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A novel technique designed for component monitoring of CO2 exchange in plants is described. The system is based on application of self-clamping leaf chambers connected to an open gas-exchange measuring system and on automatic recording of CO2 concentration. This technique was implemented in a commercially available instrument, PTM-48A Photosynthesis Monitor, which provides for long-term measurements of gas exchange and for discrimination of its separate components. Furthermore, many other plant functions can be monitored during plant growth and development under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the structural severity of unemployment in the United States after 1957. An index is suggested which is derived from the indexes used to measure concentration in production and in international trade. The author begins with the discussion of some arguments concerning the rationale of the index and some of its properties. Indexes are presented for a number of labor force attributes for the years 1947 to 1964. Severity of structural unemployment became more evident after 1957 only with respect to the age distribution of the labor force. It followed a cyclical pattern in the case of some attributes, but was invariant to the overall level of unemployment in the case of others.

This article focuses on the importance of manufacturing in the growth of economy in Israel. The future rate of growth of manufacturing relative to the rest of the economy will depend on a number of factors. With exports of agricultural products meeting with increased difficulties since the establishment of the European Common Market, industrial exports seem to provide the main, if not the only, source for improvements in the balance of trade. Additional policies to encourage them may, therefore, be expected to be implemented in the next few years. Altogether the share of manufacturing may be expected to increase in the future. Furthermore, for some time to come this will continue to be associated with a decline in the share of agriculture, particularly in employment. It should, however, be remembered that such a shift, by itself, has in the past contributed relatively little to Israel's economic growth. While Israel's future economic growth may be expected to be associated with a process of structural industrialization, it will follow the pattern of its earlier years in that growth will not be the result of this process but rather of rising per capita output in all branches of the economy.

SUMMARY L eontief's test of factor proportions was based on the assumption that, within each U. S. industry, the same factor proportions are used to produce exports, domestic goods, and import substitutes. However, if the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem is valid, then, within each industry, commodities exported by the U. S. would be charac terized by a higher capital-labour ratio than those produced to replace imports. Unless the industry classification used is such that it does not allow for both exports and import substitues to be grouped together, the validity of the Heck scher-Ohlin theorem precludes the possibility of factor proportions being homo geneous in the manner assumed by L eontief. In support of this argument it is claimed that L eontief's own data can be consistent with the traditional theorem. Using Israel input-output data it is shown also that the strength of the Paradox increases with the degree of aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents abstracts of research articles on international economics. According to the article "Gresham's Law, Asset Preference, and the Demand for International Reserves," Gresham's law is applied to several different types of international financial systems. Each system relies on at least two international reserve assets. The article seeks to define the conditions that must be satisfied if the price between the reserve assets, is fixed, and no reserve asset tends to disappear from circulation because it is deemed more valuable than the other reserve asset. In the article "Trade Liberalization Under the "Kennedy Round": The Static Effects" the authors consider the possible effects of the Kennedy round of tariff negotiations on trade and welfare. They provide estimates on the impact of a 50 percent tariff reduction on industrial materials and manufactured goods under the static assumptions of given tastes and unchanged technology. Tariff reductions are assumed to be undertaken by the industrial nations and extended under the most-favored-nation clause to primary producing countries who are not expected to reciprocate.