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Background. Children are dependent on their caregivers to accurately administer medication to them.Objectives. To determine the knowledge and practices of primary caregivers regarding their methods of oral liquid medication administration, preferred measuring utensils, accuracy of preferred measuring utensils and different medication classifications that they collected. The study was conducted at Pelonomi Polyclinic Pharmacy, Bloemfontein, South Africa.Methods. A quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study (with analytical aspects) was conducted, which used consecutive, convenient sampling. The pharmacy staff assisted in recruiting participants, after which a screening form was used to determine their eligibility. Participants were provided with an information document and consent form. The liquid medication was classified according to a drug classification list, and one medication was selected for the focus of the structured interview. The questionnaire was completed using REDCap. Thereafter, researchers used the information on the medication label to determine the accuracy of the caregiver’s answers.Results. The majority of the 89 participants (56.2%) answered all 3 administration-related questions correctly, with 84.3% answering the questions regarding quantity and frequency correctly. The medication measure (43.8%) was the preferred measuring utensil for any liquid medication at home, and the syringe (53.9%) for the selected liquid medication used in the interview, both accurate measuring utensils. Most children (56.2%) were prescribed ‘other medication’ (e.g. vitamins and mineral supplements), followed by analgesics (47.2%) and antibiotics (42.7%).Conclusion. Primary caregivers at Pelonomi Polyclinic Pharmacy know how to administer oral liquid medication to children accurately. Most caregivers indicated that they use accurate measuring utensils

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas (GEA) are heterogeneous cancers where immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have robust efficacy in heavily inflamed microsatellite instability (MSI) or Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) positive subtypes. ICI responses are markedly lower in diffuse/genome-stable (GS) and chromosomal instable (CIN) GEAs. In contrast to EBV and MSI subtypes, the tumor microenvironment of CIN and GS GEAs have not been fully characterized to date, which limits our ability to improve immunotherapeutic strategies.; PATIENTS AND METHODS: Here we aimed to identify tumor-immune cell association across GEA subclasses using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (N=453 GEAs) and archival GEA resection specimen (N=63). TCGA RNAseq data were used for computational inferences of immune cell subsets, which were correlated to tumor characteristic within and between subtypes. Archival tissues were used for more spatial immune characterization spanning immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression analyses.; RESULTS: Our results confirmed substantial heterogeneity in TME between distinct subtypes. While MSI-high and EBV+ GEAs harbored most intense T cell infiltrates, the GS group showed enrichment of CD4+T cells, macrophages and B cells and, in 50% of cases, evidence for tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). In contrast, CIN cancers possessed CD8+T cells predominantly at the invasive margin while tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) showed tumor infiltrating capacity. Relatively T cell-rich 'hot' CIN GEAs were often from Western patients, while immunological 'cold' CIN GEAs showed enrichment of MYC and cell cycle pathways, including amplification of CCNE1.; CONCLUSION: These results reveal the diversity of immune phenotypes of GEA. Half of GS GCs have TLSs and are therefore promising candidates for immunotherapy. The majority of CIN GEAs, however, exhibit T cell exclusion and infiltrating macrophages. Associations of immune-poor CIN GEAs with MYC activity and CCNE1 amplification may enable new studies to determine precise mechanisms of immune evasion, ultimately inspiring new therapeutic modalities. Copyright © 2020 European Society for Medical Oncology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modeling indicates a potential efficiency boost of 17% if thin-film solar panels are featured with a metallic grid. Variations of transparent conductive oxide sheet resistance, cell length, and grid dimensions are discussed. These parameters were optimized simultaneously to obtain the best result. Moreover, the power output as a function of these parameters is mapped out to create an insight on the interrelated sensitivities to all the parameters. For thin film solar cells, there is a large gap between the record efficiencies and panel power output. It was found that for a "typical industrial" CIGS cell efficiency of 15.5%, the efficiency drops to 11.7% when it is operating under the circumstances of a monolithically integrated solar panel. Part of this gap is due to limited conductivity and transmittance of the front contact. By application of a metallic grid, the conductivity can be improved by over two order of magnitude at a transmittance loss of only a few percent as was shown experimentally. In addition, modeling was used to quantify the impact of such approach on the power output of monolithically integrated solar panels. This model includes optical and resistive losses, as well as related losses caused by the inhomogeneity of the operating voltage over the surface. Both power output and the different types of losses are mapped out for various cell configurations. Optimization of transparent conductive oxide resistance, cell length, finger width, and finger spacing of grids was performed and led to an efficiency improvement from 11.7% to 13.8% when the front contact is upgraded with a metallic grid consisting of 20 μm wide parallel fingers positioned perpendicular to the interconnect. Further optimization for a wide variety of cell and grid configurations show that for a technically more feasible size of 100 μm wide fingers, the calculated efficiency is still 13.5%. Finally, the power output is mapped out for a large number of configurations as to create an overview and insight in the interdependencies of cell configuration and finger dimensions. Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Most development work in the laboratory is dedicated to efficiency enhancements at the cell level; improvements in efficiency can lead to higher cost-competitiveness of PV. However, the cost of panel manufacturing is an important aspect as well. For CIGS panels the deposition of the active layer is an important part of the cost, and decreasing the layer thickness can reduce costs. Moreover, cost of ownership calculations can determine how much benefit can be expected from thinner absorber layers from a cost perspective; clearly, a thinner absorber will result in reduced absorption. To avoid losses, modelling can be used to predict the efficiency and viable light management strategies. Other efficiency-enhancing technology is related to the fact that most thin-film solar panels are monolithically interconnected. The area loss involved in this type of interconnection, and the trade-off between conductivity and transmittance of the front contact, impose limits on the maximum efficiency. The impact of improving both of these aspects is demonstrated in this paper. A viable way to improve the front contact is by supplementing the front contact with a metallic pattern. The benefit and the impact of different configurations and dimensions of the cell and metallic pattern are presented.

