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2. Lived Nation as the History of Experiences and Emotions in Finland, 1800-2000

Author

Kivimäki, Ville, Suodenjoki, Sami, and Vahtikari, Tanja

Subjects
Social History, Historiography and Method, History of Modern Europe, Open Access, nation state, welfare state, everyday nationalism, history of emotions, history of experiences, Social & cultural history, Historiography, European history, bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBT History: specific events & topics::HBTB Social & cultural history, bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBA History: theory & methods::HBAH Historiography, bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBJ Regional & national history::HBJD European history
Abstract

This open access book uses Finland in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as an empirical case in order to study the emergence, shaping and renewal of a nation through histories of experience and emotions. It revolves around the following questions: What kinds of experiences have engendered national mobilization and feelings of national belonging? How have political and societal conflicts turned into new communities of experience and emotion? What kinds of experiences have been integrated into, or excluded from, the national context in different instances? How have people internalized or contested the nation as a context for their personal, family and minority-group experiences? In what ways has the nation entered and affected people’s intimate spheres of life? How have “national” experiences been transmitted to children in the renewal of the nation? This edited collection points to the histories of experience and emotions as a novel way of studying nations and nationalism. Building on current debates in nationalism studies, it offers a theoretical framework for analyzing the historical construction of “lived nations,” and introduces a number of new methodological approaches to understand the experiences of the nation, extending from the investigation of personal reminiscences and music records to the study of dreams and children’s drawings.

Published
2021
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4. Seasonal cold adaptation dynamics of some carabid beetle species: Carabus granulatus, Pterostichus oblongopunctatus and Platynus assimilis

Author

Ploomi Angela, Kivimägi Irja, Kruus Eha, Sibul Ivar, Jõgar Katrin, Hiiesaar Külli, and Metspalu Luule

Subjects
coleoptera, carabidae, cold-hardiness, supercooling, Forestry, SD1-669.5
Abstract

Cold-hardiness can be measured by supercooling points – the temperature at which spontaneous freezing occurs. Seasonal changes in supercooling point were assessed in field-collected predacious carabid beetle species: Carabus granulatus L., Pterostichus oblongopunctatus L. and Platynus assimilis Payk. (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Supercooling ability of these beetles changed seasonally. The tested carabid beetles proved to belong to freeze-avoiding cryotype.

Published
2012
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6. School environment as predictor of teacher sick leave: data-linked prospective cohort study

Author

Ervasti Jenni, Kivimäki Mika, Kawachi Ichiro, Subramanian SV, Pentti Jaana, Oksanen Tuula, Puusniekka Riikka, Pohjonen Tiina, Vahtera Jussi, and Virtanen Marianna

Subjects
Bullying, Multilevel, Perceived indoor air, School satisfaction, Ventilation, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) and psychosocial problems are common in schools worldwide, yet longitudinal research on the issue is scarce. We examined whether the level of or a change in pupil-reported school environment (IAQ, school satisfaction, and bullying) predicts recorded sick leaves among teachers. Methods Changes in the school environment were assessed using pupil surveys at two time points (2001/02 and 2004/05) in 92 secondary schools in Finland. Variables indicating change were based on median values at baseline. We linked these data to individual-level records of teachers’ (n = 1678) sick leaves in 2001–02 and in 2004–05. Results Multilevel multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for baseline sick leave and covariates showed a decreased risk for short-term (one to three days) sick leaves among teachers working in schools with good perceived IAQ at both times (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.5-0.9), and for those with a positive change in IAQ (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9), compared to teachers in schools where IAQ was constantly poor. Negative changes in pupil school satisfaction (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1-2.8) and bullying (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0-2.3) increased the risk for short-term leaves among teachers when compared to teachers in schools where the level of satisfaction and bullying had remained stable. School environment factors were not associated with long-term sick leaves. Conclusions Good and improved IAQ are associated with decreased teacher absenteeism. While pupil-related psychosocial factors also contribute to sick leaves, no effect modification or mediation of psychosocial factors on the association between IAQ and sick leave was observed.

Published
2012
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7. Living alone and antidepressant medication use: a prospective study in a working-age population

Author

Pulkki-Råback Laura, Kivimäki Mika, Ahola Kirsi, Joutsenniemi Kaisla, Elovainio Marko, Rossi Helena, Puttonen Sampsa, Koskinen Seppo, Isometsä Erkki, Lönnqvist Jouko, and Virtanen Marianna

Subjects
Mental health, Antidepressant medication, Living arrangement, Psychosocial factors, Socioeconomic, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background An increasing proportion of the population lives in one-person households. The authors examined whether living alone predicts the use of antidepressant medication and whether socioeconomic, psychosocial, or behavioral factors explain this association. Methods The participants were a nationally representative sample of working-age Finns from the Health 2000 Study, totaling 1695 men and 1776 women with a mean age of 44.6 years. In the baseline survey in 2000, living arrangements (living alone vs. not) and potential explanatory factors, including psychosocial factors (social support, work climate, hostility), sociodemographic factors (occupational grade, education, income, unemployment, urbanicity, rental living, housing conditions), and health behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, obesity), were measured. Antidepressant medication use was followed up from 2000 to 2008 through linkage to national prescription registers. Results Participants living alone had a 1.81-fold (CI = 1.46-2.23) higher purchase rate of antidepressants during the follow-up period than those who did not live alone. Adjustment for sociodemographic factors attenuated this association by 21% (adjusted OR = 1.64, CI = 1.32-2.05). The corresponding attenuation was 12% after adjustment for psychosocial factors (adjusted OR = 1.71, CI = 1.38-2.11) and 9% after adjustment for health behaviors (adjusted OR = 1.74, CI = 1.41-2.14). Gender-stratified analyses showed that in women the greatest attenuation was related to sociodemographic factors and in men to psychosocial factors. Conclusions These data suggest that people living alone may be at increased risk of developing mental health problems. The public health value is in recognizing that people who live alone are more likely to have material and psychosocial problems that may contribute to excess mental health problems in this population group.

