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The regulatory, financial and technological difference between countries in the South Baltic Area calls for cross-border initiatives supporting knowledge transfer related to the development of a sustainable bioeconomy. This entails generic models on how to implement green technologies based on case-specific knowledge or operational settings. Such models can be used as a starting point for transposing technologies into new regional, national or international settings in the SBA.The aim of this report is to introduce four cross-border implementation models within the agricultural and agro-industrial sectors. The models show how bioeconomy concepts developed in the BioBIGG project can be transferred from one SME to another, and likewise from one region to another. The selected concepts have been chosen by the project partners based on conducted pre-feasibility assessments, innovation programs and business cases (for more information visit the BioBIGG homepage: https://biobigg.ruc.dk)

This report explores how promotional communication between the bioeconomy-related stakeholders can foster the bioeconomy in Sweden, Denmark, Germany and Poland. The material was collected during the BioBIGG project and is part of the work package 6. The purpose of the report is to present promotional strategies, actions and instruments that will support the transition towards a bioeconomy in the SBA. Primarily, the project activities inform this report and a specific focus is put on the influence of networks on national and local authorities.Firstly, the existing networks in the SBA and BSR are presented, followed by an analysis of how politics can be influenced in the four project partner countries. Based on the findings, the report suggests that the following communication ideas strengthen the bioeconomy: (1) Network formation is critical to share knowledge and foster cooperation between the different stakeholders. (2) Viewpoints should be effectively communicated to the relevant authorities. (3) Social media and the inclusion of customers prove to be effective ways to increase interest in bio-based products amongst society. (4) The ScanBalt Bioeconomy Working Group is an excellent tool to disseminate the project results.

Though amaranth has been studied intensively for its exceptional nutritional properties, little has been reported about its capacity for fighting poverty, securing food supplies, turning migrations, or its impact on the environment and the prospect for improvement of living conditions of those farmers cultivating amaranth. This paper addresses possibilities and limitations that Mexican small-scale farmers are facing to enhance sustainable livelihoods in the amaranth value chain. The study reveals that amaranth, as an alternative crop and livelihood, is perhaps one of the most complete endogenous natural resources that small-scale farmers have to combat the above-mentioned problems. The study identified several local and regional barriers for increasing the level of farming, production, processing and consumption. A striking and paradoxical limitation is the monopolization practices developed by some of the associations in relation to knowledge and technology transfer, seeds distribution and contact to potential national and foreign buyers.

Kalundborg Utility has pitched a project to Helix lab about using Kalundborg’s old moat as a sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS). The idea is to lead water to the old moat and create a tourist attraction and biodiversity while combining it with climate adaption to increased precipitation in Kalundborg. Kalundborg Højby has an old one-pipe system which has both rainwater and wastewater in it. These systems are at risk of creating a spill over effect when the there is too much precipitation. This one-pipe system affects the potential pipes that can lead water to the old moat.Through conversation interviews key people were asked about designs for the moat, particularly the archaeologist from the museum was skeptical about the idea, due to old construction near where there would have been water in the moat, he thinks that it is unlikely that there has ever been water in it. Which will make it unlikely for this kind of project to get accepted. Instead, there is some area that can still be used as a SUDS. This area will use the part of the moat that does not have old construction near it and have to potential to have a higher volume of water. This can be used for flushing toilets, which will lower the amount of fresh water that is used and will have a positive effect in times of drought. However, since it must be covered in a membrane due to regulation and there is a lack of will to plant near that area, it will have little effect on the biodiversity.Instead, it is recommended to use an area in Munkesøparken since it has more potential for planting near it, and it will not have the same problem with the museum. However, it will lower the amount of soccer field goals in the area. None of these solutions will help much against the problems in Højbyen.

