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Media transparency has been seen as an important principle in media policy and regulation for a long time. Overall, this study attempts to offer three contributions. First, it provides theoretical conceptualization of transparency as a relational concept involving three collective actors – media, state and citizens. Second, it introduces the concept of “reciprocal transparency”. Third, it explores regulatory trends and possibilities concerning reciprocal transparency under the proposed draft of the European Media Freedom Act (EMFA). This research results from the project Media Freedom, Trust and Transparency in the European Union (FREEMED) and was supported by the European Commission (grant reference: Jean Monnet Chair - 611085-EPP-1-2019-1-PL-EPPJMO-CHAIR).

In many countries, the consumption of illicit opioids is rising, becoming a major public health issue called the "opioid crisis". Many reasons contribute to this phenomenon. One of them is opioid misuse, defined as the use of legally prescribed opioids for a purpose different than pain treatment. This matter has not been well studied in Poland, where the opioid crisis has not been identified so far. This study was conducted among patients admitted for elective surgery with opioid-based postoperative pain treatment. The frequency of opioid misuse was found to be 10.8% in a sample comprising 92 patients. The group of individuals with potential opioid use disorder had a more frequent history of inadequately controlled postoperative pain compared to the group of non-misusers (p = 0.023). Furthermore, this group asked to receive additional pain treatment almost six times more often than the control group (p < 0.000). Also, patients declaring opioid misuse reported substantial differences concerning their knowledge and opinions about pain treatment and opioid analgesics: supporting the administration of opioids for pain when needed, finding opioids less harmful, and supporting messages that opioids are safe, effective, well-tolerated, easy to cutoff more often than control. There is an urgent need for the education of patients to avoid the spreading of the opioid crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Inadequate pain control may contribute to a desire to die. Early use of opioid analgesics could improve pain treatment. On the other hand, opioids are associated with risk of addiction. We aimed to compare the opinions on opioid analgesic use between palliative care patients and physicians. Material and methods. Data on the opinions of hospice and palliative care patients (n = 104) and physicians of different specialties (n = 216) were collected using a survey with closed-ended questions scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Results. The majority (87.5%) of cancer patients experienced pain during their illness (mean intensity: 7.01±2.44). More than half (53.3%) of physicians had concerns that patients overuse opioid drugs. Negative connotations associated with the word "morphine" were expressed in both study groups. Survey responses of both patients and physicians were consistent with the phenomenon of "opioidophobia". Conclusions. We found a high degree of consensus between cancer patients' and physicians' opinions on opioid analgesic use. However we also found some discrepancies in opinions and they were mostly related to medical knowledge, which may indicate poor patient education about opioid use and poor communication between patients and physicians. It is concerning to note these significant discrepancies concerning opioid use since patients considered opioids useful in ensuring pain relief and improving their quality of life. The majority (almost 90%) of patients surveyed struggled with pain over the course of their illness and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article the authors analyze the semantic structure of the word sputnik (satellite). The main attention is given to its general semantics – ‘astronomical body’, ‘satellite vehicle’. The analysis reveals the semantic transformations of the word and of the sphere of its functioning that leads to its changing into globalism. Specific attention is given to pragmatic connotations: specificity of pragmatic meaning, type of context, communicative situations, reasons of a certain pragmatic meaning etc. The authors also describe persuasive capabilities of the word sputnik.

Study aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of whole-body and local cryotherapy on pain and function of the osteoarthritic hip.

The social capital of an organization is one of the key success factors of enterprises that build their competitive position in the market. This resource, obtained from social structures, can also be used to achieve goals set for public sector organizations, such as universities. Universities operate in conditions of high uncertainty, changing roles, and expectations of stakeholders, which requires adaptability and flexibility of operation. In addition to improving the quality of research and teaching, one of the important evaluation criteria is also the ability to transfer knowledge to the economy and commercialization of research. One of the activities undertaken by universities to support employees in ongoing changes is the implementation of academic scouting, introducing departmental innovation brokers who play the role of coaches/mentors, supporting research and teaching staff by commercializing their research results. The aim of the article is to show how the social capital of departmental innovation brokers supports the development of competences of scientific and research scholars. Based on the conducted qualitative research, it was presented how brokers use their social capital to achieve multidimensional goals in relation to other people, as well as organizational goals resulting from the entrusted function. Factors hindering the cooperation of departmental innovation brokers with academics, which are manifested in various areas of social capital – structural, cognitive, and relational – were analyzed.