Published
2012
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8. Comparison of alternative versions of the job demand-control scales in 17 European cohort studies: the IPD-Work consortium

Author

Fransson Eleonor I, Nyberg Solja T, Heikkilä Katriina, Alfredsson Lars, Bacquer De Dirk, Batty G David, Bonenfant Sébastien, Casini Annalisa, Clays Els, Goldberg Marcel, Kittel France, Koskenvuo Markku, Knutsson Anders, Leineweber Constanze, Magnusson Hanson Linda L, Nordin Maria, Singh-Manoux Archana, Suominen Sakari, Vahtera Jussi, Westerholm Peter, Westerlund Hugo, Zins Marie, Theorell Töres, and Kivimäki Mika

Subjects
Job demands, Job control, Job strain, Work stress, Agreement, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background Job strain (i.e., high job demands combined with low job control) is a frequently used indicator of harmful work stress, but studies have often used partial versions of the complete multi-item job demands and control scales. Understanding whether the different instruments assess the same underlying concepts has crucial implications for the interpretation of findings across studies, harmonisation of multi-cohort data for pooled analyses, and design of future studies. As part of the 'IPD-Work' (Individual-participant-data meta-analysis in working populations) consortium, we compared different versions of the demands and control scales available in 17 European cohort studies. Methods Six of the 17 studies had information on the complete scales and 11 on partial scales. Here, we analyse individual level data from 70 751 participants of the studies which had complete scales (5 demand items, 6 job control items). Results We found high Pearson correlation coefficients between complete scales of job demands and control relative to scales with at least three items (r > 0.90) and for partial scales with two items only (r = 0.76-0.88). In comparison with scores from the complete scales, the agreement between job strain definitions was very good when only one item was missing in either the demands or the control scale (kappa > 0.80); good for job strain assessed with three demand items and all six control items (kappa > 0.68) and moderate to good when items were missing from both scales (kappa = 0.54-0.76). The sensitivity was > 0.80 when only one item was missing from either scale, decreasing when several items were missing in one or both job strain subscales. Conclusions Partial job demand and job control scales with at least half of the items of the complete scales, and job strain indices based on one complete and one partial scale, seemed to assess the same underlying concepts as the complete survey instruments.

Published
2012
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9. Effect of Apolipoprotein E ε4 on the association between health behaviors and cognitive function in late midlife

Author

Singh-Manoux Archana, Shipley Martin J, Kivimaki Mika, Kumari Meena, and Sabia Séverine

Subjects
Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429, Geriatrics, RC952-954.6
Abstract

Abstract The extent to which the effect of risk factors on cognitive ageing is dependent on APOE ε4 remains unclear. The objective of this study is to examine whether APOE ε4 allele modifies the association between health behaviors and cognition in late midlife. Data are drawn from 5447 participants of the Whitehall II study, health behaviors were assessed in 1997-1999 (mean age = 55.6, Standard Deviation (SD) = 6.0) and APOE genotype and cognitive function in 2002-2004 (mean age = 60.9, SD = 5.9). Among APOE ε4 non-carriers, current smokers had lower scores on memory (difference in T-score = -2.49, 95%CI: -3.37, -1.60), reasoning (-2.88, 95%CI: -3.74, -2.01), phonemic (-2.66, 95%CI: -3.56, -1.76) and semantic (-2.38, 95%CI: -3.28, -1.47) fluency compared to never smokers. In APOE ε4 carriers, difference between current and never smokers was seen only for reasoning (-1.92, 95%CI: -3.31, -0.51). Interaction terms supported differential effects of smoking as a function of APOE ε4 status for memory (p = 0.01), and phonemic (p = 0.008) and semantic fluency (p = 0.02). Cognitive scores were lower among non-drinkers compared to moderate drinkers, among the sedentary participants and those who ate fruits and vegetable less than 2 times per day irrespective of APOE ε4 status. This study suggests that the APOE ε4 allele modifies the association of smoking but not that of other health behaviors - alcohol consumption, physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption - with cognitive function in late midlife.

Published
2010
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10. Contribution of parental and school personnel smoking to health risk behaviours among Finnish adolescents

Author

Jokela Jukka, Luopa Pauliina, Kivimäki Mika, Pietikäinen Minna, Virtanen Marianna, Elovainio Marko, and Vahtera Jussi

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background This study compared parental smoking with school personnel smoking in relation to adolescents' smoking behaviours, alcohol use, and illicit drug use. Methods A cross-sectional survey for 24,379 adolescents was linked to a survey for 1946 school employees in 136 Finnish schools in 2004-2005. Surveys included smoking prevalence reported by school staff, adolescents' reports of school staff and parental smoking, adolescents' own smoking behaviours, alcohol use, and illicit drug use. Multilevel analyses were adjusted for individual and school-level confounding factors. Results Parental smoking was associated with all health risk behaviours among both sexes (risk range 1.39 to 1.95 for other outcomes; Odds Ratio OR for smoking cessation 0.64, 95% Confidence Interval CI: 0.57, 0.72 among boys, 0.72; 0.64, 0.81 among girls). Among boys, high vs. low smoking prevalence among school personnel was associated with higher probability of smoking (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.01,1.41), higher frequency of smoking during school time (Cumulative Odds Ratio COR 1.81; 95% CI 1.32, 2.48), frequent alcohol use (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.01, 1.50), illicit drug use (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.16, 1.69), and higher odds of reporting adults smoking at school (COR 1.51; 95% CI 1.09, 2.09). Among girls, high smoking prevalence among school personnel was related to higher odds of smoking (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.02, 1.37) and lower odds of smoking cessation (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.72, 0.99). Conclusion Parental smoking and school personnel smoking are both associated with adolescents' health risk behaviours but the association of parental smoking seems to be stronger.

