119 results on '"Knappheit"'
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2. Das andere Gesetz des Dschungels.
- Author
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Chapelle, Gauthier, Servigne, Pablo, and Perr, Julien
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MUTUAL aid ,SOLIDARITY ,COOPERATION ,SYMBIOSIS ,FUNGI ,BACTERIA ,TREES - Abstract
Copyright of Perspektive Mediation is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
3. Gerechte Rationierung? Allokationsethik im Gesundheitssystem
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Schmidt, Thomas, Riedel, Annette, editor, and Lehmeyer, Sonja, editor
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- 2022
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4. Alles oder nichts
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Flaßbeck, Christine and Flaßbeck, Christine
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- 2021
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5. 'The promised land' : Das Bild der Zukunft in Keynes’ 'Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren'
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De Gennaro, Ivo, Ötsch, Walter Otto, editor, and Graupe, Silja, editor
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- 2020
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6. Limited Editions für Marken
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Winter, Kai, Esch, Franz-Rudolf, and Esch, Franz-Rudolf, editor
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- 2019
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7. Scarcity Inc. : Die Knappheitsparadoxie als ein Hintergrundproblem pluraler Ökonomie
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Heim, Tino, Drobot, Marc, Maurer, Andrea, Series Editor, Schimank, Uwe, Series Editor, Petersen, David J., editor, Willers, Daniel, editor, Schmitt, Esther M., editor, Birnbaum, Robert, editor, Meyerhoff, Jan H. E., editor, Gießler, Sebastian, editor, and Roth, Benjamin, editor
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- 2019
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- View/download PDF
8. How vulnerable are small firms to energy price increases? Evidence from Mexico
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Greve, Hannes, Lay, Jann, Negrete, Ana, Greve, Hannes, Lay, Jann, and Negrete, Ana
- Abstract
The vulnerability of small firms to price shocks may partly explain why fossil fuel subsidy removals in developing countries are so difficult to implement. This paper analyzes the effects of fuel and electricity price increases on profits of micro- and small-sized enterprises in Mexico. Using representative cross-sectional data, simulations of profit losses hint at potentially large short-term effects. First-order profit losses of a 1 per cent price increase are 0.2 per cent for fuels and 0.07 per cent for electricity, but are higher than 1 per cent for fuels in the transport sector. These effects are larger for formal than for informal firms, with energy-using low-profit firms being most vulnerable. Second-order impacts - predicted using estimated input-demand elasticities - indicate that firms react to price shocks by substituting labor for energy, while the self-employed appear to increase their own labor input. Reduced-form regressions show that some firms pass on higher fuel costs to customers.
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- 2023
9. In Line Behind a Billion People : How Scarcity Will Define China's Ascent in the Next Decade
- Author
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Damien Ma, William Adams, Damien Ma, and William Adams
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- Economic history, Economic policy, Sozioo¨konomischer Wandel, Mangel, Knappheit, Politisches System, Wertkrise
- Abstract
Nearly everything you know about China is wrong! Yes, within a decade, China will have the world's largest economy. But that is the least important thing to know about China. In this enlightening book, two of the world's leading China experts turn the conventional wisdom on its head, showing why China's economic growth will constrain rather than empower it. Pioneering political analyst Damien Ma and global economist Bill Adams reveal why, having 35 years of ferocious economic growth, China's future will be shaped by the same fundamental reality that has shaped it for millennia: scarcity. Ma and Adams drill deep into Chinese society, illuminating all the scarcities that will limit its power and progress. Beyond scarcities of natural resources and public goods, they illuminate China's persistent poverties of individual freedoms, cultural appeal, and ideological legitimacy — and the corrosive loss of values and beliefs amongst a growing middle class shackled by a parochial and inflexible political system. Everyone knows “the 21st century is China's to lose” — but, as with so many things that “everyone knows,” that's just wrong. Ma and Adams get beyond cheerleading and fearmongering to tell the complex truth about China today. This is a truth you need to hear — whether you're an investor, business decision-maker, policymaker, or citizen.
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- 2013
10. How vulnerable are small firms to energy price increases? Evidence from Mexico
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Hannes Greve, Jann Lay, and Ana Negrete
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Economics and Econometrics ,Economics ,Energieverbrauch ,Knappheit ,Arbeitsplatz ,shortage ,Development ,Sociology & anthropology ,Mexiko ,energy consumption ,Entwicklungsland ,ddc:330 ,Sociology of Developing Countries, Developmental Sociology ,Energiekrise ,Preisentwicklung ,Stellenabbau ,Mexico ,Kleinbetrieb ,General Environmental Science ,Entwicklungsländersoziologie, Entwicklungssoziologie ,developing country ,Wirtschaft ,Political Economy ,Krise ,job ,economy ,crisis ,Soziologie, Anthropologie ,price level ,small business ,Volkswirtschaftslehre ,Energiewirtschaft ,energy industry ,ddc:301 ,Preisniveau - Abstract
The vulnerability of small firms to price shocks may partly explain why fossil fuel subsidy removals in developing countries are so difficult to implement. This paper analyzes the effects of fuel and electricity price increases on profits of micro- and small-sized enterprises in Mexico. Using representative cross-sectional data, simulations of profit losses hint at potentially large short-term effects. First-order profit losses of a 1 per cent price increase are 0.2 per cent for fuels and 0.07 per cent for electricity, but are higher than 1 per cent for fuels in the transport sector. These effects are larger for formal than for informal firms, with energy-using low-profit firms being most vulnerable. Second-order impacts – predicted using estimated input-demand elasticities – indicate that firms react to price shocks by substituting labor for energy, while the self-employed appear to increase their own labor input. Reduced-form regressions show that some firms pass on higher fuel costs to customers.
- Published
- 2022
11. Being informed or getting the product?
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Wrabel, Andrea, Kupfer, Alexander, and Zimmermann, Steffen
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DDC 330 / Economics ,Scarcity cues ,Scarcity ,Electronic commerce ,Online purchase decision ,Verbraucherforschung ,ddc:330 ,Online consumer reviews ,Knappheit ,Electronic commerce platform ,Consumer behavior ,Kaufentscheidung - Abstract
Scarcity cues, which are increasingly implemented on e-commerce platforms, are known to impair cognitive processes and influence consumers’ decision-making by increasing perceived product value and purchase intention. Another feature present on e-commerce platforms are online consumer reviews (OCRs) which have become one of the most important information sources on e-commerce platforms in the last two decades. Nevertheless, little is known about how the presence of scarcity cues affects consumers’ processing of textual review information. Consequently, it is unclear whether OCRs can counteract the effects of scarcity or whether OCRs are neglected due to scarcity cues. To address this gap, this study examines the effects of limited-quantity scarcity cues on online purchase decisions when participants have the possibility to evaluate textual review information. The results of the experimental study indicate that scarcity lowers participants’ processing of textual review information. This in turn increases perceived product value and has considerable negative consequences for the final purchase decision if the scarcity cue is displayed next to a low-quality product. The study’s findings provide relevant insights and implications for e-commerce platforms and policymakers alike. In particular, it highlights that e-commerce platforms can easily (ab)use scarcity cues to reduce consumers’ processing of textual review information in order to increase the demand for low-quality products. Consequently, policymakers should be aware of this mechanism and consider potential countermeasures to protect consumers., publishedVersion
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- 2022
12. Online shopping fever! : the effects of time pressure and scarcity strategies on consumers in an e-commerce setting – a systematic literature review
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Kuba, Janine and Kuba, Janine
- Abstract
E-commerce has gained on popularity and is a widely used tool to purchase products and services. This is owed to effective marketing strategies which were implemented by online shops to gain the attention of customers and influence their purchasing behaviour. Commonly used marketing strategies include time pressure and scarcity cues. Those two strategies are effective in their influence of customers and increase their purchase intentions. Therefore, the question arises how the two sales strategies differ in their effects on customers. Due to the wide range of the effects, it is necessary to include the differentiation between message perception, attitude towards the product and behavioural responses., Janine Kuba, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2022
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- 2022
13. Do closeness and stake increase voter turnout? Evidence from election results in small French towns in Brittany.
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Dubois, Eric and Leprince, Matthieu
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LOCAL elections ,VOTER turnout ,CITIES & towns ,ELECTIONS ,VOTERS - Abstract
Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2017
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14. Basiskarte: Dokumentation und Publikation
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Geider, Franz J. and Rogge, Klaus-Eckart, editor
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- 1995
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15. Welchen Beitrag kann die Gesundheitsökonomie im Kontext von Public Health leisten?
