Tribe Hydroptilini Stephens Acanthotrichia Wells, 1982....................................... Au Acritoptila Wells, 1982........................................... Au Agraylea Curtis, 1834........................................... Hol Allotrichia McLachlan, 1880...................................... Pa Austratrichia Wells, 1982......................................... Au Cyclopsiella Kjaerandsen, 1997................................... Afr Dhatrichia Mosely, 1948........................................ Afr Hellyethira Neboiss, 1977..................................Au, Pa, Or Hydroptila Dalman, 1819............................... Cosmopolitan Hydroptilina Martynov, 1934...................................... Pa Jabitrichia Wells, 1990................................... Afr, Au, Or Microptila Ris, 1897...................................... Afr, Or, Pa Missitrichia Wells, 1991.......................................... Au Mulgravia Wells, 1982........................................... Au Oxyethira Eaton, 1873.................................. Cosmopolitan Paroxyethira Mosely, 1924....................................... Au Paucicalcaria Mathis and Bowles, 1989....................Na (Arkansas) Tangatrichia Wells and Andersen, 1995............................ Afr Tricholeiochiton Kloet and Hincks, 1944.................. Au, Neo, Or, Pa Ugandatrichia Mosely, 1939..............................Afr, Au, Neo Vietrichia Olah, 1989................................... Or (Vietnam) Wlitrichia Kjaerandsen, 1997..................................... Afr Xuthotrichia Mosely, 1934........................................ Au Tribe Leucotrichiini Flint, 1970 Abtrichia Mosely, 1939......................................... Neo Acostatrichia Mosely, 1939...................................... Neo Alisotrichia Flint, 1964................................ Neo (+sw USA) Anchitrichia Flint, 1970......................................... Neo Ascotrichia Flint, 1983.......................................... Neo Betrichia Mosely, 1939......................................... Neo Celaenotrichia Mosely, 1934..................................... Neo Cerasmatrichia Flint, Harris, and Botosaneanu, 1994.................. Neo Ceratotrichia Flint, 1992........................................ Neo Costatrichia Mosely, 1937....................................... Neo Eutonella Müller, 1921.......................................... Neo Leucotrichia Mosely, 1934....................................Neo, Na Mejicanotrichia Harris and Holzenthal, 1997................ Neo (Mexico) Peltopsyche Müller, 1879........................................ Neo Scelobotrichia Harris and Bueno-Soria, 1993........................ Neo Zumatrichia Mosely, 1937............................. Neo (+sw USA) Tribe Neotrichiini Ross, 1956 Kumanskiella Harris and OS Flint, 1992............................ Neo Mayatrichia Mosely, 1937....................................Neo, Na Neotrichia Morton, 1905.....................................Neo, Na Taraxitrichia Flint and Harris, 1991................................ Neo Tribe Ochrotrichiini Marshall, 1979 Metrichia Ross, 1938................................. Neo (+sw USA) Ochrotrichia Mosely, 1934...................................Neo, Na Rhyacopsyche Mueller, 1879..................................... Neo ......c ontinued Tribe Orthotrichiini Nielsen, 1948 Ithytrichia Eaton, 1873....................................... Hol, Or Nothotrichia Flint, 1967...................................... Neo, Na Orthotrichia Eaton, 1873................................ Cosmopolitan Tribe Stactobiini Botosaneanu, 1956 Bredinia Flint, 1968............................................ Neo Byrsopteryx Flint, 1981......................................... Neo Catoxyethira Ulmer, 1912..................................... Au, Or Chrysotrichia Schmid, 1958.................................... Au, Or Flintiella Angrisano, 1995....................................... Neo Niuginitrichia Wells, 1990........................................ Au Orinocotrichia Harris, Flint, and Holzenthal, 2002.................... Neo Parastactobia Schmid, 1958...................................... Or Plethus Hagen, 1887............................................. Or Scelotrichia Ulmer, 1951................................... Old World Stactobia McLachlan, 1880................................. Old World Stactobiella Martynov, 1924.................................. Hol, Or Tizatetrichia Harris, Flint, and Holzenthal, 2002...................... Neo incertae sedis Caledonotrichia Sykora 1967........................Au (New Caledonia) Dibusa Ross, 1939.............................................. Na Dicaminus Mueller, 1879........................................ Neo Macrostactobia Schmid, 1958..................................... Or Maydenoptila Neboiss, 1977...................................... Au Orphninotrichia Mosely, 1934..................................... Au Mathis and Bowles (Arkansas, USA), and Vietrichia Olah (Vietnam). Agraylea Curtis occurs across the Holarctic and has about 20 species. The other Hydroptilini genera are more widespread across several biogeographical regions and include 2 large cosmopolitan genera, Hydroptila Dalman with about 400 described species and Oxyethira with about 200. Orthotrichiini is a small tribe of 3 genera, of which Orthotrichia is cosmopolitan and contains over 150 species. Stactobiini is a heterogeneous assemblage of genera endemic to a single region or more broadly distributed across several regions; Stactobia is the most species rich with about 150 species found only in the Old World. Nielsen (1948) studied the biology of Hydroptilidae. Hydroptilid larvae are highly diverse in form, habitat, and feeding behavior. Although most construct cases of silk or sand, some construct flat, fixed shelters, while others remain free-living until pupation. Many genera remain unknown in the larval stage. The family is the terra incognita of Trichoptera (Flint 1992 b). Rhyacophilidae: Rhyacophilidae is a relatively large family, originally established by Stephens (1836). At one time the family included also Glossosomatidae and Hydrobiosidae and other taxa, but its definition has progressively become more restricted. Evolutionary relationships of the family were discussed by Ross (1956) and the family was the subject of a large revision by Schmid (1970). The family is predominantly north temperate and is found in North America, Europe, and Asia, but also extends into India and the tropical areas of southeastern Asia. Currently most of the diversity is included in a single genus, Rhyacophila Pictet, the largest genus in Trichoptera, with over 700 species and additional ones regularly being described. In addition to the landmark works of Ross and Schmid on Rhyacophila, Prather and Morse (2001) studied the phylogeny of the R. invaria group from eastern North America and Mey (1999 b) investigated the biogeography of Southeast Asian members of the genus. Other genera include Himalopsyche Banks (ca. 50 species, predominantly in the eastern Palearctic and Oriental regions, but with 1 species from western North America), Philocrena Lepneva (1 species from Georgia, western Palearctic), and Fansipangana Mey (a single species recently described from Vietnam). The family is 1 of 2 (the other being Hydrobiosidae) that includes species that are free-living and predaceous as larvae, constructing a domed pupal chamber of rocks at maturity. As the etymology of the family name indicates, the larvae frequent cool, fast flowing rivers and streams. Larvae in the genus Himalopsyche, and some in the genus Rhyacophila, possess abdominal and thoracic gills, quite different from those in Integripalpia or Hydropsychidae. INTEGRIPALPIA PLENITENTORIA Apataniidae: This is a northern and montane group found in North America, Europe, and Asia. The family names dates to Wallengren (1886), but for most of its history it was included as a subfamily of Limnephilidae. Wiggins (1996) treated the group as a distinct family and subsequent workers have accepted this designation. There are nearly 200 species in 18 genera, divided into 2 subfamilies. The Apataniinae contains the largest genus, Apatania Kolenati (nearly 100 species, Holarctic), as well as Apataniana Mosely (Palearctic, Oriental), Apatidelia Mosely (China), 4 monotypic genera: Talgara Mey (Kazakhstan), Radema Martynov (Russia), Thamastes Hagen (Siberia), Proradema Mey (Siberia), and 5 small genera endemic to Lake Baikal: Baicalina Martynov (5 species), Protobaicalina Ivanov (4 species), Protoradema Ivanov (2 species), Baicalinella Martynov (monotypic), and Baicaloides Martynov (monotypic). The subfamily Moropsychinae contains the genera Moropsyche Banks (30 species, East Palearctic and Oriental), and Notania Mosely (5 species, Oriental). Four genera, Allomyia Banks (Nearctic and eastern Palearctic, 23 species), Manophylax Wiggins (Nearctic and eastern Palearctic, 6 species), Moselyana Denning (Oregon, monotypic), and Pedomoecus Ross (Pacific northwest of North America, monotypic), form a monophyletic group (Gall 1994) separate from either subfamily. Apataniid larvae construct cases of small rock pieces, although Manophylax larvae also add plant pieces