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The question what the origins of social inequality are is one that experts have examined for many years. Social inequality is defined as "the condition where people have unequal access to valued resources, services, and positions in the society" (Kerbo, 2011). The German Twin Life study as a long-term multidisciplinary twin study tackles this question since 2014. It measured many sources of social inequality, one of them being parenting. Studies found that positive and negative types of parenting systematically influence problem behaviour in children (Nikstat & Riemann, 2022) and that especially negative, authoritative parenting leads to multifaceted behavioral outcomes, including aggressive behavior and anxiety (Marcone et al., 2020). In the context of social inequality, recent research suggests that male and female adolescents with high probability for internalizing problem behaviour reported dire health problems which can act as risk factors for social inequality, including self-harm, low mental well-being, depressive symptoms and lower educational motivation and achievement (Gutman & McMaster, 2020; Olivier et al., 2018,) and anxiety and depression in adulthood (McLeod, 2016). To acquire a deeper understanding of the proposed relationship between parenting and problem behaviour, the motivation between this secondary data analysis is firstly to look at the relationship between parental predictors and child behavioural outcomes and secondly to investigate a factor which could function as a moderator in this relationship. Looking at the recent literature (Paulus et al., 2021; Scoloveno, 2018), self-efficacy has emerged as a valid factor that influences education and strongly relates to resilience. However, the effect of self-efficacy has more often than not only been studied in adults and parents (Albanese et al, 2019) and if child self-efficacy was measured, then predominantly in the educational context (Paulus et al., 2021). However, considering the fact that apart from supportive parenting (Pettit et al., 1997), children's own ability to adjust to their home environment plays a vital role in their development, this secondary data analysis studies the impact of child self-efficacy in the familial context. Specifically, it focuses on the relationship of negative parenting, maternal depression and maternal stress with child internalizing behaviour (INT), which compromises processes within a person such as depression or anxiety. Furthermore, the analysis looks at the effect of a possible moderation by self-efficacy. The questions and hypotheses proposed may give further answers to the question of the origins of social inequality, the reciprocity of parent and child behavior and if self-efficacy is a protective factor for problem behaviour that enhances resilience in children overall. Literature: - Kerbo, H. (2011). Social stratification and inequality (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. - Scoloveno, R. L. (o. J.). Resilience and Self-Efficacy: An Integrated Review of the Literature. 9.

The aim of the study is to examine the relationship of "Self-Efficacy" and "Self-Esteem" using bivariate genetic analysis. Furthermore, both constructs are part of a higher order factor the so-called "Core Self-Evaluations", a construct representing the general self-evaluations that individuals make about their self-worth and abilities. The understanding of a possible commonality of these characteristics and an empirically based explanation for the selection of "Self-Esteem" and "Self-Efficacy" for such a global construct of a self-evaluation are still in the early stages. This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of these psychological characteristics and their relationship.