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Greiner, Wolfgang
- Abstract
Gesundheitsökonomie stellt einen integralen Bestandteil der Gesundheitswissenschaft dar, denn ein nachhaltiger Erfolg von Public-Health-Maßnahmen ist nur dann gesichert, wenn auch Effizienzgesichtspunkte, also der sorgsame Umgang mit limitierten Ressourcen, beachtet werden. Die Analyse der Konsequenzen relevanter Handlungsoptionen hinsichtlich Kosten und Nutzen kann zur Lösung von Allokationskonflikten beitragen. Gesundheitsökonomie ist somit ein wesentlicher Baustein einer evidenzbasierten Public-Health-Perspektive. Health economics is an integral part of public health, because the sustainable success of public health measures is only guaranteed if efficiency considerations, i.e. the careful handling of limited resources, are also taken into account. Analysing the consequences of relevant cost and benefit options can help resolve allocation conflicts. Therefore health economics is an essential component of an evidence-based public health perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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16. Mangelware Wohnraum: Ökonomische Folgen des Mietpreisbooms in deutschen Großstädten
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Forschungsinstitut für gesellschaftliche Weiterentwicklung e.V. (FGW), Kohl, Sebastian, Sagner, Pekka, Voigtländer, Michael, Forschungsinstitut für gesellschaftliche Weiterentwicklung e.V. (FGW), Kohl, Sebastian, Sagner, Pekka, and Voigtländer, Michael
- Abstract
Die große Mehrheit der Haushalte in den 14 deutschen Großstädten wohnt zur Miete. Der anhaltende Immobilienboom hat in den letzten zehn Jahren nicht nur Kaufpreise, sondern auch (Neu-)Mieten stark ansteigen lassen, während der Bau neuen Wohnraums unterdurchschnittlich blieb. Diese Studie untersucht, wie sich der Boom am Mietmarkt auf die urbane Mieterpopulation ausgewirkt hat. Die Studie belegt das Schwabe'sche Gesetz: Einkommensschwache Haushalte zahlen relativ mehr Miete und wohnen enger. Allerdings hat sich die Mietbelastungsungleichheit gerade nicht im letzten Jahrzehnt verstärkt, sondern ist bereits zum Ende des Wiedervereinigungsbooms auf ihr heutiges Level gestiegen.Der Mietpreisanstieg hat zwar die Gräben zwischen Mieter_innen und Eigentümer_innen vertieft, schlägt sich aber (noch) nicht in steigender Mietbelastung bei Haushalten aller Einkommensgruppen nieder. Vielmehr beobachtet die Studie einen allgemeinen Rückgang des Wohnflächenkonsums und der Durchschnittsgröße auch neuer Wohnungen sowie eine Zunahme von 'Crowdingphänomenen'. Auch ist die Ungleichheit des Wohnflächenkonsums leicht gestiegen. Die Studie sieht im mangelnden Neubau geeigneten Wohnraums eine der Haupterklärungen: Relativ zum Bevölkerungswachstum ist der Neubau zurückgeblieben und Neubauangebote sind systematisch zugunsten teurer Großwohnungen verzerrt., The vast majority of households in the 14 major German cities live in rented housing. Over the past ten years, the ongoing real estate boom has not only boosted purchase prices but also (new) rents, while the construction of new housing has remained below average. This study examines how the boom in the rental market has affected the urban tenant population. The study finds support for "Schwabe's law": low-income households pay relatively more rent and live more closely together. However, rent inequality has not increased in the last decade, but had already risen to its current level during the reunification boom. Although the rent explosion has deepened the gap between renters and owners, it is not (yet) reflected in rising rents expenditure for households of all income groups. Rather, the study observes a general decline in residential space consumption and the average size of new dwellings as well as an increase in crowding phenomena. The inequality of housing consumption has also risen slightly. The study sees the lack of suitable new housing as one of the main explanations: relative to population growth, new construction has lagged behind, and it is biased towards expensive large apartments.
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- 2020
17. Sendhil Mullainathan / Eldar Shafir, Knappheit. Was es mit uns macht, wenn wir zu wenig haben. Frankfurt a. M.: Campus 2013, 303 S., gb., 24,99 € (aus dem Amerikanischen übersetzt von Carl Freytag: Scarcity. Why having too little means...
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Engels, Anita
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- 2015
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18. Wasser und Sicherheit: Zwischen Konflikt und Kooperation
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Fröhlich, Christiane
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Politik ,supply ,Turkey ,Politikwissenschaft ,Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik ,conflict ,water ,Peace and Conflict Research, International Conflicts, Security Policy ,Irak ,Knappheit ,shortage ,Ecology, Environment ,Türkei ,Wasserwirtschaft ,Umwelt ,Ökologie und Umwelt ,water management ,Ökologie ,Wasser ,Versorgung ,ddc:577 ,natural resources ,Political science ,natürliche Ressourcen ,Wasserversorgung ,Ökosystem ,Wasserknappheit ,Ecology ,Syria ,Wirtschaft ,Konflikt ,economy ,ddc:320 ,Iraq ,Syrien ,politics ,environment - Abstract
Wasser ist eine existenzielle Ressource. Sie ist essenziell für die sozioökonomische Entwicklung, gesunde Ökosysteme und das menschliche Überleben im Allgemeinen. Industrialisierung, wachsende Nachfrage, Übernutzung und Degradation (Verschlechterung) von Böden sowie die Folgen des Klimawandels setzen die Süßwasserressourcen jedoch zunehmend unter Druck. So ist der weltweite Wasserverbrauch laut UN-Water, einer Unterorganisation der Vereinten Nationen, seit den 1980er Jahren um etwa ein Prozent pro Jahr gestiegen, und ein Ende ist nicht in Sicht. Daher wird die Liste der Regionen, die unter unzureichender Wasserversorgung leiden, immer länger. Weltweit leben derzeit über zwei Milliarden Menschen in Staaten, die unter starkem Wasserstress leiden, und vier Milliarden leiden an mindestens 30 Tagen im Jahr unter schwerer Wasserknappheit.