to the upper surface (Wiggins 2004). Corbet (1966) documented parthenogenesis in some species of Apatania. Larvae occur in cool running waters, but at high elevations and extreme northern latitudes, some species of Apatania are found in lakes. Most larvae graze periphyton from rocks with scraper mandibles. Some species also occur in hygropetric habitats, some of which are dry for much of the year. The larvae of Moselyana are found in spring seepages, and are detritivores with toothed mandibles. Brachycentridae: This is a Northern Hemisphere family found in both the Old and New Worlds. Ulmer (1903) originally established this group as a subfamily of Sericostomatidae. It now contains 6 genera and a little over 100 species. Three of these genera are monotypic: Adicrophleps Flint (Nearctic), Amiocentrus Ross (Nearctic), and Dolichocentrus Martynov (southeastern Siberia). Eobrachycentrus Wiggins (Japan and western North America) contains only half a dozen species. Brachycentrus Curtis (ca. 30 species) and Micrasema McLachlan (ca. 75 species) are both widespread across the Holarctic and Oriental regions. Larvae construct cases from plant or rock materials, and some species use silk alone for part of the case. Several genera build 4 -sided cases. The family is ecologically diverse. They inhabit running waters, but may be found in slow-flowing marshy channels. Some genera feed on aquatic moss; others are filter-feeders. Some North American species of Brachycentrus can be found in thermal streams with temperatures as high as 34 °C that smell strongly of hydrogen sulfide (Wiggins 2004). Goeridae: This is a widely distributed family, found on all continents except South America and Australia. Ulmer (1903) originally described this group as a subfamily of Sericostomatidae. Flint (1960) and other North American workers considered it a subfamily of Limnephilidae, but other authors either always considered it a separate family (Schmid 1980) or elevated the group to its place as a separate family (Wiggins 1996). The Goeridae are divided into 3 subfamilies. Goerinae Ulmer contains most of the genera, each with 1 or only a few species: Archithremma Martynov (central eastern Siberia), Gastrocentrella Ulmer (Sumatra), Silonella Fischer (France, Spain), Gastrocentrides Ulmer (Burma, Indonesia), Goeracea Denning and Goerita Ross (North America), and Lithax McLachlan (widespread across the western Palearctic). Silo Curtis is the second largest genus with over a dozen western Palearctic species. The largest genus Goera Stephens (ca. 130 species) is found in all biogeographic regions except the Neotropical, but with scant representation in the Afrotropics (1 species in southern Africa) and Australasia (2 species from the southwest Pacific). Larcasinae Navás contains 1 genus, Larcasia Navás (6 species, Palearctic and Oriental); and Lepaniinae Wiggins contains only 1 species endemic to northwestern North America, Lepania cascada Ross. Parker (1998) reviewed the genus Goerita, established its monophyly, and discussed the phylogenetic relationships among its 3 species. Larvae of Goeridae construct cases entirely of rock fragments; some genera incorporate larger rock fragments laterally. Most larvae live in cool running waters and are grazers on periphyton. Lepania larvae are detritivores in spring seepages (Wiggins 1973 b). Archithremma ulachensis Martynov is unusual in having a terrestrial pupa (Levanidova & Vshivkova 1984). Kokiriidae: McFarlane (1964) erected the plectrotarsid subfamily Kokiriinae when he described Kokiria miharo from New Zealand. Subsequently, Ross (1967) raised it to family status and included the Chilean species Rhynchopsyche fusca Schmid (originally described in Brachycentridae) in the new family. Neboiss (1974) described Tanjistomella verna, the first record of the family in Australia; in that work he also referred the New Caledonian genus Mecynostomella Kimmins (originally placed in Sericostomatidae) to Kokiriidae. Neboiss later described 2 more Australasian genera, Taskiria and Taskiropsyche. Flint et al. (1999) considered Rhynchopsyche fusca a junior synonym of Pangullia faziana Navás (originally described in Limnephilidae). Johanson (2003 b) recently revised Mecynostomella and nearly doubled the described species diversity of Kokiriidae, so that it now consists of 15 species described from New Zealand, New Caledonia, Chile, and Australia. The larvae are predatory, and live in sandy deposits of small streams and lakes. Larval cases are constructed from sand, and are dorsoventrally depressed and flanged around the edge. This family has been considered by various