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Research background: Entrepreneurship and migration are top priorities on many national and international agendas. As a result, entrepreneurship is one of the most popular strategies immigrants use to avoid unemployment in a host country. However, studies lack to discuss causal relationships among key barriers to immigrant entrepreneurs. Purpose of the article: This study attempts to fill the knowledge gap and investigate the causal relationship between the primary obstacles faced by Asian immigrant entrepreneurs in Germany. Methods: A predesigned questionnaire was used in face-to-face interviews with Asian business owners in Germany for the study, and the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method of data analysis was used. Findings & value added: The findings reveal that lack of sufficient financial resources to establish a business, high market competition, and a lack of knowledge of the local language of the host country are the most significant barriers, among others, which may severely hamper Asian immigrant business performance and have a considerable impact on their entrepreneurial decision. At the same time, lack of professional knowledge & skills, problems with rules & regulations, and cultural differences are among the least essential obstacles for Asian immigrant entrepreneurs. The findings show that unfamiliarity with the local language, problems with rules and regulations, cultural differences, and lack of international business experience are associated with the causer category. However, lack of enough capital to establish a venture, lack of professional knowledge and skills, difficulty in access to financial resources, and high market competition relate to the receiver category. This research generates value for policymakers, particularly those participating in migration studies. One of the study's novelties is using the DEMATEL framework for decision-making on barriers to immigrant entrepreneurship in the European context.

Many organizations are facing environmental issues and learning how to improve employee green behavior. However, few researchers have addressed the problem of GFHRM policies from the viewpoint of aviation industry employees. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of general CSR facilitation human resource management (GFHRM) on green behaviour in the aviation industry and to improve the competitiveness of organisations. Using the social exchange theory, this study looks at the relationships between GFHRM and green behaviour and the mediation of an employee's green work engagement while moderating roles of environmental leadership. The data were gathered from 397 respondents in the aviation industry in Vietnam through the use of the questionnaires on Google Docs. The time-lag technique is used to collect data to avoid common method bias. The results show that GFHRM has a positive relationship with employees' in-role green behavior. Furthermore, GFHRM impacts positively on employees' inrole green behaviors through employee work engagement. Moreover, environmental leadership has a positive moderating influence on the link between GFHRM and employees' in-role green behaviors. The study focuses on CSR practices that put employees first, which have been looked at by a number of aviation industry companies. The importance of leaders in achieving environmental sustainability is shown by our research. This study notably highlights the interaction between GFHRM and environmental leadership on staff's green behaviour while performing their job duties. Employee green work engagement may be best placed to moderate the association between GFHRM and in-role employee green behavior.

Research background:Immigrant entrepreneurship remains a key issue for researchers, politicians, and policymakers. It has been widely discussed from different angles among various researchers in recent studies — particularly in Europe. However, there is a lack of studies to present the motivation of the causal relationship between immigrant entrepreneurs. Purpose of the article: This study aims to fill the gap and analyze the causal relationship between the motivations of Asian immigrant entrepreneurs in Germany. Methods: The study was conducted through a face-to-face interview using a predesigned questionnaire from Asian business owners in Germany and the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach was applied to analyze the data. Findings & value added: The results show that capital acquisition, employment, financial problems in the family, and existence opportunities in the market are the factors that have higher priority, and may highly impact the Asian immigrant entrepreneurial decision. On the other hand, relatives or social networks remain the lowest priority factor that encourages Asian immigrants towards self-employment. The study has also found that entrepreneurship in the family, the state support policy for immigrants, low level of education, unfamiliarity with the local language, and dissatisfaction with the previous job belong to the cause group. However, some of the motivating factors relate to the effect group, such as capital acquisition, opportunity in the market, immigrant community ties or social networks, unemployment, and financial problems in the family. The most affected factor among the effect group is unem-ployment, while immigrant community ties or social network is the least affected factor. This study includes a novel interpretation of the DEMATEL approach that researchers have not yet addressed; therefore, it is highly relevant for policymakers, especially those interested in migration studies. Finding out the mai

The article aims to identify disparities in the perception of business risks between the owners and managers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the V4 countries. The statements of strategic, market, personnel, legal and operational risks are the research's subject. Disparities of attitudes on the business risks were verified on the sample of 1585 SMEs by the mathematic method with the non-parametric approach – the Kruskal-Wallis test. The most significant disparities are in the perception of the adequacy of the market risk’s level in the case of SMEs. The owners are significantly more optimistic in their market risk assessment than the managers of SMEs. On the other hand, the managers compared to the owners present a more pessimistic assessment concerning the statement that the business environment in their field of doing business is over-regulated. The respondents presented the same attitudes in the cases of the operational and personnel risk statements. Continuity of views and the perception of the business risks are critical factors for the growth of SMEs’ business performance. Implications and consequences are generally valid for all SMEs, not only the ones from the V4 countries. © 2022, Amfiteatru Economic. All rights reserved.