Emissions of methane (CH4) from digestate were measured over three months in laboratory scale. The methane was measured using batch tests in an Automatic Methane Potential Test System II. The experiment was designed to simulate the storing of digestate in summer conditions. One batch was cooled for nine days at 10 °C to simulate heat exchange from the digestate, before being exposed to summer temperatures at 22 °C. Dried acidic industrial wastewater (DAIW) was added to another batch and exposed to summer temperatures at 22 °C. The cooled batch barely had any methane emissions during the cooling period. When exposed to higher temperatures the methane emissions started instantly and kept going for 75 days hereafter. Despite the prolonged activity, total methane emissions were reduced by 37 %. The DAIW batch emitted low levels of methane for 82 days, and the total emissions was reduced by 71 %. Both methods were successful at reducing methane emissions, but their economic aspects differ. Digestate heat recovery is feasible for the majority of biogas facilities as long as the heat can be used in the biogas processes or district heating systems. DAIW on the other hand is currently not feasible as drying requires huge investments and amounts of energy. If instead the acidic industrial wastewater is used in its liquid form the method is more economically favorable. Legislation on methane emissions would make heat recovery and acidic industrial wastewater more topical as methane mitigation methods. The use of these methods can add to the circular economy of biogas production and make the biogas business even greener.

This report aims to answer the question: How can PtX be implemented in Denmark in order to achieve the Danish reduction targets for 2030 and 2050, and ensure environmental and economic profitability of the technology in the long term? This goal leads to a natural delimitation of so called gray and blue hydrogen.In order to answer this question the report is based upon the theories Multilevel Governance and Sociotechnical Systems, the analysis made upon these theories will show how the different actors can help promote PtX in Denmark.Furthermore in chapter 5 the report shows a material flow analysis where the transformations of electrical power to hydrogen is shown under different circumstances. This analysis shows that the transformation is not as of yet economically profitable. This conclusion, along with the actor analysis leads to the reports overall conclusion:In order to brint PtX into the danish systems in the best possible way a political agenda, including financial support is needed.

ResuméOmstilling af det danske energisystem skal bidrage til de nationale målsætninger vedrørende drivhusgasreduktion. Der arbejdes her ud fra en målsætning om 70 % reduktion i 2030 og fuld uafhængighed af fossile brændsler i 2050, i forhold til mål året 1990. For at denne omstilling skal finde sted er fokus på samspil mellem den energiproduktion og forbrug essentielt. Denne specialerapport vil bidrage med løsninger til drivhusgasreduktion og samspil mellem energiproduktionen og forbruget. Dette sker ved at analysere på de vigtigste produktionsteknologier og rammerne for disse i et regulerings og planlægningsperspektiv. Dertil hvordan de teknologivalg, regulering og planlægning på forbrugssiden, hvor elektrificering af personbil-transporten og varmesektoren er i fokus, skal udmøntes. I konklusionen vurderes en række løsningsforslag til hvordan fremtidens energisystem skal designes ud fra teknologivalg, regulering og planlægning så systemkrav for fleksibilitet, robusthed og forsyningssikkerhed langsigtet understøttes frem mod i perioden 2020-2050., Restructuring of the Danish energy system must contribute to the national greenhouse gas reduction objectives. The main goals are here a 70% reduction in 2030 and full independence of fossil fuels in 2050, compared with the target in 1990. In order for this transition to take place, the focus is on the interaction between energy production and consumption. This master thesis will contribute with solutions for greenhouse gas reduction and interaction between energy production and consumption. This is done by analyzing the main production technologies and their frameworks in a regulatory and planning perspective. In addition, the technology choices, regulation and planning on the consumption side, where the electrification of passenger transport and the heating sector are the focus, must be implemented. The conclusion assesses a number of solutions for how the energy system of the future should be designed based on technology choices, regulation and planning so that system requirements for flexibility, robustness and security of supply are supported long term in the period 2020-2050.

This project seeks to answer the question: “Which challenges are there to recycling household waste plastic in Denmark, if you use circular economy as a model”. To answer this question several interviews were performed with various stakeholders throughout the value chain. Some of the challenges were defined although no complete solution to these challenges could be found within the scope of this project. Beside the theory of circular economy, cascade theory was also applied in the analysis. Cascade theory is seen as a smaller, but very important, part of circular economy. Beside the two theories the analysis also looks at if it would be possible for Solrød Kommune to use some of the collected plastic waste from the municipal to make new bags for food waste.