Published
2009
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11. Sense of coherence and attrition during four-year follow-up in cohorts of permanent and non-permanent Finnish employees

Author

Pentti Jaana, Kivimäki Mika, Virtanen Pekka, Liukkonen Virpi, and Vahtera Jussi

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background We studied whether health resources, measured as sense of coherence (SOC), are associated with participation in a follow-up survey among permanent and non-permanent employees who responded at baseline. Methods Of a cohort of 5,981 permanent employees, those who after four years were still in the service of the same employer were asked to participate in a follow-up survey. Another cohort consisted of 2,194 fixed-term and 682 subsidised employees; among these the follow-up survey was posted to those whose addresses were found in the population register. Non-participation was divided into loss to follow-up (i.e., failure to locate the individual, death and, among permanent employees, turnover or exit from labour market) and non-response to the follow-up survey. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine whether the respondents differed from the non-respondents with respect to SOC and other characteristics at baseline. Results Among permanent employees the follow-up survey yielded 3,998 respondents, 1,051 were lost, and 932 did not reply. Among non-permanent employees the follow-up survey yielded 1,563 respondents on initially fixed-term and 467 on subsidised contracts, the corresponding figures for those lost were 145 and 38, and for the non-respondents 486 and 177. Low SOC was associated with lower response rate among fixed-term but not among permanent or subsidised employees. No association was found between SOC and loss to follow-up. Conclusion SOC is a potential source of non-random sample attrition and should be taken into account for when estimating bias due to non-participation in occupational cohorts that include fixed-term employees.

Published
2008
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12. Team climate, intention to leave and turnover among hospital employees: Prospective cohort study

Author

Virtanen Marianna, Länsisalmi Hannakaisa, Pentti Jaana, Vanhala Anna, Kivimäki Mika, Elovainio Marko, and Vahtera Jussi

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background In hospitals, the costs of employee turnover are substantial and intentions to leave among staff may manifest as lowered performance. We examined whether team climate, as indicated by clear and shared goals, participation, task orientation and support for innovation, predicts intention to leave the job and actual turnover among hospital employees. Methods Prospective study with baseline and follow-up surveys (2–4 years apart). The participants were 6,441 (785 men, 5,656 women) hospital employees under the age of 55 at the time of follow-up survey. Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used as an analysis method to include both individual and work unit level predictors in the models. Results Among stayers with no intention to leave at baseline, lower self-reported team climate predicted higher likelihood of having intentions to leave at follow-up (odds ratio per 1 standard deviation decrease in team climate was 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.4–1.8). Lower co-worker assessed team climate at follow-up was also association with such intentions (odds ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.4–2.4). Among all participants, the likelihood of actually quitting the job was higher for those with poor self-reported team climate at baseline. This association disappeared after adjustment for intention to leave at baseline suggesting that such intentions may explain the greater turnover rate among employees with low team climate. Conclusion Improving team climate may reduce intentions to leave and turnover among hospital employees.

Published
2007
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14. Employment status and differences in the one-year coverage of physician visits: different needs or unequal access to services?

Author

Kivimäki Mika, Virtanen Pekka, Vahtera Jussi, and Koskenvuo Markku

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background The dichotomy employed vs. unemployed is still a relevant, but rather crude measure of status in current labour markets. Also, studies concerning the association of employment status with health have to specify the type of the employment as well as the characteristics of the unemployment. This study aims to reveal differences and potential inequalities in physician visits among seven groups in the core-periphery structures of the labour markets. Methods A total of 16 000 Finns responded to a postal survey in 2003. Their visits to physicians in public primary health care, occupational health care, private health services, hospital outpatient clinics and dental care services during previous year were measured as indicators of service utilisation. Participants were classified as employees having a permanent or fixed-term and full-time or part-time contract and as those experiencing short-term, prolonged or long-term unemployment. Differences in the one-year coverage of physician visits between these groups of employees were analysed using logistic regression analyses where differences in the need for services were controlled for by including demographics and self-rated health assessments in the models. Results Permanently employed respondents had visited a physician most often, and the need-adjusted regression models showed significantly lower odds ratios for a visit among fixed-term employees (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.53–0.81) and in particular among the long-term unemployed (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.14–0.31). A stratified analysis according to health care sector showed the lowest odds ratios in occupational health care and private physicians (ORs between 0.05 and 0.73) and also low odds ratios for dentists (ORs between 0.45 and 0.91), whereas visits to public primary health care were more common among non-permanent employees and the unemployed (ORs between 1.46 and 2.39). Conclusion The use of physician services varies according to labour market status, being relatively low among the non-permanently employed and the unemployed. This underuse is emphasised when clinical need is taken into account. The main reasons for the variance evidently lie in the structures of the Finnish health service system. The result may indicate non-optimal health care of the population on the periphery of the labour market, but it may also reflect the importance of employment status as a context for need and the decision to visit a physician.

Published
2006
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15. Psychometric evaluation of a short measure of social capital at work

Author

Virtanen Marianna, Cox Tom, Elovainio Marko, Oksanen Tuula, Vahtera Jussi, Kivimäki Mika, Kouvonen Anne, Pentti Jaana, Cox Sara J, and Wilkinson Richard G

