Madeleine K., Alishani, Mentor, Pozzato, Nicola, Hopp, Petter, Juste, Ramon, Strain, Sam, Mandelik, Rene, Vilček, Štefan, Autio, Tiina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, and Faverjon, Céline

Published
2021

36. Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe

Author

Jakob Hodnik, Jaka, Acinger Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Pedro Carmo, Luís, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Gonzalo, Maria Guelbenzu, Gunn, George, Henry, Madeleine, Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon, Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selcuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Kneževič, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelik, Rene, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Munoz-Gómez, Violeta, Niculae, Mihaela, Ocepek, Matjaž, Opsal Tangen, Marie, Ózsvári, László, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Pawel Polak, Mirosław, Pozzato, Nicola, Rapaliutė, Eglė, Ribbens, Stefaan, Niza-Ribeiro, João, Nielsen, Liza Rosenbaum, Saez, Jose Luis, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Schaik, Gerdien van, Schwan, Ebba, Sekovska, Blagica, Starič, Jože, Strain, Sam, Šatran, Petr, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Tamminen, Lena-Mari, Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Toplak, Ivan, Tuunainen, Erja, Verner, Sharon, Vilček, Štefan, Yildiz, Ramazan, Santman-Berends, Inge, Jakob Hodnik, Jaka, Acinger Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Pedro Carmo, Luís, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Gonzalo, Maria Guelbenzu, Gunn, George, Henry, Madeleine, Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon, Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selcuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Kneževič, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelik, Rene, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Munoz-Gómez, Violeta, Niculae, Mihaela, Ocepek, Matjaž, Opsal Tangen, Marie, Ózsvári, László, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Pawel Polak, Mirosław, Pozzato, Nicola, Rapaliutė, Eglė, Ribbens, Stefaan, Niza-Ribeiro, João, Nielsen, Liza Rosenbaum, Saez, Jose Luis, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Schaik, Gerdien van, Schwan, Ebba, Sekovska, Blagica, Starič, Jože, Strain, Sam, Šatran, Petr, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Tamminen, Lena-Mari, Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Toplak, Ivan, Tuunainen, Erja, Verner, Sharon, Vilček, Štefan, Yildiz, Ramazan, and Santman-Berends, Inge

Published
2021

37. Standardizing output-based surveillance to control non-regulated cattle diseases:Aspiring for a single general regulatory framework in the European Union

Author

Rapaliutė, Eglė, Santman-Berends, Inge, Knific, Tanja, Gethmann, Jörn, Fourichon, Christine, Gomes, Jacinto, Conrady, Beate, Jakob Hodnik, Jaka, Henry, Martin, Strain, Sam, van Schaik, Gerdien, Faverjon, Céline, Madouasse, Aurélien, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Meletis, Eleftherios, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís, Costa, Luciana da, Gonzalo, Maria, Rapaliutė, Eglė, Santman-Berends, Inge, Knific, Tanja, Gethmann, Jörn, Fourichon, Christine, Gomes, Jacinto, Conrady, Beate, Jakob Hodnik, Jaka, Henry, Martin, Strain, Sam, van Schaik, Gerdien, Faverjon, Céline, Madouasse, Aurélien, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Meletis, Eleftherios, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís, Costa, Luciana da, and Gonzalo, Maria

Published
2021

38. Dirofilaria spp. and Angiostrongylus vasorum:Current Risk of Spreading in Central and Northern Europe

Author

Fuehrer, Hans-Peter, Morelli, Simone, Unterköfler, Maria Sophia, Bajer, Anna, Bakran-Lebl, Karin, Dwużnik-Szarek, Dorota, Farkas, Róbert, Grandi, Giulio, Heddergott, Mike, Jokelainen, Pikka, Knific, Tanja, Leschnik, Michael, Miterpáková, Martina, Modrý, David, Petersen, Heidi Huus, Skírnisson, Karl, Vergles Rataj, Aleksandra, Schnyder, Manuela, Strube, Christina, Fuehrer, Hans-Peter, Morelli, Simone, Unterköfler, Maria Sophia, Bajer, Anna, Bakran-Lebl, Karin, Dwużnik-Szarek, Dorota, Farkas, Róbert, Grandi, Giulio, Heddergott, Mike, Jokelainen, Pikka, Knific, Tanja, Leschnik, Michael, Miterpáková, Martina, Modrý, David, Petersen, Heidi Huus, Skírnisson, Karl, Vergles Rataj, Aleksandra, Schnyder, Manuela, and Strube, Christina