The present investigation examines the effects of three different quadratic cue-criterion function forms upon single-cue learning. (Author)

27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 322-324, At present, transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are still superior in performance to most other transparent conductors. Results on opto-electronic modeling and design optimization of TCOs are presented using a monolithically integrated CIGS cell configuration as case. For various cell dimensions and TCO characteristics, the cell output was determined for both bare TCOs and TCOs with a metallic grid. This study showed that considerable efficiency enhancement (17% in power output) can be achieved for metal grid TCO combinations compared to single TCOs. Conductivity improvement has been experimentally verified on both commercial ITO PET foil as well as on ZnO:Al coated glass with electrochemically deposited metal grids. Conductivities below 0,1 Ohm/sq were reached and 80 times and 400 times conductivity improvements were obtained at a transparency loss of only 3% and 6%, respectively. It was also found that electrochemical deposition results in more conductive and lower surface area covering grids than obtained by Ag-ink screen printing.

Nederland is een land van steden. Niet van wereldsteden, maar van enkele middelgrote en een grote hoeveelheid kleine steden. Nederland stedenland is een boek over de stad, stadscultuur en stedelijk leven in Nederland. Een verhaal dat begint omstreeks het jaar duizend en doorloopt tot de dag van vandaag. Een meerderheid van de Nederlanders woont en werkt in een stad, en het grootste deel van het land ligt in de invloedssfeer van een stad. In ’Nederland stedenland’ worden zo veel mogelijk facetten van de stad in één oogopslag inzichtelijk gemaakt. De kern van het boek bestaat uit essays over stadswording, stadsontwikkeling, stedelijk leven en stedelijke cultuur, die worden afgewisseld met kaarten, beelden en literaire teksten waarin tal van bekende en vooral onbekende kanten van steden in Nederland worden belicht.