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background Prior studies on social capital and health have assessed social capital in residential neighbourhoods and communities, but the question whether the concept should also be applicable in workplaces has been raised. The present study reports on the psychometric properties of an 8-item measure of social capital at work. Methods Data were derived from the Finnish Public Sector Study (N = 48,592) collected in 2000–2002. Based on face validity, an expert unfamiliar with the data selected 8 questionnaire items from the available items for a scale of social capital. Reliability analysis included tests of internal consistency, item-total correlations, and within-unit (interrater) agreement by rwg index. The associations with theoretically related and unrelated constructs were examined to assess convergent and divergent validity (construct validity). Criterion-related validity was explored with respect to self-rated health using multilevel logistic regression models. The effects of individual level and work unit level social capital were modelled on self-rated health. Results The internal consistency of the scale was good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88). The rwg index was 0.88, which indicates a significant within-unit agreement. The scale was associated with, but not redundant to, conceptually close constructs such as procedural justice, job control, and effort-reward imbalance. Its associations with conceptually more distant concepts, such as trait anxiety and magnitude of change in work, were weaker. In multilevel models, significantly elevated age adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of poor self-rated health (OR = 2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.24–2.61 for the women and OR = 2.99, 95% CI: 2.56–3.50 for the men) were observed for the employees in the lowest vs. highest quartile of individual level social capital. In addition, low social capital at the work unit level was associated with a higher likelihood of poor self-rated health. Conclusion Psychometric techniques show our 8-item measure of social capital to be a valid tool reflecting the construct and displaying the postulated links with other variables.

Published
2006
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16. Effort-reward imbalance at work and the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors: cross-sectional survey in a sample of 36,127 public sector employees

Author

Elovainio Marko, Heponiemi Tarja, Virtanen Marianna, Kivimäki Mika, Kouvonen Anne, Pentti Jaana, Linna Anne, and Vahtera Jussi

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background In occupational life, a mismatch between high expenditure of effort and receiving few rewards may promote the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors, however, there is insufficient evidence to support or refute this hypothesis. The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which the dimensions of the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) model – effort, rewards and ERI – are associated with the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors. Methods Based on data from the Finnish Public Sector Study, cross-sectional analyses were performed for 28,894 women and 7233 men. ERI was conceptualized as a ratio of effort and rewards. To control for individual differences in response styles, such as a personal disposition to answer negatively to questionnaires, occupational and organizational -level ecological ERI scores were constructed in addition to individual-level ERI scores. Risk factors included current smoking, heavy drinking, body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, and physical inactivity. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the likelihood of having one risk factor, two risk factors, and three or four risk factors. The associations between ERI and single risk factors were explored using binary logistic regression models. Results After adjustment for age, socioeconomic position, marital status, and type of job contract, women and men with high ecological ERI were 40% more likely to have simultaneously ≥3 lifestyle risk factors (vs. 0 risk factors) compared with their counterparts with low ERI. When examined separately, both low ecological effort and low ecological rewards were also associated with an elevated prevalence of risk factor co-occurrence. The results obtained with the individual-level scores were in the same direction. The associations of ecological ERI with single risk factors were generally less marked than the associations with the co-occurrence of risk factors. Conclusion This study suggests that a high ratio of occupational efforts relative to rewards may be associated with an elevated risk of having multiple lifestyle risk factors. However, an unexpected association between low effort and a higher likelihood of risk factor co-occurrence as well as the absence of data on overcommitment (and thereby a lack of full test of the ERI model) warrant caution in regard to the extent to which the entire ERI model is supported by our evidence.

Published
2006
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17. Continued Violence and Troublesome Pasts: Post-war Europe between the Victors after the Second World War

Author

Kivimäki, Ville and Karonen, Petri

Subjects
second world war, violence, postwar period, sex crimes, europe, Finland, Germany, Nazism, Rape, Red Army, Soviet Union, bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBL History: earliest times to present day::HBLW 20th century history: c 1900 to c 2000::HBLW3 Postwar 20th century history, from c 1945 to c 2000, bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBW Military history::HBWQ Second World War, bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences, bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFE Violence in society, bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFE Violence in society::JFFE2 Sexual abuse & harassment
Abstract

In most European countries, the horrific legacy of 1939–45 has made it quite difficult to remember the war with much glory. Despite the Anglo-American memory narrative of saving democracy from totalitarianism and the Soviet epic of the Great Patriotic War, the fundamental experience of war for so many Europeans was that of immense personal losses and often meaningless hardships. The anthology at hand focuses on these histories between the victors: on the cases of Hungary, Estonia, Poland, Austria, Finland, and Germany and on the respective, often gendered experiences of defeat. The book’s chapters underline the asynchronous transition to peace in individual experiences, when compared to the smooth timelines of national and international historiographies. Furthermore, it is important to note that instead of a linear chronology, both personal and collective histories tend to return back to the moments of violence and loss, thus forming continuous cycles of remembrance and forgetting. Several of the authors also pay specific attention to the constructed and contested nature of national histories in these cycles. The role of these ‘in-between’ countries – and even more their peoples’ multifaceted experiences – will add to the widening European history of the aftermath, thereby challenging the conventional dichotomies and periodisations. In the aftermath of the seventieth anniversary of 1945, it is still too early to regard the post-war period as mere history, the memory politics and rhetoric of the Second World War and its aftermath are again being used and abused to serve contemporary power politics in Europe

Published
2017
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19. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