Numerous data indicate the presence of cognitive impairment in people who have undergone COVID-19, often called COVID Fog (CF). This phenomenon persists even 6 months after infection, and its etiology and pathogenesis are not fully known. The aim of this article was to analyze the relationship among cognitive functioning, clinical data and nutrition indexes in patients discharged from the COVID-19 hospital of the Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland. The sample comprised 17 individuals—10 women and 7 men, with ages of 65 ± 14 years. Cognitive impairment was measured with the use of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The nutrition parameters included: hemoglobin, red blood cells, total cholesterol and its fractions, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, phosphates, calcium and sodium. The analysis showed that albumin concentration significantly correlated with the total MoCA score and especially with the short-term memory test score. Conversely, total cholesterol, and especially LDL concentrations, were highly and negatively associated with the MoCA score. In conclusion: markers of nutritional status are correlated with the severity of CF. Individuals with malnutrition or risk of malnutrition should be screened for CF. Further studies need to be performed in this area.

Acceptance of forest management and its park, game and wildlife management is decreasing in Europe. Building a positive attitude toward game and wildlife management is a field of work of forest educators. To design and conduct effective activities, it was crucial to identify the specific needs. We conducted a survey among Polish high school students from cities and towns (1947 individuals) to find out answers to the following questions: What kind of attitude toward hunting (ATH) do Polish teenagers have? What shapes their ATH? Is this attitude and its drivers similar to the ones of adults? Half of Polish urban teenagers recognized that hunting in Poland is necessary. From socio-demographic factors, forest and hunting experience had the largest impact on teenagers’ attitude toward hunting. Gender and social network had a smaller but still significant impact. Other factors, e.g., place of residence, had no impact on the ATH. Our results show that forest education should be focused on all young residents, no matter if they are from a big city or a small town, as teenagers’ ATH is the same. Field trips and other active methods are recommended because personal experience has the largest impact on shaping ATH.

Introduction. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome with high mortality. It is a clinical syndrome consisting in rapid impairment of kidney function. The result is retention of metabolic products in the body and the inability to maintain normal water-electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis. Chronic heart failure is a significant clinical, economic and social problem, and despite the continuous development of medicine, the incidence of this disease is still increasing. A weakened inefficient heart is not able to supply the organs with the right amount of blood, oxygen and nutrients. The effect is fast fatigue, weakness of muscle strength and dizziness. Kidney and cardiovascular diseases affect each other and increase their course, which worsens the patient's condition. Periodic monitoring of renal function in patients with cardiovascular disease is very important because it has been proven that the occurrence of kidney disease in these patients increases the risk of death. Case report. Patient, 78 years old, hospitalized many times in the Geriatrics Clinic, Cardiology Clinic, Nephrology Clinic due to shortness of breath, chronic myocardial insufficiency, edema of the lower limbs. The degree of independence is limited, the patient walks with assistance, lives with a family / significant other. Main ailments of the patient: increasing swelling of the lower limbs, left foot pain, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, effortlessness and rest dyspnea without stenocardial complaints. Comorbidities: Type 2 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (with unspecified complications), obesity, generalized atherosclerosis, hypertension, chronic NYHA type II heart failure. Cardiac defect in the form of mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary hypertension, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction. The patient was qualified for hemodialysis treatment, then returned to conservative treatment, followed a strict diet. The applied treatment improved the general condition of the patient and was discharged from the hospital in a stable general condition. Results. Frequent and regular examination of a patient's condition with cardiac-renal syndrome, disease progression and ability to tolerate treatment can be helpful in treating and prolonging the patient's life. It is important to monitor kidney function in people with cardiovascular disease.