At present, transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are still superior in performance to most other transparent conductors. Results on opto-electronic modeling and design optimization of TCOs are presented using a monolithically integrated CIGS cell configuration as case. For various cell dimensions and TCO characteristics, the cell output was determined for both bare TCOs and TCOs with a metallic grid. This study showed that considerable efficiency enhancement (17% increase in power output) can be achieved for metal grid TCO combinations compared to single layer TCOs. Conductivity improvement has been experimentally verified on both commercial ITO PET foil as well as on ZnO:Al coated glass with electrochemically deposited metal grids. Conductivities below 0,1 Ω/sq were reached and 80 times and 400 times conductivity improvements were obtained at a transparency loss of only 3% and 6%, respectively.

26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2998-3000, A comparison of various transparent conducting materials based on their transparency versus sheet resistance characteristics is presented. Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are still superior in performance compared to various recent alternatives and can only be surpassed by the combination of TCOs with a metal grid. Results on modeling and design optimization are presented using a monolithically integrated CIGS cell configuration as case. This study showed that considerable efficiency enhancement (17% in power output) can be achieved for metal grid TCO combinations compared to single TCOs. Conductivity improvement has been experimentally verified on both commercial ITO PET foil as well as on ZnO coated glass with electrochemically deposited metal grids. Conductivities below 0,1 Ohm/sq were reached and 80 times and 400 times conductivity improvements were obtained at a transparency loss of only 3% and 6%, respectively. It was also found that electrochemical deposition results in more conductive and more transparent grids than obtained by Ag-ink screen printing.

Wezenlijke veranderingen worden doorgaans afgedwongen door externe krachten zoals economische en sociale crises. In gebiedsontwikkeling leidt een crisis tot vertraging, uitstel en afstel van plannen. De huidige gecombineerde kredieten muntcrisis heeft ingrijpender gevolgen dan alleen maar uitstel en afstel. Kredietfinanciering op basis van gedroomde eeuwigdurende waardestijging is voltooid verleden tijd. Meefinancieren van woningbouw door commercieel vastgoed is ingehaald door overproductie. Meeliften van de overheid met particuliere financieringsarrangementen is in ijltempo verdampt.

25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 641-643, A vital part in thin film solar cells is the transparent conductive layer. Highly conductive TCOs are the material type most widely used. However, these materials have some drawback, such as brittleness and a maximum transmittance for a certain sheet resistance. Alternative materials, such as metal foils, nanowires and organic conductors are discussed and ranked for their suitability in solar cells. At this moment, organic conductors have a performance inferior to inorganic conductors. Recent results of both modeling and experiments obtained at TNO demonstrate that the combination of TCOs and metal grids are the most viable option for improvement of TCO performance beyond the limits of a single material. For this demonstration commercial ITO on PET was used, on which metal grid was applied by easily upscalable wet chemical deposition techniques. The sheet resistivity was increased by a factor of over 400, with less than 5% loss additional in transmittance. A sheet resistance of 0.1 W/sq was obtained with a transparency above 83%.

G.J. de Jongh is de bekendste havenbouwer en stadsontwikkelaar in Rotterdams meest extreme groeiperiode. Hij was directeur van Gemeentewerken (1879-1910) in een tijd dat alle gemeentelijke diensten, behalve de drinkwaterleiding, nog onder zijn verantwoording vielen. Niet voor niets noemde men hem de ‘technische burgemeester’ van de stad. De Jongh schiep de basis van Rotterdam als (zee)haven met wereldfaam, terwijl de stad tot die tijd achter Londen, Antwerpen en Hamburg aansukkelde. Grootschalig technisch ingrijpen was een overheidstaak en bestond uit verbetering van de hygiëne, stadsontwikkeling, groenaanleg, exploitatie van nutsbedrijven en het transport te land en te water. De Jongh wist de politici en bestuurders dankzij zijn opvattingen en deskundigheid twintig jaar lang te bespelen tot in het begin van de twintigste eeuw. Dit boek is een rehabilitatie van een stadsontwikkelaar die decennialang verguisd is, het is een kritische benadering van De Jongh als havenbouwer en het is een weergave van diens visionaire strijd in de hectiek van de industriële revolutie.