Dicker, Daniel, Nguyen, Grant, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Pawan, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Ars&#232, ne Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh brahim, Ahmed, Sayem, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alebel, Animut, Aleman, Alicia V, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala&apos, a, Alla, Fran&#231, ois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine A, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Anlay, Degefaye Zelalem, Ansari, Hossein, Ansariadi, Ansariadi, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Aremu, Olatunde, Areri, Habtamu Abera, 196, rnl&#246, v, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asadi-Lari, Mohsen, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Assadi, Reza, Ataro, Zerihun, Atey, Tesfay Mehari Mehari, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atique, Suleman, Atre, Sachin R, Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan, Attia, Engi F, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide F G A, Awasthi, Ashish, Awuah, Baffour, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayele, Yohanes, Ayer, Rakesh, Ayuk, Tambe B, Azzopardi, Peter S, Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bali, Ayele Geleto, Banach, Maciej, Banstola, Amrit, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basaleem, Huda, Bassat, Quique, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, B&#233, jot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Belay, Aregawi Gebreyesus, Belay, Ezra, Belay, Saba Abraham, Belay, 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Shibuya, Kenji, Shifa, Girma Temam, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shiue, Ivy, Shokraneh, Farhad, Shrime, Mark G, Shukla, Sharvari Rahul, Si, Si, Siabani, Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq J, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, Jo&#227, o Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singam, Narayana Sarma Venkata, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Anju Pradhan, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sitas, Freddy, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soares Filho, Adauto Martins, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Sobhani, Soheila, Soofi, Moslem, Soriano, Joan B, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Srivastava, Rakesh Kumar, Starodubov, Vladimir I, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Stewart, Leo G, Stokes, Mark A, Sudaryanto, Agus, Sufiyan, Mu&apos, awiyyah Babale, Sulo, Gerhard, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick John, Sutradhar, Ipsita, Sykes, Bryan L, Sylaja, P N, Sylte, Dillon O, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabar&#233, s-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Tandon, Nikhil, Tassew, Aberash Abay, Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tawye, Nega Yimer, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw, Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin, Temesgen, Habtamu, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Omar, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Teshale, Manaye Yihune, Tessema, Belay, Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu, Thakur, Jarnail Singh, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, Thomas, Laura Anne, Thomas, Nihal, Thrift, Amanda G, Tilahun, Binyam, Quyen G, To, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Torre, Anna E, Tortajada-Girb&#233, s, Miguel, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tripathi, Suryakant, Tripathy, Srikanth Prasad, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Truong, Nu Thi, Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Tuzcu, E Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Ullah, Irfan, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzun, Selen Beg&#252, m, Vaduganathan, Muthiah, Vaezi, Afsane, Vaidya, Gaurang, Valdez, Pascual R, Varavikova, Elena, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Villafaina, Santos, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Vosoughi, Kia, Vujcic, Isidora S, Wagner, Gregory R, Wagnew, Fasil Wagnew Shiferaw, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanping, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wassie, Molla Mesele, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Weiss, Jordan, Weldegebreal, Fitsum, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Widecka, Justyna, Widecka, Katarzyna, Wijeratne, Tissa, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wondemagegn, Sintayehu Ambachew, Shouling, Wu, Wyper, Grant M A, Gelin, Xu, Yadav, Rajaram, Yakob, Bereket, Yamada, Tomohide, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasin, Yasin Jemal, Pengpeng, Ye, Yearwood, Jamal A, Yent&#252, r, G&#246, kalp Kadri, Yeshaneh, Alex, Yimer, Ebrahim M, Yip, Paul, Yisma, Engida, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, York, Hunter W, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Chuanhua, Yu, Zachariah, Geevar, Zadnik, Vesna, Zafar, Shamsa, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zare, Zohreh, Zeeb, Hajo, Zeleke, Mulugeta Molla, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Kai, Zhang, Xueying, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zucker, Inbar, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna J, Lopez, Alan D, Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Murray, Christopher J L

Subjects
mortality, life expectancy, global burden of disease
Published
2018

20. Semi-Supervised Classification Through the Bag-of-Paths Group Betweenness

Author

Lebichot, Bertrand, Kivim��ki, Ilkka, Fran��oisse, Kevin, and Saerens, Marco

Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer Science - Learning, Statistics - Machine Learning, Machine Learning (stat.ML), Machine Learning (cs.LG)
Abstract

This paper introduces a novel, well-founded, betweenness measure, called the Bag-of-Paths (BoP) betweenness, as well as its extension, the BoP group betweenness, to tackle semisupervised classification problems on weighted directed graphs. The objective of semi-supervised classification is to assign a label to unlabeled nodes using the whole topology of the graph and the labeled nodes at our disposal. The BoP betweenness relies on a bag-of-paths framework assigning a Boltzmann distribution on the set of all possible paths through the network such that long (high-cost) paths have a low probability of being picked from the bag, while short (low-cost) paths have a high probability of being picked. Within that context, the BoP betweenness of node j is defined as the sum of the a posteriori probabilities that node j lies in-between two arbitrary nodes i, k, when picking a path starting in i and ending in k. Intuitively, a node typically receives a high betweenness if it has a large probability of appearing on paths connecting two arbitrary nodes of the network. This quantity can be computed in closed form by inverting a n x n matrix where n is the number of nodes. For the group betweenness, the paths are constrained to start and end in nodes within the same class, therefore defining a group betweenness for each class. Unlabeled nodes are then classified according to the class showing the highest group betweenness. Experiments on various real-world data sets show that BoP group betweenness outperforms all the tested state of-the-art methods. The benefit of the BoP betweenness is particularly noticeable when only a few labeled nodes are available., 13 pages, 5 figures

