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Aims: To explore illegitimate tasks as a potential mechanism that links permanent nurses' perceived exposure to temporary nurses to lower levels of affective organizational commitment. Design: A time‐lagged cross‐sectional survey study. Methods: Survey data from N = 239 permanent nurses in the German‐speaking part of Switzerland were analysed via Structural Equation Models. Results: The study revealed a negative relationship between permanent nurses' perceived exposure to temporary nurses and their level of organizational commitment that was mediated by perceptions of unreasonable and unnecessary tasks. Conclusion: Healthcare institutions increasingly depend on temporary nurses to fill staffing vacancies. Our data suggest that the deployment of temporary nurses may have adverse effects on permanent nurses' affective organizational commitment via perceptions of illegitimate tasks. Impact: Our quantitative survey study provides a novel, theory‐driven understanding of how perceived exposure to temporary nurses may impact work‐related attitudes of permanent nurses. Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care: Our findings suggest that the clinical community should limit permanent nurses' exposure to temporary nursing staff to protect their commitment. If this is not possible, we encourage strategies to counteract associated feelings of illegitimacy, for example, by showing appreciation for permanent nurses' willingness to take over responsibility for temporary nurses. Reporting Method: The study adheres to the STROBE reporting guidelines for cross‐sectional studies. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses one-week time-sampling information from 104 employed parents with pre-school children to examine the association between daily workloads, control strategies, and goal progress. In addition, it examines relationships between work- and family-goal progress and important stress indices such as positive/negative affect and cortisol levels. Multilevel models indicate that family-specific control strategies fostered daily family-goal progress whereas work-specific control strategies were unrelated to daily work-goal progress. Furthermore, employed parents who successfully pursued their work and family goals as part of their daily life routines reported concurrent higher positive and lower negative affect. Only family-goal progress was associated with reduced cortisol secretion whereas work-goal progress was not. Our findings illustrate the usefulness of examining the dynamic interplay between daily workloads, control strategies, goal progress, and stress in the daily lives of employed parents and suggest that the underlying mechanisms may be domain-specific. (Contains 1 figure and 3 tables.)

On the basis of 52 German dual-earner couples with at least 1 child younger than 5 years, we tested the effects of an unequal division of labor on relationship satisfaction. We analyzed diary reports of time allocated to productive activities according to the actor-partner-interdependence model. Hierarchical linear models showed that rather than individual time allocated to household work, the absolute difference in partners' contribution to productive activities influenced relationship satisfaction. This reduction in satisfaction disappeared after accounting for perceived social appreciation of individual contributions. Models with gender-specific slopes showed the effect of input and output to be different for women and men. The findings indicate that a relative equity model best explains the effects of an unequal division of labor.

This study investigated whether, and under what conditions, self‐control demands (SCD) are associated with less interpersonal justice (politeness or respect) and more interpersonal injustice (degrading or inappropriate remarks) behavior. Drawing from extended self‐control theory and integrating the motivation literature, we posit that (1) SCD have a stronger effect on actors' attempts not to be unfair than on their attempts to be fair because avoidance behavior is more demanding than approach behavior. Further, extended self‐control theory posits that people control themselves more effectively when they are personally motivated and external standards are present. Accordingly, we further posit that (2) emphasizing self‐transcendence values (i.e., the stable motivational goal to consider others' welfare) and (3) acting in strong situations (i.e., the presence of external normative standards on appropriate behavior) buffer the SCD effect. Results from two realistic simulation studies show that SCD were related to actors' interpersonal justice and injustice behavior. Across both studies, different results patterns, and relationships with the other variables for justice and injustice emerged. Thus, although the stronger effect of SCD on injustice (vs. justice) was not generally supported, the finding suggests that adhering to and not violating interpersonal justice rules are indeed different from one another. In addition, SCD were less detrimental among actors with higher self‐transcendence values and when actors operated in strong (vs. weak) contexts. A three‐way interaction showed that especially among actors with low self‐transcendence values, who act in weak contexts, SCD provoked injustice. We discuss theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the subjective instrumentality and immediate process benefits afforded by regenerative, productive, and consumptive activities and thus to extend the microeconomic perspective on time use. Method: For six consecutive days, 33 women and 48 men aged between 72 and 97 provided signal-contingent self-reports on everyday activities, the reasons for performing them, their contexts and concurrent affect. Results: The dominant reason given for performing productive activities reflected Reid's (1934) third-party criterion. With aggregated data, we found consumptive activities to be associated with higher positive affect. This finding was not corroborated on the occasion level, where social context (in company vs. alone) rather than activity type had a reliable effect on positive affect in situ. The main effect was a function of the individual level of neuroticism, and the association between social context and positive affect was a function of the proportion of time spent alone. Results indicated that the level of neuroticism moderates the association between social context and positive affect, but this was not statistically reliable. Conclusion: Being alone or in company makes a difference to positive affect. This may explain the protective effect that social relationships have on health and well-being. Compared to earlier phases of life, the relationship between personality dispositions and indicators of social relationships may not be as strong in late life.