Research background: Due to having lack of financial power and low amount of revenues, most of SMEs' major concerns are bankruptcy and low financial performance. Those issues are risky situations for SMEs when making for their exporting activities. Therefore, depending on their performance and bankruptcy risk, they might more intensively perceive export barriers and this fact might determine their export decisions.Purpose of the article: This paper examines whether financial performance and bankruptcy concerns of SMEs affect their perceptions of export obstacles or not.Methods: This research performs random sampling method and directs an internet-mediated questionnaire to the selected respondents who are the executives of 408 Czech, Slovakian and Hungarian SMEs. To examine the influences of firm performance and bankruptcy on the percep-tions of export impediments by SMEs, this paper employs Ordinal Logistic Regression Test.Findings & value added: The results show that SMEs having less healthy financial conditions less intensively perceive cultural-linguistic export barriers in comparison with SMEs having better financial performance. Moreover, firm performance is not a predictor variable in the per-ceptions of export costs, legislative and tax-related barriers by SMEs. On the other hand, while SMEs having more bankruptcy concerns more intensively perceive tax-related and cultural -linguistic barriers, bankruptcy concerns of SMEs do not influence their perceptions of export costs and legislative differences. Although many studies have investigated the impacts of finan-cial conditions of SMEs on their internationalization and exporting decisions, they are isolated with only a market or only with a financial issue. The limited extents of those studies cause a partial investigation of export and financial issues of SMEs and make readers having a narrow perspective in this specific area. By focusing on various export obstacles and financial issues that SMEs face in diffe

The article aims to determine the difference in the perception of selected business risks and their impact on the future of business concerning the entrepreneur's experience with business bankruptcy. The case study involved 73 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with experience of business bankruptcy and 381 SMEs without the experience of business bankruptcy from the Czech Republic (CR). Linear regression models were used to verify statistically significant causal relationships between selected indicators of the most significant business risks and respondents' perceptions of the future of business. The results brought interesting findings. The attitudes of entrepreneurs show that personnel, market, and financial risk are among the three most significant business risks. Experience with business failure is not a significant factor in determining the impact of market indicators on the business's perceived future. The adequacy of sales of services and products has the greatest impact. The experience of the bankruptcy of SMEs is important in financial risk attitudes. According to entrepreneurs who have no experience with bankruptcy, the perception of financial performance has the greatest direct impact on the future of business. Conversely, for entrepreneurs who have experienced bankruptcy, the ability to properly manage financial risk on the company's future has the greatest direct impact. © 2020 LLC CPC Business Perspectives. All rights reserved.

The article aims to identify and quantify significant social factors that determine the quality of the business environment (QBE) of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The case study was carried out through a questionnaire that was completed by 641 SMEs. To evaluate the questionnaire multiple linear regression models (MLRs) were applied. The results of the case study showed that the social factor, such as the family environment, has the greatest impact on the QBE in Slovakia. In the Czech Republic, the most important social factors are society, politicians, entrepreneurs and role models. Also, the influence of the media and communication environment is perceived by entrepreneurs as an important determining factor of QBE. © 2020 University of Pardubice. All rights reserved.

Although SMEs make significant contributions to socio-economic conditions of countries, they face many financial, organizational and mercantile obstacles in their operations. In this regard, having more innovative, risk-taking and proactive activities (EO) increases SMEs’ performance, financial conditions and help them to survive in the long term. Therefore, finding regional, national and international differences in EO of SMEs can enable policymakers, financing institutions, SMEs, and entrepreneurs to create more opportunities for SMEs to overcome those problems. In this regard, this research seeks to explore the differences between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of SMEs that operate in different regions of countries with various cultural values, income levels, economic, political and legal risks. Moreover, age and size of firms are also considered to find differences among SMEs in national and international contexts. In line with these objectives, the current study examines two different countries that have cultural differences and have different economic, legal and political risks. To achieve the objectives, 1620 Czech and Turkish SMEs were analyzed by performing the Mann-Whitney U and Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation tests. According to the results of Moran’s I autocorrelation test, this research does not find any differences between the low and high-income regions of the selected countries regarding EO of SMEs. Experience and age of the respondents might be the reason for these results. Significant results in the national context are that EO of SMEs does not differ across the age categories, while there are differences between firm size and their EO. In the international context, the main findings are that Czech SMEs are more proactive than Turkish ones in all age and size categories, while Turkish SMEs are more innovative in all age categories and only in small size segment. However, this research has not revealed any differences within the risk-taking beha