Published
2012

21. Work stress and risk of cancer:meta-analysis of 5700 incident cancer events in 116 000 European men and women

Author

Heikkil�, Katriina, Nyberg, Solja T, Theorell, T�res, Fransson, Eleonor I, Alfredsson, Lars, Bjorner, Jakob B, Bonenfant, S�bastien, Borritz, Marianne, Bouillon, Kim, Burr, Herman, Dragano, Nico, Geuskens, Goedele A, Goldberg, Marcel, Hamer, Mark, Hooftman, Wendela E, Houtman, Irene L, Joensuu, Matti, Knutsson, Anders, Koskenvuo, Markku, Koskinen, Aki, Kouvonen, Anne, Madsen, Ida Elisabeth Huitfeldt, Magnusson Hanson, Linda L, Marmot, Michael G, Nielsen, Martin L., Nordin, Maria, Oksanen, Tuula, Pentti, Jaana, Salo, Paula, Rugulies, Reiner Ernst, Steptoe, Andrew, Suominen, Sakari, Vahtera, Jussi, Virtanen, Marianna, V��n�nen, Ari, Westerholm, Peter, Westerlund, Hugo, Zins, Marie, Ferrie, Jane E, Singh-Manoux, Archana, Batty, George David, Kivim�ki, Mika, Consortium, IPD-Work, Heikkil�, Katriina, Nyberg, Solja T, Theorell, T�res, Fransson, Eleonor I, Alfredsson, Lars, Bjorner, Jakob B, Bonenfant, S�bastien, Borritz, Marianne, Bouillon, Kim, Burr, Herman, Dragano, Nico, Geuskens, Goedele A, Goldberg, Marcel, Hamer, Mark, Hooftman, Wendela E, Houtman, Irene L, Joensuu, Matti, Knutsson, Anders, Koskenvuo, Markku, Koskinen, Aki, Kouvonen, Anne, Madsen, Ida Elisabeth Huitfeldt, Magnusson Hanson, Linda L, Marmot, Michael G, Nielsen, Martin L., Nordin, Maria, Oksanen, Tuula, Pentti, Jaana, Salo, Paula, Rugulies, Reiner Ernst, Steptoe, Andrew, Suominen, Sakari, Vahtera, Jussi, Virtanen, Marianna, V��n�nen, Ari, Westerholm, Peter, Westerlund, Hugo, Zins, Marie, Ferrie, Jane E, Singh-Manoux, Archana, Batty, George David, Kivim�ki, Mika, and Consortium, IPD-Work

Published
2013

22. A Graph-Based Approach to Skill Extraction from Text

Author

Kivim"aki, Ilkka, Panchenko, Alexander, Dessy, Adrien, Verdegem, Dries, Francq, Pascal, Bersini, Hugues, Saerens, Marco, Kivim"aki, Ilkka, Panchenko, Alexander, Dessy, Adrien, Verdegem, Dries, Francq, Pascal, Bersini, Hugues, and Saerens, Marco

Abstract

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2013

31. Relationship between DRD4 Polymorphism and Lipid Metabolism: What Is the Role of Novelty Seeking?

Author

Elovainio, Marko, Puttonen, Sampsa, Heponiemi, Tarja, Reuter, Martin, Kivim, Mika, and Keltikangas-Järvinen, Liisa

Subjects
GENETIC polymorphisms, DOPAMINE, CARDIOVASCULAR diseases, CHOLESTEROL, LIPIDS, GENETIC regulation
Abstract

Objective: This study examined the association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene polymorphism with the temperament dimension of novelty seeking (NS) on cardiovascular heart disease risk factors [the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides]. Method: From the ongoing population-based study of ‘Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns’, 125 participants were DRD4 genotyped in 1997 and responded to the NS scale of the Temperament and Character Inventory in 2001. Their cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were assessed in 2001. Results: Having a 2- or 5-allele DRD4 polymorphism was related to high HDL cholesterol levels in men, but to low HDL cholesterol levels in women. NS was related to triglycerides in men and to LDL in women, but this was mediated by behavioral, age, and weight factors, and NS was not the underlying factor for the association between the polymorphism and lipids. Conclusion: Our preliminary findings suggest that there is a link between the dopaminergic receptor gene DRD4 and lipid metabolism, but this link is dependent on gender. Copyright © 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
Full Text
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32. The Long Peace of ASEAN.

Author

Kivim ä ki, Timo

Subjects
*PEACE, SOUTHEAST Asian politics & government
Abstract

According to the constructivist theory of liberal democratic peace, intersubjective social realities are often more important in the construction of pacific unions of interstate peace. In order to demonstrate the importance of social construction rather than objective matters as a source of peace, previous studies have discussed cases where democracies appear to have fought one another. This article, instead of showing how objective factors fail to contribute to liberal democratic peace if the intersubjective consensus is lacking, shows how the intersubjective consensus about the common interests, norms, and identity has contributed to the interstate peace among the illiberal non-democracies of Southeast Asia. The long peace among the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in 1968-94 is compared to the bellicose period of the Malaysian confrontation, when most of the objective bases for the perception of common interests, common commitment to democratic procedures and liberal norms, and institutional restraints on war were arguably stronger than during the long peace. The intention is to show how even the political elite groups of illiberal non-democracies can manipulate the social consciousness for the purpose of creating a pacific union, similar to the one which has been socially constructed by liberal democracies. At the same time the study provides indirect support for the constructivist theory of liberal democratic peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2001
Full Text
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35. Using pattern mixture modeling to account for informative attrition in the Whitehall II study: A simulation study

Author

Welch, Catherine, Shipley, Martin, Sabia, Séverine, Brunner, Eric, and Kivim, Mika

Abstract

Attrition is one potential bias that occurs in longitudinal studies when participants drop out and is informative when the reason for attrition is associated with the study outcome. However, this is impossible to check because the data we need to confirm informative attrition are missing. When data are missing at random (MAR), the probability of missingness not being associated with the missing values conditional on the observed data, one appropriate approach for handling missing data is multiple imputation (MI). However, when attrition results in the data being missing not at random (MNAR), the probability of missing data is associated with the values missing, so we cannot use MI directly. An alternative approach is pattern mixture modeling, which specifies the distribution of the observed data, which we know, and the missing data, which we dont know. We can estimate the missing data models, using observations about the data, and average the estimates of the two models using MI. Many longitudinal clinical trials have a monotone missing pattern (once participants drop out, they do not return), which simplifies MI, so use pattern mixture modeling as a sensitivity analysis. However, in observational studies, data are missing because of nonresponses and attrition, which is a more complex setting for handling attrition compared with clinical trials. For this study, we used data from the Whitehall II study. Data were first collected on over 10,000 civil servants in 1985 and data collection phases are repeated every 2-3 years. Participants complete a health and lifestyle questionnaire and, at alternate , odd-numbered phases, attend a screening clinic. Over 30 years, many epidemiological studies used these data. One study investigated how smoking status at baseline (Phase 5) was associated with a 10-year cognitive decline using a mixed model with random intercept and slope. In these analyses, the authors replaced missing values in non-responders with last observed values. However, participants with reduced cognitive function may be unable to continue participation in the Whitehall II study, which may bias the statistical analysis. Using Stata, we will simulate 1,000 datasets with the same distributions and associations as Whitehall II to perform the statistical analysis described above. First, we will develop a MAR missingness mechanism (conditional on previously observed values) and change cognitive function values to missing. Next, for attrition, we will use a MNAR missingness mechanism (conditional on measurements at the same phase). For both MAR and MNAR missingness mechanisms, we will compare the bias and precision from an analysis of simulated datasets without any missing data with a complete case analysis and an analysis of data imputed using MI; additionally, for the MNAR missingness mechanism, we will use pattern mixture modeling. We will use the twofold fully conditional specification (FCS) algorithm to impute missing values for nonresponders and to average estimates when using pattern mixture modeling. The twofold FCS algorithm imputes each phase sequentially conditional on observed information at adjacent phases, so is a suitable approach for imputing missing values in longitudinal data. The user-written package for this approach, twofold, is available on the Statistical Software Components (SSC) archive. We will present the methods used to perform the study and results from these comparisons.