This thesis identifies a knowledge gap regarding the need for flexibility in the roll-out of electrical vehicles (EV’s). The subject of why a larger amount of EV’s are required in the Danish transportation system, as well as how to achieve this, are thoroughly explored in multiple reports. However, the resulting possibility of a flexibility issue regarding the increasing electrical consumption, remains largely unexplored.The thesis is built upon a wide range of assumptions concerning EV’s, the future electrical grid and energy storage that it explores and attempts to either prove or disprove. The thesis contextualizes these assumptions through the creation of an ideal future scenario of 2030, in which one million EV’s have been successfully integrated into the Danish transportation system. Several infrastructural challenges are highlighted while a potential in using energy storage through NMC lithium-ion batteries in conjunction with charging points of 150-350 kW to accommodate these problems in order to maintain a compromise between high mobility and energy flexibility. The thesis finds that these solutions cannot be stated to be economically rentable for private actors under current legislation. To promote the suggested development this thesis identifies several regulatory potentials in time-of-use and capacity-based tariffs. The thesis as such recommends further study into the underlying problems in advancing towards a greener transportation system, stressing the need for long-term planning, envisioning a sustainable utilization of the electrical grid.

Dette projekt undersøger hvilken effekt bionedbrydning har på kildesorteret organisk dagrenovation i affaldshåndteringen i Lejre Kommune og for økonomien på et biogasanlæg, og hvordan håndteringen af kildesorteret organisk dagrenovation kan understøtte cirkulær ressourceanvendelse og Ecosystem Services.For at måle bionedbrydning af KOD blev der designet en standardiseret KOD-biomasse som blev lagret i henholdsvis 0, 4, 7, 11 og 14 dage. Efterfølgende blev forskellen på 0-dagslagret KOD og de andre lagringstider sammenlignet for at måle forskellen i biometanpotentialet. Forskellen var således et mål for tab af kulstof fra bionedbrydningen. Tabet fra bionedbrydningen anvendes til at opstille en model for bionedbrydning af KOD for Lejre Kommune. Beregningerne fra KOD-biomassens biometanpotentiale sættes overfor et biogasanlægs dækningsbidrag, for at undersøge konsekvenserne af bionedbrydning i KOD for økonomien på et biogasanlæg. Dette ses ligeledes i relation til fremtidige tilskud og priser på energimarkedet. Projektet konkluderer at Lejre Kommune har et samlet drivhusgasudslip fra bionedbrydning ved håndtering af KOD på 91 tons CO2e i sommerhalvåret ud fra en samlet mængde KOD på 789 tons, hvilket svarer til 10563 DKK udregnet fra den samfundsøkonomiske pris på CO2e. I Lejre Kommune kommer størstedelen af KOD fra enfamlieshusstande (97,1 %), hvoraf disse udgør 88 tons CO2e af den samlet drivhusgasudledning i kommunen. Affaldsbeholdere fra etageboliger generelt er bedre at tømme hyppigere, da de udelukkende indeholder KOD og dermed ikke er en affaldsbeholder delt med en anden fraktion (restaffald). Dette betyder at mere KOD bliver fjernet per tømning og dermed mere potentielt klimagasudledning mitigeret. En 180 liter et-rums affaldsbeholder kan potentielt udlede 2,4 kg CO2e og en todelt affaldsbeholder 0,9 kg CO2e ved et gennemsnit på 5 dages lagring, hvor en tømning koster 9,3 DKK for begge affaldsbeholdertyper.KOD har i referenceprøven (0 dages lagring) et dækningsbidrag på 226,73 DKK/tons i 2018 for et biogasanlæg. Hertil sænkes dækningsbidraget med 51,14 DKK/tons for hvert tiende procentpoint dækningsbidraget falder. Anvendelsen af KOD som biomasse til biogasanlæg understøtter en række Ecosystem Services, da KOD genanvendes dels til biogasproduktion og til recirkulering af næringsstoffer. Jo højere en bionedbrydning KOD har været genstand for, inden det indgår som biomasse på et biogasanlæg, jo lavere en effekt har servicens produktion af energi. Lejre Kommunes fokus i relation til KOD ligger generelt på missorteringer og genanvendelsesprocenter, som grundlæggende bygger på politiske målsætninger og EU's affaldsdirektiv. Der er en kløft i produktionskæden mellem det kommunale affaldshåndteringssystem og biogasanlægs anvendelse af biomasser fra affaldshåndteringssystemet. Dette ses i særdeleshed i skævvridningen i renovationsprisen