This article aims to define and analyze important factors of the introduction of a local currency. The research was carried out in the Cieszyn Silesia region. A questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the employees of both public and private companies in the region and filled in by 422 respondents. Advanced data analysis methods were used to evaluate the questionnaire: contingency tables, absolute and relative species abundance, the Pearson's chi-squared test, along with a standard score (Z-score). Respondents' attitudes towards introducing the local currency led to some interesting results. Most respondents know the term "local currency," but only one third of them are able to interpret this term correctly. 65% of the respondents are familiar with the term "digital currency," but only 11% of them have trust in the concept. According to the received answers, the credibility of digital currency can be increased by it being ensured by trustworthy subjects. Three out of four respondents predict that the introduction of digital currency would significantly support regional producers and service providers. These results are used as the information base for assessments regarding the types of employee benefits on offer by major employers in the region along with cooperating institutions of the public non-profit sector, as well as for an academic discussion on the suitability of the local currency in the Czech Republic and its impact.

This paper compares how Czech and Slovak microentrepreneurs perceive the volume and ease of access to finance that they face. Having an adequate number of sources of finance and easier access to them can help improve both enterprise and country performance. Chi-square and Z score tests for population proportions were used to test hypotheses. 740 microenterprises from Czech Republic and 287 microenterprises from Slovakia were included for the analyses that were performed by this study. The results show that Czech microentrepreneurs feel they have more sources of finance and have easier access to them than their Slovak counterparts. These differences may in part be linked to other factors such as the experience and age of microentrepreneurs and micro-firms, amount of business loans and microfinancing organizations, credit interest rates and credit rejection rates, the relative degree of economic freedom, the volume of government guarantees, relative GDP levels, the quality of business environment and ease of doing business. Additionally, The Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation index was performed to evaluate influence of location on the perception of Czech and Slovak microenterprises that were located in different regions of both countries. The paper also discusses the results’ policy implications for governments and financial institutions. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by VGTU Pr.

An explosively growing international business model of peer-to-peer ridesharing brings benefits to the customers and provides part-time and full-time jobs for the drivers. While the services are provided mostly by the drivers with low knowledge of economics and finance, provision of the services might be a trap for them in case that they do not take into consideration all costs related to the service provision. The aim of the study was to investigate the economics of the ridesharing providers in case of UBER in Prague, and to create a simulation model estimating the annual performance of the ridesharing transport service operators and classic taxi service from the point of view of individual drivers, considering certain deviations and random effects defined by the stochastic methods using Monte Carlo approach. The results of the modelling show that the net income of Uber drivers is compatible with the taxi drivers only in case of the most expensive Uber Black category, but the net income of ridesharing providers in the category of Uber Pop and Uber Select hardly covers the costs of service provision. The alarming fact is that most of the drivers, who took part in our research, were not capable to acknowledge the hidden costs of ridesharing and were blinded by the vision of a short-term cash incomes without any awareness of the existence of the postponed or implicit costs. While our results confirm that Uber drivers in general are significantly underpaid, Uber Pop and Uber Select services generate a loss for the driver when we take into account the implicit costs of the driver's salary at the level of an average salary in the Czech Republic.

Favorable business environment including political, technological, economic, social and other determinants is one of the crucial factors influencing the decision to start a business. The aim of this paper is to define and quantify significant political factors which determine the perception of the quality of business environment (QBE) of small and medium-sized enterprises for starting a new business in Czech Republic and Slovakia. Data of an extensive research conducted at Tomas Bata University in Zlin in 2018 was processed by means of regression analysis. The results show that QBE in both countries is mostly affected by state regulation and state support of business activities, followed by legal environment. The factor supposed to be the third one differed in each country. While QBE is also determined by the quality of education in Czech Republic, this factor is not statistically significant in Slovakia, and the state bureaucracy is. Therefore, governments of both countries should continue facilitating start-ups' development by reducing and eliminating administrative barriers, improving access to finance, and by adapting educational programs involving entrepreneurial education at different educational levels.