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- 2021
19. Lösung für das Knappheitsproblem oder nationales Risiko? Auf Erdölsuche in der Schweiz.
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Haller, Lea and Gisler, Monika
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PETROLEUM prospecting ,NATURAL resources ,HISTORY of science -- 20th century ,20TH century technology ,IMPERIALISM ,GEOPOLITICS - Abstract
Over several decades, geologists, entrepreneurs, politicians, and public authorities dealt with a potential petroleum occurrence in Switzerland. They provided scientific expertise, granted concessions, invested capital and sank bore holes. Although the endeavour was never successful economically, it reveals how closely related geopolitical situations and the exploitation of natural resources were. This article investigates the search for crude oil in Switzerland from the 1930s until the 1960s, combining a history of science and technology perspective with a history of the political regulations and economic considerations concerning the extractive industry. It traces the changing fears and hopes about potential oil occurrences in Switzerland: From an investment to overcome future shortages, to the risk of imperial desires if oil would be found in abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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20. Rethinking Science, Religion and Nature in Environmental History: Drought in Early Twentieth-Century New Zealand
- Author
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James Beattie
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History ,descriptive study ,Neuseeland ,water ,religiousness ,deskriptive Studie ,Knappheit ,shortage ,Ecology, Environment ,secularization ,Ökologie und Umwelt ,Experiment ,Natur ,Geschichte ,Ökologie ,Wasser ,ddc:577 ,science ,Religiosität ,Ecology ,historisch ,Pazifischer Raum ,Social History, Historical Social Research ,Pacific Rim ,nature ,Säkularisierung ,historical ,Religion ,Wissenschaft ,ddc:900 ,Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung ,New Zealand - Abstract
Gegenstand des Beitrags sind Vorstellungen von Wissenschaft und Religion bei einfachen Leuten wie bei Angehörigen der Elite in einer Gesellschaft europäischer Siedler zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Auf der Basis einer Fallstudie über Experimente und Gebete mit dem Ziel des Regenmachens in North Otago, Neuseeland im Jahr 1907 sollen zwei verbreitete Paradigmen über die neuseeländische Gesellschaft in Frage gestellt werden: zum einen die Auffassung, dass der wissenschaftliche Rationalismus der Religion automatisch feindselig gegenüberstand, und zum anderen die Auffassung, dass die wissenschaftlichen Vorstellungen des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts die Gesellschaft Neuseelands säkularisierten. Die Einwohner von North Otago sahen Gebete und Experimente als komplementäre Wege zur Erreichung desselben Ziels. Es gab keine hermetische Trennung zwischen Säkularem und Profanem. Das Regenmachen bietet darüber hinaus eine faszinierende Möglichkeit, unterschiedliche Auffassungen von Wissenschaft zu untersuchen. Während die lokale Bevölkerung den Einsatz von Sprengstoffen zur Erzeugung von Regen enthusiastisch begrüßte, lehnten die Meteorologen solchen Methoden aus unwissenschaftlich und amateurhaft ab und versuchten damit, die Legitimität ihrer eigenen Profession zu steigern. Die Reaktion auf das Regenmachen mittels Gebeten und Experimenten in North Otago unterscheidet sich beträchtlich von der Reaktion in anderen Gesellschaften wie England und Australien, wo man zu ähnlichen Mitteln griff. Diese Unterschiede spiegeln die besonderen sozialen und kulturellen Merkmale jedes Landes und im Fall Neuseelands das höhere Maß an religiöser Toleranz und sozialen Chancen wider. (ICEÜbers) 'This article investigates popular and elite conceptions of science and religion in an early twentieth-century European settler society. It uses the case-study of rainmaking experiments and prayers in North Otago, New Zealand, in 1907, to challenge two dominant paradigms about New Zealand society: first, that scientific rationalism was automatically antipathetic to religion and, second, that by the early twentieth century scientific ideas were secularizing New Zealand society. North Otago's residents viewed prayer and experiment as complementary activities designed to meet the same ends; there was no distinctive, hermetically sealed division between the secular and the profane. Rainmaking also offers a fascinating way of exploring contested notions of science. While local residents enthusiastically embraced the use of explosives to bring rain, meteorologists decried these measures as unscientific and amateurish, thereby attempting to increase the legitimacy of their own profession. The reaction to North Otago's rainmaking prayers and experiments differed considerably from that of other societies such as in England and Australia in which similar prayers and experiments were undertaken. These differences reflected the special social and cultural characteristics of each country and, in New Zealand's case, its greater religious tolerance and social opportunities.' (author's abstract)
- Published
- 2020
21. Cognitive Droughts
- Author
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Lichand, Guilherme, Mani, Anandi, and University of Zurich
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psychology of poverty ,Armut ,Uncertainty ,scarcity ,Knappheit ,330 Economics ,attention ,D81 ,ECON Department of Economics ,Entscheidung bei Unsicherheit ,10007 Department of Economics ,Entscheidungsfindung ,ddc:330 ,D91 ,I32 ,uncertainty ,Kognition - Abstract
Poverty involves both low income levels and high income uncertainty. Do both these dimensions of being poor capture attention in ways that distort decision-making and trap people in poverty? We examine these issues using real-life shocks faced by farmers in Brazil: random payday variation affecting income levels, and rainfall shocks that affect income uncertainty. We find that it is income uncertainty that systematically has adverse cognitive effects; low income levels affect only the poorest households. The net adverse impacts on cognitive function prevail even though both dimensions of poverty reallocate attention to scarce-resource tasks. These results broaden our understanding of the impacts of uncertainty by exploring a psychological channel distinct from risk aversion, and help reconcile apparently contradictory evidence on the cognitive impact of poverty in previous studies.
- Published
- 2020
22. Jenseits von Zeit und Raum. Flugreisewerbung in den USA und Westdeutschland während der 1970er-Jahre
- Author
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Ortlepp, Anke and Zentrum Für Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam
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advertisement ,Kampagne ,campaign ,Economics ,Konsum ,Knappheit ,shortage ,Verhalten ,United States of America ,ddc:070 ,Reiseverkehr ,Konsumverhalten ,Ressourcen ,Alltag ,Emotionen ,Gefühle ,Medien ,Presse ,Raum ,Technik ,Tourismus ,Transnationale Geschichte ,Umwelt ,Unternehmen ,Utopien ,Vergleiche ,Verkehr ,Visual History ,Bildforschung ,Wirtschaft ,advertising ,travel ,Marketing ,emotionality ,Flugzeugindustrie ,Werbung, Public Relations, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit ,air travel ,Bundesrepublik Deutschland ,crisis ,aircraft industry ,Advertising, Public Relations ,Inserat ,impact ,Umweltverschmutzung ,environment ,tourist traffic ,consumption behavior ,Federal Republic of Germany ,energy supply ,History (General) ,1970s ,Emotionalität ,D1-2009 ,ddc:330 ,consumption ,USA ,News media, journalism, publishing ,federal republic of germany ,behavior ,Energieversorgung ,space ,Krise ,Auswirkung ,Werbung ,advertisements ,Publizistische Medien, Journalismus,Verlagswesen ,environmental pollution ,resources ,Reise ,usa - Abstract
Zeithistorische Forschungen - Studies in Contemporary History
- Published
- 2017
23. Ostdeutsche Betriebe in der Falle oder im Paradigmenwechsel?
- Author
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Lutz, Burkart, Wiekert, Ingo, Lutz, Burkart, and Wiekert, Ingo
- Abstract
In den neuen Bundesländern bahnt sich gegenwärtig ein massiver und sehr schneller Umschlag in den Knappheitsverhältnissen auf den Arbeitsmärkten, vor allem den Märkten für qualifizierte Fachkräfte, an. Nachdem während 10 bis 15 Jahren weit mehr Jugendliche und Jungerwachsene in Ausbildung und auf den Arbeitsmarkt drängten, als im Beschäftigungssystem aufgenommen werden konnten, entsteht nunmehr mit einem raschen Rückgang der Zahl der Schulentlassenen auf die Hälfte der bisherigen Werte und mit steigender Aufnahmefähigkeit des Arbeitsmarktes eine grundlegend veränderte Situation. Gestützt auf reichhaltiges statistisch-empirisches Material will der Aufsatz diese Veränderungen nachzeichnen, die Reaktionen der ostdeutschen Betriebe auf sie darstellen und der Frage nachgehen, welche Entwicklungen denkbar sind., In the Eastern part of Germany, in the "New Länder", a fast and severe alteration of the shortage rate in the labour market can be observed. The market for skilled employees is in particular concerned by this development. For the last 10 to 15 years a huge number of young people entered the apprenticeship system and the labour market. However, they could not be absorbed by the employment system. By now, the situation is changing fundamentally: On the one hand a rapid decrease of school-leavers takes place and on the other hand the absorbing capacity of the labour market increases. Based on comprehensive statistic-empirical data, this article analyses these change processes, the respective reactions of East German companies and arises the question of future developments.