Abstract

In the past few decades, the relevance of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens, causing cardiopulmonary and subcutaneous dirofilariosis in dogs and cats, and of Angiostrongylus vasorum, causing canine angiostrongylosis, has steadily increased in Central and Northern Europe. In this review, a summary of published articles and additional reports dealing with imported or autochthonous cases of these parasites is provided for Central (Austria, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Luxemburg, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland) and Northern (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) Europe. Research efforts focusing on Dirofilaria spp. and A. vasorum have varied by country, and cross-border studies are few. The housing conditions of dogs, pet movements, the spread of competent vectors, and climate change are important factors in the spread of these nematodes. Dogs kept outside overnight are a major factor for the establishment of Dirofilaria spp. However, the establishment of invasive, diurnal, synanthropic, competent mosquito vectors such as Aedes albopictus may also influence the establishment of Dirofilaria spp. The drivers of the spread of A. vasorum remain not fully understood, but it seems to be influenced by habitats shared with wild canids, dog relocation, and possibly climatic changes; its pattern of spreading appears to be similar in different countries. Both Dirofilaria spp. and A. vasorum merit further monitoring and research focus in Europe.

Published
2021

39. Dirofilaria spp. and Angiostrongylus vasorum: current risk of spreading in Central and Northern Europe

Author

Fuehrer, Hans-Peter; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4178-0133, Morelli, Simone; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6344-0239, Unterköfler, Maria Sophia; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2947-1423, Bajer, Anna; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6199-8458, Bakran-Lebl, Karin; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-2483, Dwużnik-Szarek, Dorota, Farkas, Róbert, Grandi, Giulio, Heddergott, Mike; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4536-5508, Jokelainen, Pikka; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3035-5094, Knific, Tanja; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-6776, Leschnik, Michael, Miterpáková, Martina; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3742-948X, Modrý, David, Petersen, Heidi Huus; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7208-7614, Skírnisson, Karl, Vergles Rataj, Aleksandra, Schnyder, Manuela; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6523-7952, Strube, Christina; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9093-1006, Fuehrer, Hans-Peter; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4178-0133, Morelli, Simone; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6344-0239, Unterköfler, Maria Sophia; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2947-1423, Bajer, Anna; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6199-8458, Bakran-Lebl, Karin; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-2483, Dwużnik-Szarek, Dorota, Farkas, Róbert, Grandi, Giulio, Heddergott, Mike; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4536-5508, Jokelainen, Pikka; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3035-5094, Knific, Tanja; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-6776, Leschnik, Michael, Miterpáková, Martina; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3742-948X, Modrý, David, Petersen, Heidi Huus; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7208-7614, Skírnisson, Karl, Vergles Rataj, Aleksandra, Schnyder, Manuela; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6523-7952, and Strube, Christina; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9093-1006

Abstract

In the past few decades, the relevance of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens, causing cardiopulmonary and subcutaneous dirofilariosis in dogs and cats, and of Angiostrongylus vasorum, causing canine angiostrongylosis, has steadily increased in Central and Northern Europe. In this review, a summary of published articles and additional reports dealing with imported or autochthonous cases of these parasites is provided for Central (Austria, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Luxemburg, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland) and Northern (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) Europe. Research efforts focusing on Dirofilaria spp. and A. vasorum have varied by country, and cross-border studies are few. The housing conditions of dogs, pet movements, the spread of competent vectors, and climate change are important factors in the spread of these nematodes. Dogs kept outside overnight are a major factor for the establishment of Dirofilaria spp. However, the establishment of invasive, diurnal, synanthropic, competent mosquito vectors such as Aedes albopictus may also influence the establishment of Dirofilaria spp. The drivers of the spread of A. vasorum remain not fully understood, but it seems to be influenced by habitats shared with wild canids, dog relocation, and possibly climatic changes; its pattern of spreading appears to be similar in different countries. Both Dirofilaria spp. and A. vasorum merit further monitoring and research focus in Europe.