37. Confronting Sukarno/The Genesis of Konfrontasi (Book).

Author

Kivim ä ki, Timo

Subjects
CONFRONTING Sukarno (Book), SUBRITZKY, John, GENESIS of Konfrontasi: Malaysia, Brunei & Indonesia 1945-1965, The (Book), POULGRAIN, Greg
Abstract

Reviews two books on international conflict management. 'Confronting Sukarno: British, American, Australian and New Zealand Diplomacy in the Malaysian-Indonesian Confrontation, 1961-5,' by John Subritzky; 'The Genesis of Konfrontasi: Malaysia Brunei Indonesia 1945-1965,' by Greg Poulgrain.

Published
2001

38. Burden of non-communicable diseases among adolescents aged 10-24 years in the EU, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

Author

Armocida, Benedetta, Monasta, Lorenzo, Sawyer, Susan, Bustreo, Flavia, Segafredo, Giulia, Castelpietra, Giulio, Ronfani, Luca, Pasovic, Maja, Hay, Simon, Perel, Pablo, Beran, David, Sawyer, Susan M., Hay, Simon I., Abila, Derrick Bary, Abolhassani, Hassan, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Adekanmbi, Victor, Ahmadi, Keivan, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Aldeyab, Mamoon A., Al-Jumaily, Adel, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Arumugam, Ashokan, Attia, Sameh, Aujayeb, Avinash, Ausloos, Marcel, Baker, Jennifer L., Barone-Adesi, Francesco, Barra, Fabio, Barteit, Sandra, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Béjot, Yannick, Belo, Luis, Bennett, Derrick A., Bikbov, Boris, Bikov, Andras, Blyuss, Oleg, Breitner, Susanne, Brenner, Hermann, Carreras, Giulia, Carvalho, Márcia, Catapano, Alberico L., Chandan, Joht Singh, Charalampous, Periklis, Chen, Simiao, Conde, Joao, Cruz-Martins, Natália, Damiani, Giovanni, Dastiridou, Anna, de la Torre-Luque, Alejandro, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Dias da Silva, Diana, Douiri, Abdel, Dragioti, Elena, Engelbert Bain, Luchuo, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Ferrara, Pietro, Ferreira de Oliveira, José Miguel P., Ferrero, Simone, Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo, Fischer, Florian, Fonseca, Diogo, Gaewkhiew, Piyada, Gaihre, Santosh, Gallus, Silvano, Gaspar Fonseca, Mariana, Gill, Paramjit, Glasbey, James C., Gorini, Giuseppe, Gupta, Vijai Kumar, Gurara, Mekdes Kondale, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasan, M Tasdik, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Heibati, Behzad, Hellemons, Merel E., Herteliu, Claudiu, Hussain, Salman, Isola, Gaetano, Johnson, Olatunji, Jonas, Jost B., Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Karch, André, Kauppila, Joonas H., Kayode, Gbenga A., Khan, Moien A. B., Khatab, Khaled, Kivimäki, Mika, Klugar, Miloslav, Klugarová, Jitka, Koly, Kamrun Nahar, Koyanagi, Ai, Kurmi, Om P., Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lallukka, Tea, Lamnisos, Demetris, Langguth, Berthold, Larsson, Anders O., Lauriola, Paolo, Lee, Paul H., Leonardi, Matilde, Li, An, Linehan, Christine, López-Bueno, Rubén, Lorkowski, Stefan, Loureiro, Joana A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Magee, Laura A., Magnani, Francesca Giulia, Majeed, Azeem, Makris, Konstantinos Christos, Mathioudakis, Alexander G., Mathur, Manu Raj, McGrath, John J., Menezes, Ritesh G., Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A., Meretoja, Atte, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miao Jonasson, Junmei, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Mirica, Andreea, Moccia, Marcello, Mohammed, Shafiu, Molokhia, Mariam, Mondello, Stefania, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Mulita, Francesk, Munblit, Daniel, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nena, Evangelia, Noor, Nurulamin M., Nowak, Christoph, Ntaios, George, Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka, Oancea, Bogdan, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Ortiz, Alberto, Otoiu, Adrian, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panagiotakos, Demosthenes, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pardhan, Shahina, Patel, Jay, Pedersini, Paolo, Peñalvo, José L., Pensato, Umberto, Pereira, Renato B., Perico, Norberto, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J., Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Raggi, Alberto, Rahimzadeh, Shadi, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rehman, Faizan Ur, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Riad, Abanoub, Rodriguez, Alina, Sacco, Simona, Saeb, Mohammad Reza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Sathian, Brijesh, Sattin, Davide, Saxena, Sonia, Scarmeas, Nikolaos, Schlee, Winfried, Schwendicke, Falk, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse, Shiri, Rahman, Shivalli, Siddharudha, Shivarov, Velizar, Silva, João Pedro, Simpson, Colin