- Published
- 2019
24. Economic Analysis of Trade-offs between Justices
- Author
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Baumgärtner, Stefan, Glotzbach, Stefanie, Hoberg, Nikolai, Quaas, Martin F., Stumpf, Klara Helene, Baumgärtner, Stefan, Glotzbach, Stefanie, Hoberg, Nikolai, Quaas, Martin F., and Stumpf, Klara Helene
- Abstract
We argue that economics - as the scientific method of analysing trade-offs - can be helpful (and may even be indispensable) for assessing the trade-offs between intergenerational and intragenerational justice. Economic analysis can delineate the "opportunity set" of politics with respect to the two normative objectives of inter- and intragenerational justice, i.e. it can describe which outcomes are feasible in achieving the two objectives in a given context, and which are not. It can distinguish efficient from inefficient uses of instruments of justice. It can identify the "opportunity cost" of attaining one justice to a higher degree, in terms of less achievement of the other. We find that, under very general conditions, (1) efficiency in the use of instruments of justice implies that there is rivalry between the two justices and the opportunity cost of either justice is positive; (2) negative opportunity costs of achieving one justice exist if there is facilitation between the two justices, which can only happen if instruments of justice are used inefficiently; (3) opportunity costs of achieving one justice are zero if the two justices are independent of each other, which is the case in the interior of the opportunity set where instruments of justice are used inefficiently.
- Published
- 2019
25. Factors Promoting Environmental Responsibility in European SMEs: The Effect on Performance
- Author
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Sáez-Martínez, Francisco J., Díaz-García, Cristina, González-Moreno, Ángela, Sáez-Martínez, Francisco J., Díaz-García, Cristina, and González-Moreno, Ángela
- Abstract
There is increasing social and political awareness of the importance of developing environmental responsibility at a corporate level. When focusing on issues of responsibility, large companies are frequently perceived to be more responsible for driving climate change and resource depletion. However, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contribute significantly to the use of resources such as material and energy and produce approximately 64% of the pollution in Europe. Drawing on evidence from “The Eurobarometer 381 Survey on SMEs, Resource Efficiency and Green Markets”, we analyze the environmental responsibility of European SMEs, studying their compliance with environmental legislation and how several factors drive environmental orientation among SMEs. Our sample consists of 3647 SMEs operating in 38 countries. Only around a fifth of the firms go beyond environmental regulations, showing the highest levels of environmental responsibility. We conduct OLS regressions to analyze the factors that affect a positive environmental attitude among European SMEs (internal drivers being more significant than external ones) and then, to observe the positive effect of environmental responsibility and firm’s experience in offering green services/products on performance, although a conjoint effect was not found. Implications for practitioners, academics, and policy-makers are outlined.
- Published
- 2019
26. Combining Intergenerational and International Justice
- Author
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Lumer, Christoph and Lumer, Christoph
- Abstract
The exigencies of intergenerational and of international justice seem to conflict. This paper discusses this problem and develops a solution to it. After criticising several alternative justifications from the literature, a fully universalistic (i.e. universalistic in the temporal as well as spatial dimension) prioritarian welfare-ethic is developed and justified on the basis of our sympathy: first a criterion of moral value is proposed, followed by a conception of moral duties, which relies on socially binding norms and requires to strive for moral efficiency (most moral value for a given effort). Finally, these ideas are applied to determining priorities between several big social agendas. It turns out that, in practice, dimensional conflicts are less prevalent than initially thought.
- Published
- 2019
27. Gerechte Rationierung und die Rolle der Ökonomie.
- Author
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Prenzler, A.
- Subjects
- *
HEALTH services accessibility , *MEDICAL care , *HEALTH care rationing , *MEDICAL economics , *ECONOMISTS - Abstract
For several years academic disciplines have discussed the potential conflict between scarcity of funding and fair health care. This review article shows the necessity of involving economic scientists in this discussion as well as their contribution to rationalisation, prioritisation and rationing of health care services. Thereby, it becomes clear that rationing and justice are not a contradiction per se. The interdisciplinary discussion in Germany needs less disciplinary egotism and more willingness to seek solutions and compromises. In this context the procedures followed in other countries can serve as examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Implizite versus explizite Rationierung von Gesundheitsleistungen.
- Author
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Breyer, F.
- Abstract
Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Mangelware Wohnraum: Ökonomische Folgen des Mietpreisbooms in deutschen Großstädten
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Kohl, Sebastian, Sagner, Pekka, Voigtländer, Michael, and Forschungsinstitut für gesellschaftliche Weiterentwicklung e.V. (FGW)
- Subjects
Economics ,Kostenentwicklung ,rent ,real estate ,Raumplanung und Regionalforschung ,Wohnungsgröße ,Federal Republic of Germany ,Knappheit ,shortage ,housing construction ,Neubau ,ddc:330 ,Großstadt ,apartment size ,ddc:710 ,Landscaping and area planning ,Wohnung ,Städtebau, Raumplanung, Landschaftsgestaltung ,large city ,Wohnungsmarkt ,Immobilien ,Area Development Planning, Regional Research ,market ,Markt ,Wirtschaft ,Economic Sectors ,cost trend ,Miete ,Wirtschaftssektoren ,Wohnungsbau ,Bundesrepublik Deutschland ,Wohnraummangel ,Mietpreisboom ,new building ,housing market ,apartment - Abstract
Die große Mehrheit der Haushalte in den 14 deutschen Großstädten wohnt zur Miete. Der anhaltende Immobilienboom hat in den letzten zehn Jahren nicht nur Kaufpreise, sondern auch (Neu-)Mieten stark ansteigen lassen, während der Bau neuen Wohnraums unterdurchschnittlich blieb. Diese Studie untersucht, wie sich der Boom am Mietmarkt auf die urbane Mieterpopulation ausgewirkt hat. Die Studie belegt das Schwabe'sche Gesetz: Einkommensschwache Haushalte zahlen relativ mehr Miete und wohnen enger. Allerdings hat sich die Mietbelastungsungleichheit gerade nicht im letzten Jahrzehnt verstärkt, sondern ist bereits zum Ende des Wiedervereinigungsbooms auf ihr heutiges Level gestiegen.Der Mietpreisanstieg hat zwar die Gräben zwischen Mieter_innen und Eigentümer_innen vertieft, schlägt sich aber (noch) nicht in steigender Mietbelastung bei Haushalten aller Einkommensgruppen nieder. Vielmehr beobachtet die Studie einen allgemeinen Rückgang des Wohnflächenkonsums und der Durchschnittsgröße auch neuer Wohnungen sowie eine Zunahme von 'Crowdingphänomenen'. Auch ist die Ungleichheit des Wohnflächenkonsums leicht gestiegen. Die Studie sieht im mangelnden Neubau geeigneten Wohnraums eine der Haupterklärungen: Relativ zum Bevölkerungswachstum ist der Neubau zurückgeblieben und Neubauangebote sind systematisch zugunsten teurer Großwohnungen verzerrt. The vast majority of households in the 14 major German cities live in rented housing. Over the past ten years, the ongoing real estate boom has not only boosted purchase prices but also (new) rents, while the construction of new housing has remained below average. This study examines how the boom in the rental market has affected the urban tenant population. The study finds support for "Schwabe's law": low-income households pay relatively more rent and live more closely together. However, rent inequality has not increased in the last decade, but had already risen to its current level during the reunification boom. Although the rent explosion has deepened the gap between renters and owners, it is not (yet) reflected in rising rents expenditure for households of all income groups. Rather, the study observes a general decline in residential space consumption and the average size of new dwellings as well as an increase in crowding phenomena. The inequality of housing consumption has also risen slightly. The study sees the lack of suitable new housing as one of the main explanations: relative to population growth, new construction has lagged behind, and it is biased towards expensive large apartments.