Background. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a degenerative disease of the nervous system, neurodegenerative cerebral cortex, pad and spinal cord due to damage to the upper and lower motor neurons, with progressive course, various symptoms with varying intensity and duration (from several months to even 10 years), extremely unfavorable prognosis. As an incurable and progressive disease, due to the deterioration of mobility it leads to complete stopping of muscles, including respiratory ones, with the intellectual ability of the patients fully preserved Case report. A 65-year-old patient was hospitalized in Geriatrics Clinic in University Hospital A. Jurasza in Bydgoszcz. Patient with shortness of breath, present paradoxical chest movement, impaired chest mobility, present whirring, wheezing during auscultation examination. The patient was admitted to the ward because of pneumonia. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chronic respiratory failure, hypertension, and hyperthyroidism were diagnosed. In the medical history she had swallowing problems, abdominal pain, insufficient cough reflex, dysphagia, increased body temperature, difficulty falling asleep, depressed mood. The patient did not consent to a tracheotomy for aspiration of secretions from the respiratory tract. The patient required suctioning of excessively accumulating secretions in the mouth. The patient was patted. Patient's skin without pathological changes. During the night, the patient requires non-invasive mechanical ventilation - BIPAP respirator. Patient under the care of the Palliative Medicine Clinic. Patient fed an industrial diet (Isosource Protein) for PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy) - self-service. Results. Although the disease is incurable, many of its symptoms can be alleviated, and the goal of therapy should be to improve the quality of life and maintain patient independence for as long as possible. SLA patients and their relatives often experience depression, feelings of despair and anxiety. Therefore, psychological help is recommended for patients and their relatives. The continuous development of medicine remains a hope for this disease. There is a need to continue research into the search for an effective cure for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Background. Epilepsy is a very widespread disease in the world. It is one of the most common neurological diseases of old age. However, older age is also associated with multi-morbidity and cognitive decline. This will result in a decrease or loss of the possibility of being independent of other people in the scope of basic everyday activities such as: moving, nutrition, sphincter control and maintaining personal hygiene. Disorders occurring in such a wide range in people with dementia often translate into disability in everyday life. Improving the quality of life of patients consists primarily in maintaining autonomy in self-service for as long as possible. Therefore, one of the most important elements of improving the quality of life of an elderly person is the early detection of neurocognitive disorders, rehabilitation of the patient and performing prescribed screening tests. Case report. A 80- year-old patient admitted to the Clinic of Geriatric in urgent matter due to dizziness and falls. Patient living with family, dependent in daily life, financially self-sustaining. Patient takes medicines from different groups due to multiple diseases. Patient's symptoms: dizziness and frequent falls. Because of the last complain, consulted in the department of emergency medicine, head tomography was conducted. The test showed no signs of fresh bleeding. The patient suffers from epilepsy. Patient has condition after treatment of subdural hematoma, in the state after heart attacks in 2001, 2003, 2004. In 2003 coronary angioplasty was performed. Patient is also suffering from hypertension, type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. No use of drugs, alcohol and cigarettes. Result. The risk of functional limitations increases with the number of diseases present and is particularly large in people over 80 years of age. Multiple diseases is a serious problem in rehabilitation, therefore geriatric rehabilitation should be carried out on many levels. A comprehensive geriatric assessment helps diagnose the problem and develop a plan to improve the patient's quality of life. In addition, vitamin supplementation should be implemented in the elderly. Also medications used by the elderly and behavioral changes should be controlled. Patients should follow the recommendations of health care workers and attend both laboratory and neuropsychological monitoring tests.

The latest legislation regarding the reduction of harmful exhaust emissions, greenhouse gases and fuel consumption determines not only maximum permissible emissions factors, but also emissions testing methods and laboratory design and additionally leads to the development of new research methods. BOSMAL has risen to meet these challenges by investing in an updated, state-of-the-art emissions testing laboratory, housed within a climate chamber and in parallel investing in a completely new laboratory designed with incoming and future legislative requirements in mind. This paper presents BOSMAL’s improved M1/N1 vehicular emissions and fuel consumption laboratory in a climatic chamber and BOSMAL’s standard chamber for the testing of vehicles in accordance with European Union, US and Japanese standards. The specifications, capabilities and design features of the sampling, analysis and development research possi-bilities and climate simulation systems are presented and discussed in relation to the increasing drive for cleaner, light duty road vehi-cles (including hybrids and electric vehicles). The recently-renovated laboratory with extended standard temperature range and the laboratory with climatic chamber are described in the context of the newest European Union legislation on the emission in the range of Euro 6d testing requirements. The laboratories permit BOSMAL’s engineers to compete in the international automotive arena in the development of new, more ecologically friendly and increasingly fuel efficient vehicles.

Background. The etiology of MDS syndromes (myelodysplastic syndromes) is unknown. MDS is a disease of the elderly, mostly affects people over 50 years of age. Elderly patients with MDS are diagnosed at an earlier stage of the disease compared to younger people. Therapeutic options in MDS include treatment with high-dose chemotherapy with / without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, treatment with low-dose chemotherapy, supportive care and symptomatic treatment. Transfusion of RBC (Red Blood Cells) concentrate and platelet concentrate is used in the majority of patients with MDS and it is the only form of therapy recommended for both patients with good and bad prognosis. Case report. A 77-year-old patient repeatedly hospitalized in the Clinic of Geriatrics for symptomatic anemia in myelodysplastic syndrome. Independent patient in the field of self-care, living alone. Patient take many medicines from different groups. Patient with multidisease. Symptoms of the patient: weakness, depressed mood, reduced tolerance of physical exercise, dizziness, palpitations associated with slight physical effort, symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding, stenocardial complaints in 2017. A bone marrow biopsy was performed - in the myelogram MDS was diagnosed with features of low-grade triplicate dysplasia. Patient repeatedly hospitalized for transfusion of Irradiated Leukocyte-Depleted RBC Concentrate (since the beginning of 2018 11 times - average 1 x / month). From October 2012 to November 2018, a total of 49 Irradiated Leukocyte-Depleted RBC Concentrates units were transfused, reducing only the symptoms of the disease. Results. A careful assessment of the functional status, ability to tolerate treatment, disease progression and overall health can be helpful in determining treatment. To improve access to treatment, emphasis should be placed on oral drug therapies that can be easily administered on an outpatient basis to minimize transfusion. Palliative care and environmental care are important aspects of improving the health and quality of life of MDS patients.