We used time-sampling information from a subsample of the Berlin Aging Study (N = 83; M = 81.1 years) to investigate the link between possible selves in three domains (health, everyday cognition, and social relations) and performance of daily activities. In the domains of health and social relations, hoped-for selves were associated with higher probabilities of performing daily activities in those domains. There were no associations in the cognitive domain or between feared selves and activities. Individuals who engaged in hope-related activities reported concurrent higher positive affect and subsequently had a higher probability of survival over a 10-year period. These findings speak to important associations between beliefs about possible selves and activities in advanced old age and the value of considering associations between microlevel and macrolevel indicators of successful aging.

In this research synthesis, we summarize 161 measures of the effects of women's employment on well being reported between 1950 and 2000. Variations in the conceptualization and measurement of employment and health outcomes and the difficulty in distinguishing social selection from social causation limit the inferences that can be drawn from the evidence. Therefore, we distinguish two types of studies. Longitudinal studies measuring relevant covariates at the first measurement occasion and statistically controlling them in multivariate analyses providing effect-size information are classified as Type II studies. The remaining studies are classified as Type I studies. The main findings were that (1) results from methodologically sound Type II studies confirm the cross-sectional finding that paid employment has no adverse effects on women; (2) the outcome groups psychological distress, subjective health, cardiovascular risks and disease, and mortality do not converge completely. Keywords: Germany; Review; Women's health; Gender; Employment; Well-being

Pediatricians' communication behavior affects a variety of outcomes in both children and their parents. This study analyzes how speech complexity and interruptions as indicators of accommodative behaviors relate to parental recall of medical information and to their satisfaction with the medical encounter. We recruited 19 pediatricians and 68 parents at pediatric inpatient and outpatient consultations in two Swiss clinics. All medical interactions were videotaped and transcripts were analyzed to assess pediatricians' speech complexity and interrupting behavior was coded from the videos. At the end of the encounter, parents rated their satisfaction with the medical encounter and were probed regarding their recall of medical information. Our results show recall of medical information to be unrelated to pediatricians' speech complexity and negatively associated with their interrupting behavior for parents who report low positive mood. We also found less educated parents to report lower satisfaction when pediatricians employed more complex language. Furthermore, parental satisfaction was negatively associated with pediatricians' interrupting behavior, especially when displayed by male pediatricians. Overall, these findings suggest that pediatricians' speech complexity and interruptions indicate a nonaccommodative stance reducing advantageous parent outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The aims of this study were to examine time use of elderly women and men and to explain age- and gender-related variance in activity levels in terms of differences in available resources. Methods. Activities reported in an elderly sample stratified for age and gender (N = 485, Age: 70-103 years) were aggregated into three classes: regenerative, productive, and consumptive activities and regressed on income, presence of a partner in the household, education, walking mobility, and labor force participation. Results. Levels in productive and consumptive activities were decreased in the old-old. Moreover, young-old women spent more time working in the household than any other group. Most of the age- and gender-related variance in activity levels could be explained by differences in available resources. For men, living with a partner was associated with less time spent for productive activities and enhanced leisure time, whereas for women, the reverse was observed. The expected reduction of unpaid work time as a function of income (income effect) was not observed. Discussion: Elderly individuals do contribute to societal production. Allocation of time to productive and consumptive activities is a function of available resources, amounts and effects of which differ for young-old and old-old as well as for women and men.

This study aimed at validating the psychometric properties of the French version of the 40-item revised Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI-R). The certified French version was used and answered by 211 student musicians (aged 16–65 years, SD = 9.58) from different music schools and music colleges in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. The K-MPAI-R is based on Barlow's model of anxiety and was designed to measure performance anxiety in musicians. Through descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis, the correlation matrix and the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett's test of sphericity were performed. The confirmatory factor analysis showed evidence of validity (Cronbach's α, Factor G =.91) with internal reliabilities going from α =.78 to.86. Nine items present low factor loading (<.30). Given the adequate psychometric properties of the French K-MPAI-R, this instrument is valid and reliable for the measurement of performance anxiety among French-speaking musicians. When accompanying musicians in mental preparation (e.g., psychologists, mental trainer), the total score should be taken as a general information, but factors and their associated lowest items could be interesting to work on pertinent aspects with the musician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of 516 older adults has examined the links between their ability to see and hear and their ability to carry out basic everyday tasks and discretionary leisure and social tasks. Both vision and hearing abilities have a major effect on the ability of older people to function in everyday activities, and this is especially true for vision. The impact of sensory aging on other domains may not be simple, since their effect on everyday life is indirect.