- Published
- 2019
30. Empirische Analyse von preis- und verfügbarkeitsbeeinflussenden Indikatoren unter Berücksichtigung der Kritikalität von Rohstoffen
- Author
-
Achzet, Benjamin
- Subjects
Rohstoffpreis ,Rohstoffversorgung ,ddc:530 ,Knappheit ,Preisentwicklung ,Wirtschaftsindikator ,Schätzung - Published
- 2018
31. Jenseits von Zeit und Raum: Flugreisewerbung in den USA und Westdeutschland während der 1970er-Jahre
- Author
-
Ortlepp, Anke and Ortlepp, Anke
- Published
- 2018
32. 'Ich habe ja was gegen die Wegwerfkultur, aber …': eine empirische Analyse der Einflussfaktoren auf die Diskrepanz zwischen Einstellung und Verhalten am Beispiel von Konsumgütern
- Author
-
Bala, Christian, Schuldzinski, Wolfgang, Kompetenzzentrum Verbraucherforschung NRW, Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen e.V., Lischka, Helena M., Bala, Christian, Schuldzinski, Wolfgang, Kompetenzzentrum Verbraucherforschung NRW, Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen e.V., and Lischka, Helena M.
- Abstract
Gemäß der Statistikbehörde Eurostat gehört Deutschland europaweit zu den Spitzenreitern in puncto Müllverursachung. Zahlreiche verbraucherpolitische Maßnahmen zielen daher auf Verhaltensänderungen der Bürger und Bürgerinnen ab. Solche Maßnahmen basieren - häufig wohl implizit - auf der Theorie des geplanten Verhaltens (Ajzen 1991), die einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Einstellung, der Intention und dem Verhalten einer Person unterstellt. Eine empirische und verbraucherpolitische Schwäche dieser Theorie sind die regelmäßig feststellbaren Diskrepanzen: So werden trotz kritischer Diskussion um die deutsche Wegwerfkultur und des großen öffentlichen Interesses an einer Reduzierung der Ressourcenverschwendung umweltbewusste Einstellungen von den Verbrauchern kaum in tatsächliches Verhalten übertragen. Diese Diskrepanzen zwischen Einstellung, Intention und Verhalten sind in diesem Beitrag Gegenstand einer theoriegeleiteten empirischen Studie, deren Ergebnisse abschließend kritisch gewürdigt und daraus resultierende Handlungsempfehlungen genannt werden.
- Published
- 2018
33. Dynamic material flow analysis of critical metals embodied in thin-film photovoltaic cells
- Author
-
Universität Bremen, Forschungszentrum Nachhaltigkeit (artec), Zimmermann, Till, Universität Bremen, Forschungszentrum Nachhaltigkeit (artec), and Zimmermann, Till
- Abstract
Photovoltaic cells are a contributor to the global energy mix of growing importance. Among the different photovoltaic technologies, thin-film technologies such as copper-indium-gallium-(di)selenide (CIGS) or cadmium-telluride (CdTe) have shown a significant growth in market share caused among other things by their reduced manufacturing costs and increased versatility. These cells require materials like indium, gallium, cadmium and tellurium that have been identified to be critical in terms of their economic importance and supply risks in various studies. Also, significant stocks of these materials will develop in the anthroposphere and secondary flows in a significant scale will arise at some point in the future. In this article material stocks and flows – including secondary flows and material demands- of indium, gallium, cadmium, and tellurium resulting from global deployment of photovoltaic cells up to 2050 have been analyzed considering three different scenarios regarding the future development. Based on this, potential future material shortages are discussed.
- Published
- 2018
34. Variation by Geographic Scale in the Migration-Environment Association: Evidence from Rural South Africa
- Author
-
Hunter, Lori M., Leyk, Stefan, Maclaurin, Galen J., Nawrotzki, Raphael, Twine, Wayne, Erasmus, Barend F. N., Collinson, Mark, Hunter, Lori M., Leyk, Stefan, Maclaurin, Galen J., Nawrotzki, Raphael, Twine, Wayne, Erasmus, Barend F. N., and Collinson, Mark
- Abstract
"Scholarly understanding of human migration's environmental dimensions has greatly advanced in the past several years, motivated in large part by public and policy dialogue around 'climate migrants'. The research presented here advances current demographic scholarship both through its substantive interpretations and conclusions, as well as its methodological approach. We examine temporary rural South African outmigration as related to household-level availability of proximate natural resources. Such 'natural capital' is central to livelihoods in the region, both for sustenance and as materials for market-bound products. The results demonstrate that the association between local environmental resource availability and outmigration is, in general, positive: households with higher levels of proximate natural capital are more likely to engage in temporary migration. In this way, the general findings support the 'environmental surplus' hypothesis that resource security provides a foundation from which households can invest in migration as a livelihood strategy. Such insight stands in contrast to popular dialogue, which tends to view migration as a last resort undertaken only by the most vulnerable households. As another important insight, our findings demonstrate important spatial variation, complicating attempts to generalize migration-environment findings across spatial scales. In our rural South African study site, the positive association between migration and proximate resources is actually highly localized, varying from strongly positive in some villages to strongly negative in others. We explore the socio-demographic factors underlying this 'operational scale sensitivity'. The cross-scale methodologies applied here offer nuance unavailable within more commonly used global regression models, although also introducing complexity that complicates story-telling and inhibits generalizability." (author's abstract)
- Published
- 2017
35. Non-Governmental Organizations and Development: The Concept of “Place” and “Space”
- Author
-
Fayziev, Abdurakhim and Fayziev, Abdurakhim
- Abstract
This paper presents an assessment of the Non Governmental Organizations and their contributions to development and conflict transformation in communities around waters. The paper underscores the relevance of the place-centered approach to expound the possible contributions of local NGOs to the development processes. It presents the contributions of NGOs at the community level from three angles i.e. from the position of the water resources management, water consumption, and finally from the cultural perspective. Water is presented as a valuable source of development in the irrigation and hydropower sectors of Central Asia. The paper argues that much as water is a potential resource in development processes, it has also been a source of conflicts in particular localities such as Fergana valley. The paper presents a discussion on the possible role and contribution of NGOs in conflict transformation with particular respect to conflicts related to water issues. It argues that being active agents of change and development in societies, NGOs can use the “local context-oriented approach” in the development process and transformation of the tensions linked to the water resources.
- Published
- 2017
36. Lebensressource Wasser: Wasserknappheit und Wasserverschmutzung
- Author
-
Simonis, Udo E. and Simonis, Udo E.