Published
2021

42. Standardizing output-based surveillance to control non-regulated cattle diseases: Aspiring for a single general regulatory framework in the European Union

Author

FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Costa, Lina, Duarte, Elsa L., Knific, Tanja, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, van Roon, Annika, Fourichon, Christine, Koleci, Xhelil, van Schaik, Gerdien, Gunn, George, Madouasse, Aurélien, Berezowski, John, Santman-Berends, Inge, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Costa, Lina, Duarte, Elsa L., Knific, Tanja, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, van Roon, Annika, Fourichon, Christine, Koleci, Xhelil, van Schaik, Gerdien, Gunn, George, Madouasse, Aurélien, Berezowski, John, and Santman-Berends, Inge

Published
2020

47. Modelling the economic impacts of bovine viral diarrhoea virus at dairy herd level; the case of Slovenia

Author

Knific, Tanja and Zgajnar, Jaka

Subjects
Modelling, Spreadsheet model, Bovine viral diarrhoea, Disease cost, Farm Management, Livestock Production/Industries
Abstract

In the last decade Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) was listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) as a notifiable disease, due to the fact that it causes significant production losses in cattle industry worldwide. The production losses include reduced milk production, reduced conception rate, abortions, growth retardation, early culling, increased mortality and an increased occurrence of other diseases. This paper presents a possible approach to how an economic analysis of BVD virus, could be conducted at the herd level. For this purpose a spreadsheet model in MS Excel has been developed utilizing Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS). Simulation results show that economic losses at the heard level could exceed 18,000 €. Obtained results suggest that this could be promising approach for analysis BVD effect at herd or animal level.

Published
2014

49. Using scenario tree modelling to evaluate the probability of freedom from Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) in Italy and Slovenia.

Author

Fanelli A, Baron J, Comin A, Faverjon C, Feliziani F, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M, Hodnik J, Iscaro C, Knific T, Meletis E, Mincu M, Righi C, Thomas R, Tamba M, Frössling J, and Van Schaik G

Subjects
Animals, Cattle, Slovenia epidemiology, Italy epidemiology, Probability, Prevalence, Enzootic Bovine Leukosis epidemiology
Abstract

Documented freedom from disease is paramount for international free trade of animals and animal products. This study describes a scenario tree analysis to estimate the probability of freedom from Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) in Italy and Slovenia using information gathered via the data collection tool developed in the COST action project SOUND-control. Data on EBL control programmes (CPs) from 2018 to 2021 were used to build the models. Since animals are only sampled on the farm, one surveillance system component (SSC) was considered. The posterior probability of freedom (PostPfree) was estimated in time steps of one year, from 2018 to 2021.  After each year, the calculated from the previous year, combined with the probability of introduction, was used as a prior probability for the next year.  The herd level design prevalence was set to 0.2% in accordance with the Council Directive 64/432/EEC and the within herd design prevalence was set to 15%.  As Slovenia implemented a risk-based surveillance, targeting the herds importing cattle, in its model the design herd prevalence was combined with an average adjusted risk to calculate the effective probability of a herd importing cattle being infected.  The models were run for 10,000 iterations.  Over the study period the mean estimates were: i) for Italy both the surveillance system sensitivity ( SSe) and PostPFree 100%, with no differences between simulations and years, ii) for Slovenia the SSe was 50.5% while the PostPFree was 81.6%.

Published
2024
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50. Canine Neonatal Assessment by Vitality Score, Amniotic Fluid, Urine, and Umbilical Cord Blood Analysis of Glucose, Lactate, and Cortisol: Possible Influence of Parturition Type?

Author

Plavec T, Knific T, Slapšak A, Raspor S, Lukanc B, and Pipan MZ

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of parturition type on vitality in newborn puppies, their weight gains, and survival in the first week postpartum. One hundred and twenty-three puppies were divided in three groups: vaginal parturition (VP), emergency (EM-CS), and elective cesarean section (EL-CS). Apgar scores were assessed 5, 15, and 60 min postpartum. Lactate and glucose concentrations were measured in amniotic fluid and umbilical blood; cortisol concentrations were measured in amniotic fluid and puppy urine. Puppies' weight gain was tracked daily for 7 days postpartum. Apgar score at 5 and 15 min was significantly better in the VP group. EL-CS puppies had significantly lower umbilical blood and amniotic fluid lactate concentrations compared to the VP group, which also had higher umbilical blood lactate concentration than EM-CS puppies. The cortisol concentration in the amniotic fluid and in urine differed significantly between the groups, with the highest concentration in the EM-CS, followed by the VP group. Glucose concentration in amniotic fluid was higher in the VP group than EM-CS group. The type of parturition had no impact on puppies' weight gain or their survival at birth; however, supportive treatment was provided for non-vital puppies. Non-invasive analysis of puppies' fluids could help in the assessment of the neonatal vitality.

Published
2022
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