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Mesenchymal stem cells have a proven potent immunomodulatory effect both in vitro and in vivo. We report a case of a 67-year-old male patient, first diagnosed with sarcoidosis in 2005, that responded well clinically and biologically to ImmunoARTTM(developed by Educell Ltd.) allogenic, HLA-incompatible, and non-related bone marrow-derived MSCs in a dose of 106/kg. The patient presented to St. Catherine Specialty Hospital in 2021 with an exacerbation of respiratory symptoms. After a clinical and radiological examination with laboratory workup, radiological findings were consistent with pulmonary sarcoidosis, while laboratory work revealed increased leucocytes at 14.2 g/L, CRP at 51.2 mg/L, and lymphocytes at 4.25 g/L. The patient was then administered intravenous application of MSCs on three occasions in the out-patient clinic. MSC doses were prepared from a young, healthy donor who agreed to donate bone marrow for allogeneic treatment and who was negative for viral markers (HBs Ag, HBc Ab, HCV Ab, HIV 1-2 Ab, TPHA, HBV NAT, HCV NAT, HIV NAT) according to EU legislation. Cells were prepared in a controlled and verified laboratory for “Hospital exemption” cell preparation in the cleanroom facility in safety cabinet class A and expressed CD105, CD 73, and CD 90 but lacked the expression of CD45 and CD34. Before the treatment, standard print and detailed verbal information were provided to patients undergoing treatment. Immediately after the informed consent form (ICF) was signed by the patient. Throughout MSC therapy, the patient showed an improvement clinically and biologically with a decrease in inflammatory parameters. Laboratory values were assessed on days 2, 5, and 7. On day 7, leucocytes were 11.2 g/L, CRP 5.1 mg/L, and lymphocytes 4.0 g/L. In the follow-up period, the patient felt subjectively better, without any side effects of the MSC therapy. Unfortunately, the patient dropped out from follow-up, therefore, the prolonged effects of this therapy were not able to be assessed. Therefore, systemic MSC therapy presents an opportunity to treat sarcoidosis that needs to be further researched.

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is an abundant source of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) for allogeneic HSC transplant. In addition to HSCs, the cord blood and placenta contain ample nonhaematopoietic stem cells, which increasingly raise the interest of regenerative medicine. Public UCB banks have more than 500.000UCB units in international UCB registries that are available for the international exchange. It is estimated that additional two-fold number of units are held in the private UCB banks that store the cells for autologous purposes. Although the development of hybrid UCB banks was predicted in which the private units of UCB could be used for allogeneic purposes if needed, thishas not yet happened. The activity of UCB registries is complementary to the bone marrow donor registries, which keep the data of more than 16 million donors. The key data for international exchange of UCB are the HLA typing results and the stem cell count in the UCB units. The majority of international associations and bodies do not support the autologous UCB banking based on the current poor evidence on the usefulness of autologous UCBcells. However, this opinion is changing owing to the development of regenerative medicine so changes of the ethical and expert opinions are expected. In Slovenia, the only public UCB bank is maintained at the Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, whereas the only private UCB bank is Biobanka.Since unlimited expansion in the number of UCB units does not increase the like-lihood of finding HLA-identical grafts, in Slovenia we plan to collect maximum up to 2000 UCB units. In order to foster the solidarity andequal accessibility, one needs to assure the use of UCB derived cells for children and adults for their possible treatment in the future.

Due to its specific structure, articular cartilage has a limited regenerative ability. Even small lesions on the articular surface progress to an osteoarthritic deformation of the joint, with the end result the implantation of an endoprosthesis: New surgical methods for knee cartilage repair were developed at the beginning of the nineties. Mosaicoplasty and transplantation of autologous chondrocytes have been widely accepted as regular clinical procedures. Mosaicoplasty is a method in which osteochondral plugs are transferred from less load-bearing areas of the joint to a defect located on the major load-bearing surface. This technique was originally used on the kneejoint, but there have also been many recent reports of its use on other joints. The major problems are cartilage availability and the patient's age. Transplantation of autologous chondrocytes is based on arthroscopic removal ofsmall cartilage pieces from the edge of the knee joint surface. Chondrocytesfrom the removed cartilage are cultivated in vitro and implanted back into the defect. Treatment of focal lesions of the femoral condyles and the patella has proved successful in young patients. Limitations include lesion size and concomitant osteoarthritic changes at the site of the defect. Both methods have yielded encouraging results for the treatment of focal chondral lesions, but the osteoarthritic type of cartilage injury remains an unsolved issue. Sklepni hrustanec ima zaradi specifične zgradbe omejeno sposobnost celjenja popoškodbah in boleznih. Že majhne, lokalizirane okvare sklepne površine lahkovodijo v razširjeno degeneracijo sklepa (artrozo), ki kasneje velikokrat zahteva zamenjavo sklepa z umetno endoprotezo. V začetku devetdesetih so se pričele razvijati nove kirurške metode za popravo poškodovanega hrustanca in zaustavitev degenerativnih sprememb v kolenskem sklepu. V razširjeni klinični uporabi sta se uveljavili mozaična plastika in vsaditev avtolognih hrustančnihcelic. Pri mozaični plastiki prenesemo kostno-hrustančne čepe z manj obremenjene površine sklepa na mesto okvare na močno obremenjenem delu. Metoda se je pričela uporabljati na kolenu in se širi tudi na ostale sklepe. Največjo omejitev predstavljata razpoložljivost hrustančnega tkiva, primernegaza presaditev, in starost bolnika. Vsaditev avtolognih hrustančnih celic je metoda, pri kateri iz kolena artroskopsko odvzamemo koščke zdravega hrustanca na robu sklepne površine. Iz njih v kuIturi namnožimo hrustančne celice ter jih vrnemo v sklep na mesto poškodbe. Dobre rezultate dosegamo pri mlajših ljudeh z omejenimi okvarami hrustanca na stegneničnem kondilu in na pogačici. Omejitve predstavljajo velikost poškodbe in difuzne degenerativne spremembe v sklepu. Obe metodi dajeta vzpodbudne rezultate pri zdravljenju lokaliziranih okvar hrustanca mlajših ljudi, medtem ko za razširjeno prizadetost hrustanca pri degenerativnih boleznih trenutno še nimamo ustrezne rešitve.