- Published
- 2017
37. Die Wahrnehmung von Umweltgefährdungen: Österreich im internationalen Vergleich
- Author
-
Hadler, Markus, Kraemer, Klaus, Hadler, Markus, and Kraemer, Klaus
- Abstract
"Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Wahrnehmung verschiedener Umweltgefährdungen in Österreich und im internationalen Vergleich. Die zentrale Fragestellung ist, wie sich die Risikowahrnehmung über die Länder hinweg und innerhalb der Länder unterscheidet. Die Analyse basiert auf repräsentativen Bevölkerungsumfragen, die im Rahmen des International Social Survey Programme ISSP zwischen 2010 und 2013 in 34 Ländern erhoben wurden. Die empirische Analyse zeigt eine Differenzierung entlang Problemen, die mit naturräumlichen Gegebenheiten wie Wasserknappheit in Zusammenhang stehen, sowie sozial induzierten Alltagsproblemen wie Müllentsorgung und sozial bedingten weitreichenden Problemen wie Klimawandel und Atommüll. Naturräumliche Probleme werden vor allem in Ländern wie Mexiko und Südafrika genannt und können daher mit klimatischen Bedingungen erklärt werden, während die beiden sozial induzierten Problemfelder keinen spezifischen Ländergruppen zugeordnet werden können. Österreich selbst liegt im Mittelfeld, weder naturräumliche noch sozial induzierte Probleme werden hier überproportional häufig wahrgenommen." (Autorenreferat), "This article explores the perception of environmental problems in Austria within the context of a comparative international approach. The analysis centers on the question of differences in risk perception across countries and within countries. It utilizes representative national public opinion data, which were collected by the International Social Survey Programme ISSP in 34 countries between 2010 and 2013. The results indicate a differentiation along nature and climate oriented problems such as water shortage, socially induced everyday issues (for example waste disposal), and socially induced severe problems, i.e. climate change and nuclear waste. Whereas the first set of problems can be found in countries such as Mexico and South Africa and thus be explained by climate conditions, socially induced problems are not linked to specific sets of countries or regions. Finally, the Austrian perception of the different risks is moderate, thus neither natural problems nor socially induced problems are named disproportionately often when compared with other countries." (author's abstract)
- Published
- 2017
38. Variation by Geographic Scale in the Migration-Environment Association: Evidence from Rural South Africa
- Author
-
Galen Maclaurin, Raphael J. Nawrotzki, Stefan Leyk, Mark A. Collinson, Lori M. Hunter, Barend F.N. Erasmus, and Wayne Twine
- Subjects
poverty ,Operational scale sensitivity ,Armut ,Climate ,Abwanderung ,Knappheit ,shortage ,Migration ,Environment ,Natural resources ,Livelihoods ,South Africa ,Scale ,ländlicher Raum ,migration ,Ökologie und Umwelt ,international migration ,Ökologie ,Bevölkerung ,Republik Südafrika ,Ressourcen ,Sustenance ,Economic geography ,internationale Wanderung ,HT201-221 ,Klimawandel ,Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie ,livelihood ,Ecology ,Human migration ,Environmental resource management ,Umweltfaktoren ,Livelihood ,Natural resource ,Scholarship ,climate change ,Geography ,Scale (social sciences) ,Republic of South Africa ,ddc:300 ,Natural capital ,rural area ,Ecology, Environment ,Population Studies, Sociology of Population ,Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology ,environmental factors ,out-migration ,ddc:577 ,HB848-3697 ,Social sciences, sociology, anthropology ,Demography ,Demography. Population. Vital events ,business.industry ,HT101-395 ,City population. Including children in cities, immigration ,Spatial variability ,resources ,business ,Lebensunterhalt - Abstract
Scholarly understanding of human migration’s environmental dimensions has greatly advanced in the past several years, motivated in large part by public and policy dialogue around “climate migrants”. The research presented here advances current demographic scholarship both through its substantive interpretations and conclusions, as well as its methodological approach. We examine temporary rural South African outmigration as related to household-level availability of proximate natural resources. Such “natural capital” is central to livelihoods in the region, both for sustenance and as materials for market-bound products. The results demonstrate that the association between local environmental resource availability and outmigration is, in general, positive: households with higher levels of proximate natural capital are more likely to engage in temporary migration. In this way, the general findings support the “environmental surplus” hypothesis that resource security provides a foundation from which households can invest in migration as a livelihood strategy. Such insight stands in contrast to popular dialogue, which tends to view migration as a last resort undertaken only by the most vulnerable households. As another important insight, our findings demonstrate important spatial variation, complicating attempts to generalize migration-environment findings across spatial scales. In our rural South African study site, the positive association between migration and proximate resources is actually highly localized, varying from strongly positive in some villages to strongly negative in others. We explore the socio-demographic factors underlying this “operational scale sensitivity”. The cross-scale methodologies applied here offer nuance unavailable within more commonly used global regression models, although also introducing complexity that complicates story-telling and inhibits generalizability., Comparative Population Studies, Vol 42 (2017)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. 'Ich habe ja was gegen die Wegwerfkultur, aber …'
- Author
-
Lischka, Helena M., Bala, Christian, Schuldzinski, Wolfgang, Kompetenzzentrum Verbraucherforschung NRW, and Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen e.V.
- Subjects
Konsumgesellschaft ,Konsum ,shortage ,Knappheit ,Ökologie und Umwelt ,spezielle Ressortpolitik ,behavior theory ,Einstellung ,ddc:150 ,Ökologie ,Psychology ,Ressourcen ,Privathaushalt ,Verbraucherschutz ,Political science ,Ecology ,Konsumforschung ,Nachhaltigkeit ,Verhaltensänderung ,Ökonomie ,Umweltbewusstsein ,consumer ,consumer policy ,sustainability ,Verbraucher ,Bundesrepublik Deutschland ,Handlung ,economy ,Sozialpsychologie ,consumer research ,Ressourcenverschwendung ,Wegwerfkultur ,Social Psychology ,Politikwissenschaft ,Verbraucherpolitik ,Federal Republic of Germany ,Ecology, Environment ,Verhaltenstheorie ,ddc:577 ,consumption ,behavior modification ,consumer society ,Special areas of Departmental Policy ,Konsumgut ,consumer protection ,environmental consciousness ,Psychologie ,attitude ,ddc:320 ,consumer goods ,private household ,action ,resources - Abstract
Gemäß der Statistikbehörde Eurostat gehört Deutschland europaweit zu den Spitzenreitern in puncto Müllverursachung. Zahlreiche verbraucherpolitische Maßnahmen zielen daher auf Verhaltensänderungen der Bürger und Bürgerinnen ab. Solche Maßnahmen basieren – häufig wohl implizit – auf der Theorie des geplanten Verhaltens (Ajzen 1991), die einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Einstellung, der Intention und dem Verhalten einer Person unterstellt. Eine empirische und verbraucherpolitische Schwäche dieser Theorie sind die regelmäßig feststellbaren Diskrepanzen: So werden trotz kritischer Diskussion um die deutsche Wegwerfkultur und des großen öffentlichen Interesses an einer Reduzierung der Ressourcenverschwendung umweltbewusste Einstellungen von den Verbrauchern kaum in tatsächliches Verhalten übertragen. Diese Diskrepanzen zwischen Einstellung, Intention und Verhalten sind in diesem Beitrag Gegenstand einer theoriegeleiteten empirischen Studie, deren Ergebnisse abschließend kritisch gewürdigt und daraus resultierende Handlungsempfehlungen genannt werden., Beiträge zur Verbraucherforschung
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Non-Governmental Organizations and Development: The Concept of 'Place' and 'Space'
- Author
-
Abdurakhim Fayziev
- Subjects
socioeconomic development ,non-governmental organization ,nichtstaatliche Organisation ,Resource (biology) ,Process (engineering) ,water ,Raum ,conflict management ,Knappheit ,shortage ,Space (commercial competition) ,Internationale Beziehungen ,Wasserwirtschaft ,Sociology & anthropology ,Zentralasien ,Central Asia ,water management ,Political science ,Sociology of Developing Countries, Developmental Sociology ,Relevance (law) ,Wasser ,Ressourcen ,Hydropower ,sozioökonomische Entwicklung ,business.industry ,Conflict Transformation ,Culture ,Development ,Non Governmental Organizations ,Place ,Space ,Water ,Entwicklungsländersoziologie, Entwicklungssoziologie ,Environmental resource management ,Entwicklungshilfe ,Conflict transformation ,development aid ,International Relations, International Politics, Foreign Affairs, Development Policy ,Water resources ,Soziologie, Anthropologie ,Konfliktregelung ,Position (finance) ,ddc:301 ,International relations ,Economic system ,internationale Beziehungen, Entwicklungspolitik ,resources ,business ,zone ,ddc:327 - Abstract
This paper presents an assessment of the Non Governmental Organizations and their contributions to development and conflict transformation in communities around waters. The paper underscores the relevance of the place-centered approach to expound the possible contributions of local NGOs to the development processes. It presents the contributions of NGOs at the community level from three angles i.e. from the position of the water resources management, water consumption, and finally from the cultural perspective. Water is presented as a valuable source of development in the irrigation and hydropower sectors of Central Asia. The paper argues that much as water is a potential resource in development processes, it has also been a source of conflicts in particular localities such as Fergana valley. The paper presents a discussion on the possible role and contribution of NGOs in conflict transformation with particular respect to conflicts related to water issues. It argues that being active agents of change and development in societies, NGOs can use the “local context-oriented approach” in the development process and transformation of the tensions linked to the water resources.