Introduction: Postural defects became in recent decades significant problem, both medical and social. Many examinations show that faulty posture affect about 60-80 per cent of children. The rapid development of technology has led to limiting of physical activity which manifests itself by massive occurrence of faulty posture. Therefore it is extremely important to increase the parents knowledge and awareness of the prevention and correction of faulty posture as well as benefit from physical activity. Aim: The aim of the present study was estimation parents knowledge about faulty posture and verification who knows more – parents who have children with correct posture or these who have children with postural defects as well as parents who encourage children to exercise or these who don’t do this. Materials and methods: A survey was conducted in a group of 60 parents. First group: 30 parents of children attending The Postural Defect Clinic, second group: 30 parents of children attending School Complex No. 8 in Bydgoszcz. The original questionnaire was used for the study. Questionnaire to the estimation of parents knowledge consisted of 19 questions: metric questions and knowledge test. The results were analyzed statistically (p

Pathological use of smartphones may be the biggest non-drug addiction of the 21st century. Therefore, rapid screening tools designed for easy identification of people with problematic mobile phone use are needed. The main aim of the present study was to validate a short version of the Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS-10) in the Polish population. The study comprised 640 university students aged 18–38 years. We used a self-report questionnaire that included questions regarding socio-demographic variables and Polish versions of the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS-10), Mobile Phone Addiction Assessment Questionnaire (MPAAQ in Polish KBUTK), and Internet Addiction Test (IAT) by Kimberly Young. The analysis showed high reliability for the final Polish version of MPPUS-10 (Cronbach’s α = 0.78) and confirmed a significant correlation between the MPPUS-10 and the MPAAQ, which was previously used in Poland (rho = 0.56; p < 0.001). Due to the poor correlation of item number 10 with other items, we suggest dropping this item and using the nine-item Polish version. Our result also confirmed significant correlation between the MPPUS-10 and the IAT (rho = 0.54; p < 0.001). The contribution of the study is the Polish validation and adaptation of the MPPUS-10 scale with confirmed psychometric values. It provides a quick and convenient screening tool to assess problematic mobile phone use. Our results also indicate the need for a revision of available diagnostic tools in Poland.

IntroductionSensing body-related information includes interoceptive sensibility (the tendency to focus on internal body sensations) and accuracy (precision in perceiving real internal processes). Interoception and emotion regulation have both been linked to alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, the association between these factors have not been investigated within a clinical group of individuals with AUD.ObjectivesThe current study examines associations between emotion regulation and interoceptive accuracy and sensibility among individuals with AUD and healthy controls (HCs).MethodsThe sample comprised 165 individuals meeting criteria for AUD and 110 HCs. Interoceptive sensibility was assessed with a self-report measure (the Private Body Consciousness subscale) and interoceptive accuracy – with a behavioral measure (the Schandry test). Emotion regulation domains: non-acceptance of negative emotions, inability to engage in goal-directed behaviors when experiencing negative emotions, difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors when experiencing negative emotions, limited access to effective emotion regulation strategies, and lack of own emotional awareness and clarity were assessed with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Associations between interoception and emotion regulation were assessed while controlling for sleep problems, depressive symptoms, age, and sex.ResultsHigher interoceptive accuracy was negatively associated with DERS subscale of non-acceptance of negative emotions in the AUD group (but not in the HC group). Higher interoceptive sensibility was significantly associated with problems in controlling impulsive behaviors when experiencing negative emotions. This association was moderated by symptoms of AUD. Higher interoceptive sensibility was associated with higher emotional awareness, but only in the HC group.ConclusionsIndividuals with AUD who are more interoceptively accurate may be more effective in regulating their emotions. On the other hand, individuals with AUD who are more interoceptively sensible, may have problems with controlling their behaviors while experiencing negative emotional states.