for KOD i sammenligning med KODs egentlige værdi. Der skal derfor skabes reguleringer eller andre tiltag der binder biogasanlæg og kommunal affaldshåndtering af KOD bedre sammen. Således kan det sikres at Lejre Kommune i mindre grad anser KOD som et affaldsprodukt uden værdi, og mere som en ressource, der kan understøtte cirkulær ressourceanvendelse og styrke Ecosystem Services., This thesis examines the effect of biodegradation on organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) in the waste management in Lejre municipality and for the economy of a biogas plant and how the handling of the OFMSW can support circular use of resources and Ecosystem Services. To measure the biodegradation of the OFMSW a standardized OFMSW-sample was designed and stored for 0, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days. The difference in biomethanepotential between the 0-day stored OFMSW-sample (reference) and other storage times was compared. The difference was an expression for the loss of carbon due to biodegradation. The loss from the biodegradation was used in a developed model for biodegradation of the OFMSW for Lejre Municipality. The calculated biomethanepotential from the OFMSW-samples is used in relation to a biogas plants contribution margin to investigate the consequences of biodegradation of the OFMSW for the economy of a biogas plant. This is seen in relation to future subsidies and prices of the Danish energy market.The thesis concludes that Lejre Municipality has a total greenhouse gas emission in relation to biodegradation of the OFMSW of 91 tons CO2-e during the summer. This is based on a total amount of OFMSW (789 tonnes), which corresponds to 10563 DKK calculated from the socioeconomic price of CO2-e. Most of the OFMSW in Lejre Municipality comes from single-family households (97.1%) where it is measured to 88 tonnes CO2e of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the municipality. Waste containers from storey apartments are generally better to empty more frequently as the waste containers only contain OFMSW and therefore not shared with other fraction (residual waste). This means that more OFMSW is removed each time the container is emptied, and thus more greenhouse gas emissions is mitigated. A 180-liter one-room waste container can potentially discharge 2,4 kg of CO2-e and a two-part waste container can discharge 0,9 kg of CO2-e, at an average of 5 days of storage where the costs of emptying the container is 9,3 DKK for both types of waste containers.In the reference sample (0 days of storage) the OFMSW has a contribution margin of 226.73 DKK/tonne in 2018 for a biogas plant. The contribution margin is lowered with 51,14 DKK/tons for each ten-percentage point loss due to biodegradation of OFMSW. The use of the OFMSW as a biomass for biogas plants supports several Ecosystem Services since OFMSW is used for biogas production and recycling of nutrients. The focus of Lejre Municipality in relation to OFMSW is generally on mis-sorted materials and percentage of recycled material, which are based on political objectives and the EU Waste Frame Directive.There is a gap in the production chain between the municipal waste management system and the biogas plants use of biomass from the waste management system. This is especially seen in the cost for disposal (495 DKK/tonne) for the OFMSW in comparison to the actual value of the OFMSW (176 DKK/tonne OFMSW 10 % biodegradated). Therefore, there must be created regulations or other measures that connects the biogas plants and the municipal waste management of the OFMSW.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how danish consumers are able to interact within their available food systems, in regards to purchasing sustainable food. Through the lens of design theory we look at the different available platforms, both well established and niche. We will examine how the specific elements or characteristics of the different platforms, affords the ability to make purchasing sustainable food possible. We have found that the available platforms can hardly be said to afford the ability for danish consumers to purchase sustainable food. In order to rectify this, the consumers needs access to information on sustainable parameters while shopping and also higher levels of transparency. Digital solutions bear the potential to make this possible by increased access to information and utilization of feedback and mapping.