- Published
- 2013
41. Factors Promoting Environmental Responsibility in European SMEs: The Effect on Performance
- Author
-
Cristina Díaz-García, Ángela González-Moreno, and Francisco J. Sáez-Martínez
- Subjects
Economics ,Stakeholder-Ansatz ,Mittelbetrieb ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Political awareness ,lcsh:TJ807-830 ,shortage ,Knappheit ,Umweltbelastung ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Ökologie und Umwelt ,Ökologie ,Ressourcen ,stakeholder approach ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,Kleinbetrieb ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,Ecology ,Public economics ,environmental responsibility ,Eurobarometer ,lcsh:Environmental effects of industries and plants ,05 social sciences ,Wirtschaft ,drivers ,Resource depletion ,environmental behavior ,Management ,Europe ,corporate social responibility ,small business ,Small and medium-sized enterprises ,Europa ,performance ,Management Science ,Resource efficiency ,lcsh:Renewable energy sources ,Sample (statistics) ,Legislation ,Ecology, Environment ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,legislation ,Affect (psychology) ,environmental impact ,environmental law ,0502 economics and business ,ddc:330 ,Gesetzgebung ,ddc:577 ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Umweltstandard ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,medium-sized firm ,Umweltverhalten ,Commerce ,lcsh:TD194-195 ,Corporate Social Responsibility ,Business ,resources ,050203 business & management ,Umweltrecht - Abstract
There is increasing social and political awareness of the importance of developing environmental responsibility at a corporate level. When focusing on issues of responsibility, large companies are frequently perceived to be more responsible for driving climate change and resource depletion. However, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contribute significantly to the use of resources such as material and energy and produce approximately 64% of the pollution in Europe. Drawing on evidence from “The Eurobarometer 381 Survey on SMEs, Resource Efficiency and Green Markets”, we analyze the environmental responsibility of European SMEs, studying their compliance with environmental legislation and how several factors drive environmental orientation among SMEs. Our sample consists of 3647 SMEs operating in 38 countries. Only around a fifth of the firms go beyond environmental regulations, showing the highest levels of environmental responsibility. We conduct OLS regressions to analyze the factors that affect a positive environmental attitude among European SMEs (internal drivers being more significant than external ones) and then, to observe the positive effect of environmental responsibility and firm’s experience in offering green services/products on performance, although a conjoint effect was not found. Implications for practitioners, academics, and policy-makers are outlined.
- Published
- 2016
42. Environmental Democratisation in Post-War Colombia
- Author
-
Roa Garcia, Maria Cecilia and GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Lateinamerika-Studien
- Subjects
Politikwissenschaft ,domestic policy ,soziale Bewegung ,resistance movement ,socioeconomic factors ,politischer Konflikt ,shortage ,Friedensvertrag ,Knappheit ,Ecology, Environment ,mining ,Colombia ,peace treaty ,Ökologie und Umwelt ,sozioökonomische Faktoren ,political conflict ,Nachkriegszeit ,Ökologie ,ddc:577 ,Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture ,natural resources ,Political science ,Umweltstandard ,natürliche Ressourcen ,Widerstandsbewegung ,Kolumbien ,politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur ,Ecology ,ecological consequences ,ökologische Folgen ,Umweltbewusstsein ,politische Partizipation ,Innenpolitik ,Bergbau ,environmental behavior ,social movement ,environmental consciousness ,Umweltverhalten ,post-war period ,ddc:320 ,Umweltverschmutzung ,environmental pollution ,peace process ,political participation ,Friedensprozess - Abstract
In 2004 a social movement for environmental democratisation began in Colombia in response to the exponential expansion of extractive activities and socio-environmental conflicts driven by policies designed to transform Colombia into a mining country. The state's reaction to this mobilisation has been ambiguous, as it depends on the rents of extractive frontiers but is also the guarantor of the Constitution and of the rights of its citizens. Colombia is entering a new era in 2016 by signing a peace agreement with the FARC rebel movement. After 50 years of violence and millions of people killed or displaced, this is an opportunity to end today's "longest civil war" worldwide. However, the need to generate revenue to fund the post-war reparation, restitution, and reintegration programmes and, more generally, to fulfil the demands of global markets for minerals, energy, food, and materials puts great pressure on the rural areas where the v iolent conflict has concentrated. The presence of extractive industries in rural areas of peasant economies and ethnic territories has exacerbated previously existing territorial conflicts largely driven by land use. Colombia reports the second-largest number of socio-environmental conflicts in the global Environmental Justice Atlas, and it ranks second in Latin America and third worldwide in the number of assassinations of environmental and land activists. The activation of several democratic-participation mechanisms incorporated into the Colombian Constitution of 1991 for environmental issues demonstrates the aspiration of marginalised groups to participate in the decision-making process regarding territorial planning, the use of resources, and the economic model, which all greatly influence socio-environmental conditions. Policy Implications: Encouraging environmental democratisation is indispensable for achieving environmental justice and a transition to peace in Colombia. The international community could support this process by promoting higher standards, accountability, and participation in environmental decision making; by bolstering the Colombian state in its effort to redesign its revenue system from extractive industries to discourage highly destructive activities; and by promoting the smallscale, sustainable, rural economies that are at the core of the peace agreement.
- Published
- 2016
43. Die Industrialisierung der Reiswirtschaft in den Marismas des Guadalquivir in Spanien
- Author
-
Voth, Andreas and Voth, Andreas
- Abstract
The rice landscapes of the Marismas, the marshlands at the lower Guadalquivir river in Southern Spain, reflect the dynamic development of the rice sector since the initial colonization of the area by private companies. The excellent natural conditions for rice and the young socioeconomic structure favored farming at a large scale and a progressing introduction of agricultural and organizational innovations. This paper deals with recent structural changes caused by mechanization, rationalization and capitalization that also mark fields and settlements. The dynamic industrialization process of rice growing at the Southern periphery of Europe leads to the development of a joint production system including the integration of rice farmers, suppliers, the service sector and rice factories. The complex economical, social and ecological consequences of this process indicate also problems and risks of industrial rice growing, especially referring to agropolitical changes, high capitalization, the dualism of large rice farms and underemployed peasants, the increasing dependence from a great industrial company, the competition for increasingly scarcer water resources, the environmental risks of agrochemical products and the spatial neighborhood with natural parks.