authors to be closely allied with either limnephiloid or leptoceroid families, in the latter case possibly because of the similarity of the larval cases to those of molannids and some Ceraclea (Leptoceridae). However, the characters proposed by Frania and Wiggins (1997) to support a close relationship with Molannidae have not held up to re-examination (Prather 2002), nor are they corroborated in recent molecular studies (Holzenthal et al. 2007, Kjer et al. 2001, 2002). Lepidostomatidae: This family is widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and extends southward to Panama, New Guinea, and the Afrotropical region. It was originally described by Ulmer (1903) as a subfamily of Sericostomatidae. It is divided into 2 subfamilies. The nominotypical subfamily contains 3 genera and most of the species: Hummeliella Forsslund is a monotypic genus from China; Lepidostoma Rambur contains most of the diversity in the family (ca. 380 species; Afrotropical, Australasian, Palearctic, and Nearctic); and Paraphlegopteryx Ulmer (ca. 20 species) is widespread in the East Palearctic and Oriental regions. The subfamily Theliopsychinae Weaver, 1993 contains 4 genera: Crunoecia McLachlan and Martynomyia Fischer are West Palearctic genera with only a handful of species each; Theliopsyche Banks is a Nearctic genus with half a dozen species; and Zephyropsyche Weaver is a small genus (4 species) from South and Southeast Asia. Larval cases are generally square in cross section and constructed of quadrate leaf or bark pieces. Some species build cylindrical cases of sand grains as early instars and switch to 4 -sided cases as they mature; a few retain the sand grain cases throughout larval development. Larvae are generally inhabitants of cool streams and springs, but they may also occur along the shorelines of lakes. They are primarily detritivores. Weaver (1988) provided a synopsis of the North American species and a review of the world species (Weaver 2002), where he synonymized several genera, formerly separated by secondary sexual characters of the male, with Lepidostoma. Myers and Sperling (2002) looked at the relationships of the subgenera of Lepidostoma, based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Limnephilidae: This is the largest family in the Plenitentoria, with approximately 900 described species. At higher latitudes and elevations, it is the dominant group in much of the Northern Hemisphere. The family was first established by Kolenati (1848) and includes species described by Linnaeus in Systema Naturae, 10 th ed. (Table 1). Schmid (1955) resolved the family into its current classification (Table 4), with refinements by Wiggins and colleagues (Vineyard & Wiggins 1988, Wiggins 1973 a, Wiggins et al. 1985). The family is divided into 4 subfamilies, Dicosmoecinae Schmid, Drusinae Banks, Limnephilinae Kolenati, and Pseudostenophylacinae Schmid. The Dicosmoecinae, with fewer than 100 described species, are considered the most primitive of the limnephilid subfamilies, and include the only Southern Hemisphere taxa in the family; of its 19 genera, 7 are endemic to South America and 1, Archaeophylax Kimmins, is endemic to Australia (Wiggins 2002). The Drusinae are restricted to the Palearctic region. Of the 8 genera in this subfamily, only Drusus Stephens contains more than half a dozen species; many of these are micro-endemics. Recent molecular studies have questioned the generic classification of Drusinae (Pauls et al. 2007). The nominotypical subfamily contains over 60 genera, divided into 4 tribes. Chaetopterygini Hagen, with 10 genera, are a Palearctic group with about 60 species. Chilostigmini Schmid are a group of 11 small genera, with approximately 40 Old and New World species. The tribe Limnephilini Kolenati (21 genera, ca. 300 species) includes most of the lentic genera of the Limnephilidae; it also includes Limnephilus Leach, the most species-diverse genus, with nearly 200 described species widely distributed across the Holarctic region and as far south as Central America; 2 anomalous genera, Sphagnophylax Wiggins and Winchester, and Thermophylax Nimmo have been tentatively assigned to the Limnephilini, but this remains in some dispute (Morse 2006). The Stenophylacini Schmid (ca. 200 species) is primarily Old World in distribution, although 4 of its 23 genera are endemic to North America; 1 genus Mesophylax McLachlan, is found in Ethiopia and Arabia (Malicky 1998, 1999). Pseudostenophylacinae is a small subfamily of 5 genera and about 100 species (Schmid 1990), with predominantly Oriental and Asian Palearctic distribution; the largest genus Pseu