- Published
- 2016
44. Environmental Democratisation in Post-War Colombia
- Author
-
GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Lateinamerika-Studien, Roa Garcia, Maria Cecilia, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Lateinamerika-Studien, and Roa Garcia, Maria Cecilia
- Abstract
In 2004 a social movement for environmental democratisation began in Colombia in response to the exponential expansion of extractive activities and socio-environmental conflicts driven by policies designed to transform Colombia into a mining country. The state's reaction to this mobilisation has been ambiguous, as it depends on the rents of extractive frontiers but is also the guarantor of the Constitution and of the rights of its citizens. Colombia is entering a new era in 2016 by signing a peace agreement with the FARC rebel movement. After 50 years of violence and millions of people killed or displaced, this is an opportunity to end today's "longest civil war" worldwide. However, the need to generate revenue to fund the post-war reparation, restitution, and reintegration programmes and, more generally, to fulfil the demands of global markets for minerals, energy, food, and materials puts great pressure on the rural areas where the v iolent conflict has concentrated. The presence of extractive industries in rural areas of peasant economies and ethnic territories has exacerbated previously existing territorial conflicts largely driven by land use. Colombia reports the second-largest number of socio-environmental conflicts in the global Environmental Justice Atlas, and it ranks second in Latin America and third worldwide in the number of assassinations of environmental and land activists. The activation of several democratic-participation mechanisms incorporated into the Colombian Constitution of 1991 for environmental issues demonstrates the aspiration of marginalised groups to participate in the decision-making process regarding territorial planning, the use of resources, and the economic model, which all greatly influence socio-environmental conditions. Policy Implications: Encouraging environmental democratisation is indispensable for achieving environmental justice and a transition to peace in Colombia. The international community could support this process by
- Published
- 2016
45. Wasser und Entwicklung in der Dritten Welt: Probleme der Knappheit und Verschmutzung
- Author
-
Simonis, Udo E. and Simonis, Udo E.
- Published
- 2016
46. In catastrophic times: resisting the coming barbarism
- Author
-
Stengers, Isabelle and Stengers, Isabelle
- Abstract
There has been an epochal shift: the possibility of a global climate crisis is now upon us. Pollution, the poison of pesticides, the exhaustion of natural resources, falling water tables, growing social inequalities – these are all problems that can no longer be treated separately. The effects of global warming have a cumulative impact, and it is not a matter of a crisis that will "pass" before everything goes back to "normal." Our governments are totally incapable of dealing with the situation. Economic warfare obliges them to stick to the goal of irresponsible, even criminal, economic growth, whatever the cost. It is no surprise that people were so struck by the catastrophe in New Orleans. The response of the authorities - to abandon the poor whilst the rich were able to take shelter - is a symbol of the coming barbarism.
- Published
- 2016
47. Migration von Gesundheitsfachkräften : menschenrechtliche Aspekte des WHO-Verhaltenskodex zur internationalen Anwerbung von Gesundheitspersonal
- Author
-
Dagron, Stéphanie and Richter, Julia
- Subjects
Grundrecht ,Empfehlung einer internationalen Organisation ,Gesundheitswesen ,Arzt ,Anstellung(Arbeitsvertrag) ,Zahl ,Knappheit ,Verhalten ,Rechtsgleiche Behandlung ,Pflegepersonal ,WHO ,Schutzmassnahme ,Arbeitnehmer ,Recht auf Gesundheit ,international ,ddc:320 ,Entwicklungsland ,ddc:341 ,Massnahmenplan ,Ausreise ,Arbeitnehmerschutz ,Verhaltensnorm - Published
- 2015
48. Gesellschaftliche Grundfragen der Bioökonomie: Volkswirtschaftliche Mehrwerte und Nachhaltigkeitsherausforderungen einer biobasierten Wirtschaft
- Author
-
Pannicke, Nadine, Hagemann, Nina, Purkus, Alexandra, Gawel, Erik, and Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung - UFZ
- Subjects
Volkswirtschaftstheorie ,Economics ,Knappheit ,climate protection ,shortage ,bioenergy ,Ökologie und Umwelt ,spezielle Ressortpolitik ,economic method ,social effects ,Ökologie ,Political science ,Biopolitik ,Ecology ,Nachhaltigkeit ,Bioenergie ,ökologische Folgen ,Wirtschaft ,sustainability ,Bundesrepublik Deutschland ,Umweltschutz ,biotechnology ,National Economy ,supply ,recycling management ,Rohstoff ,Politikwissenschaft ,nachwachsende Rohstoffe ,Federal Republic of Germany ,Ecology, Environment ,land utilization ,Landnutzung ,Klimaschutz ,ddc:330 ,Versorgung ,ddc:577 ,environmental protection ,ecological consequences ,soziale Folgen ,Special areas of Departmental Policy ,renewable energy ,renewable resources ,Kreislaufwirtschaft ,erneuerbare Energie ,Biotechnik ,ddc:320 ,raw materials ,biotechnology policy ,EU ,Wirtschaftsweise - Abstract
[Problemstellung] Mit dem noch jungen und wenig konturierten Konzept der Bioökonomie verbindet sich eine Vielzahl an politischen und sozio-ökonomischen Zielstellungen und Erwartungen. Diese umfassen die dauerhafte Sicherung der Rohstoffbasis unserer Wirtschaftsweise, den Ressourcen- und Klimaschutz, eine insgesamt nachhaltige Umgestaltung von Produktion und Konsum und zugleich eine Unterstützung der in Gang gekommenen Energiewende. Konkrete wirtschaftspolitische Ziele wie die Steigerung der regionalen Wertschöpfung und wirtschaftliches Wachstum gehören ebenfalls dazu (BMEL 2014a). In diesem Diskussionspapier soll untersucht werden, welche Erwartungen aus gesellschaftlicher, politischer, ökonomischer und wissenschaftlicher Perspektive in die Bioökonomie gesetzt werden und welchen Herausforderungen sich eine darauf ausgerichtete Bioökonomiepolitik gegenübersieht, insbesondere welche Zielkonflikte ggf. resultieren. Des Weiteren werden die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Bioökonomie dargelegt sowie volkswirtschaftliche Mehrwerte biobasierten Wirtschaftens und deren Nachhaltigkeitsherausforderungen identifiziert. Aus einer ökonomischen Perspektive werden insbesondere die Herausforderungen eines Pfadübergangs von einer auf fossilen Rohstoffen fußenden Wirtschaftsweise hin zu einer biobasierten Kreislaufwirtschaft skizziert werden. [...]
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- 2015
49. In catastrophic times. Resisting the coming barbarism
- Author
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Stengers, Isabelle and Goffey, Andrew
- Subjects
Widerstand ,poverty ,Armut ,Knappheit ,shortage ,soziale Ungleichheit ,economic method ,Falling water tables ,Growing social inequalities ,Exhaustion of natural resources ,Ressourcen ,capitalism ,Pesticides ,Philosophy, Ethics, Religion ,Kapitalismus ,Philosophie, Theologie ,Klimawandel ,social inequality ,Global warming ,resistence ,Technikfolgen ,Philosophie ,Pollution ,Philosophy ,climate change ,ddc:100 ,Umweltverschmutzung ,effects of technology ,environmental pollution ,Global climate crisis ,resources ,Wirtschaftsweise ,barbarism - Abstract
There has been an epochal shift: the possibility of a global climate crisis is now upon us. Pollution, the poison of pesticides, the exhaustion of natural resources, falling water tables, growing social inequalities – these are all problems that can no longer be treated separately. The effects of global warming have a cumulative impact, and it is not a matter of a crisis that will "pass" before everything goes back to "normal." Our governments are totally incapable of dealing with the situation. Economic warfare obliges them to stick to the goal of irresponsible, even criminal, economic growth, whatever the cost. It is no surprise that people were so struck by the catastrophe in New Orleans. The response of the authorities - to abandon the poor whilst the rich were able to take shelter - is a symbol of the coming barbarism.
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- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Gesellschaftliche Grundfragen der Bioökonomie: volkswirtschaftliche Mehrwerte und Nachhaltigkeitsherausforderungen einer biobasierten Wirtschaft
- Author
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Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung - UFZ, Pannicke, Nadine, Hagemann, Nina, Purkus, Alexandra, Gawel, Erik, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung - UFZ, Pannicke, Nadine, Hagemann, Nina, Purkus, Alexandra, and Gawel, Erik
- Published
- 2015
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