R., Skou, Søren T., Socea, Bogdan, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Steiropoulos, Paschalis, Straif, Kurt, Sun, Xiaohui, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Thiyagarajan, Arulmani, Topouzis, Fotis, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Unim, Brigid, Van den Eynde, Jef, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Veroux, Massimiliano, Villafaina, Santos, Vinko, Matej, Violante, Francesco S., Volovici, Victor, Wang, Yanzhong, Westerman, Ronny, Yadegarfar, Mohammad Esmaeil, Yaya, Sanni, Zadnik, Vesna, Zumla, Alimuddin, HASH(0x5651c96cd260), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Public Health, Pulmonary Medicine, Neurosurgery, Collaborators, GBD 2019 Europe NCDs in Adolescents, Lacey, BWH, Yaya, S, HUS Neurocenter, Department of Neurosciences, Armocida B., Monasta L., Sawyer S., Bustreo F., Segafredo G., Castelpietra G., Ronfani L., Pasovic M., Hay S., Sawyer S.M., Hay S.I., Abila D.B., Abolhassani H., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adekanmbi V., Ahmadi K., Al Hamad H., Aldeyab M.A., Al-Jumaily A., Ancuceanu R., Andrei C.L., Andrei T., Arumugam A., Attia S., Aujayeb A., Ausloos M., Baker J.L., Barone-Adesi F., Barra F., Barteit S., Basu S., Baune B.T., Bejot Y., Belo L., Bennett D.A., Bikbov B., Bikov A., Blyuss O., Breitner S., Brenner H., Carreras G., Carvalho M., Catapano A.L., Chandan J.S., Charalampous P., Chen S., Conde J., Cruz-Martins N., Damiani G., Dastiridou A., de la Torre-Luque A., Dianatinasab M., Dias da Silva D., Douiri A., Dragioti E., Engelbert Bain L., Fagbamigbe A.F., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Ferrara P., Ferreira de Oliveira J.M.P., Ferrero S., Ferro Desideri L., Fischer F., Fonseca D.A., Gaewkhiew P., Gaihre S., Gallus S., Gaspar Fonseca M., Gill P.S., Glasbey J.C., Gorini G., Gupta V.K., Gurara M.K., Haro J.M., Hasan M.T., Havmoeller R.J., Heibati B., Hellemons M.E., Herteliu C., Hussain S., Isola G., Johnson O., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Karch A., Kauppila J.H., Kayode G.A., Khan M.A., Khatab K., Kivimaki M., Klugar M., Klugarova J., Koly K.N., Koyanagi A., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lallukka T., Lamnisos D., Langguth B., Larsson A.O., Lauriola P., Lee P.H., Leonardi M., Li A., Linehan C., Lopez-Bueno R., Lorkowski S., Loureiro J.A., Lunevicius R., Magee L.A., Magnani F.G., Majeed A., Makris K.C., Mathioudakis A.G., Mathur M.R., McGrath J.J., Menezes R.G., Mentis A.-F.A., Meretoja A., Mestrovic T., Miao Jonasson J., Miazgowski T., Mirica A., Moccia M., Mohammed S., Molokhia M., Mondello S., Mueller U.O., Mulita F., Munblit D., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Nena E., Noor N.M., Nowak C., Ntaios G., Nwatah V.E., Oancea B., Oguntade A.S., Ortiz A., Otoiu A., Padron-Monedero A., Palladino R., Pana A., Panagiotakos D., Panda-Jonas S., Pardhan S., Patel J., Pedersini P., Penalvo J.L., Pensato U., Pereira R.B., Perico N., Petcu I.-R., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Raggi A., Rahimzadeh S., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rehman F.U., Remuzzi G., Riad A., Rodriguez A., Sacco S., Saeb M.R., Safdarian M., Sathian B., Sattin D., Saxena S., Scarmeas N., Schlee W., Schwendicke F., Shamsizadeh M., Sharew N.T., Shiri R., Shivalli S., Shivarov V., Silva J.P., Simpson C.R., Skou S.T., Socea B., Soyiri I.N., Steiropoulos P., Straif K., Sun X., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Thiyagarajan A., Topouzis F., Tovani-Palone M.R., Truelsen T.C., Unim B., Van den Eynde J., Vasankari T.J., Veroux M., Villafaina S., Vinko M., Violante F.S., Volovici V., Wang Y., Westerman R., Yadegarfar M.E., Yaya S., Zadnik V., Zumla A., Perel P., Beran D., Armocida, B, Monasta, L, Sawyer, S, Ferrara, P, Benedetta, Armocida, Lorenzo, Monasta, Susan, Sawyer, Flavia, Bustreo, Giulia, Segafredo, Giulio, Castelpietra, Luca, Ronfani, Maja, Pasovic, Simon, Hay, Pablo, Perel, David, Beran, Bary Abila, Derrick, Abolhassani, Hassan, Adekanmbi, Victor, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Armocida, Benedetta, Attia, Sameh, Ausloos, Marcel, L Baker, Jennifer, Barteit, Sandra, Basu, Sanjay, Beran, David, Bikbov, Bori, Damiani, Giovanni, de la Torre-Luque, Alejandro, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Dias da Silva, Diana, Douiri, Abdel, Dragioti, Elena, Engelbert Bain, Luchuo, Gaihre, Santosh, C Glasbey, Jame, Kumar Gupta, Vijai, Maria Haro, Josep, Herteliu, Claudiu, Isola, Gaetano, B Jonas, Jost, Jerzy Jozwiak, Jacek, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Karch, André, H Kauppila, Joona, A Kayode, Gbenga, AB Khan, Moien, Khatab, Khaled, Klugarová, Jitka, Kusuma, Dian, López-Bueno, Rubén, Lorkowski, Stefan, Christos Makris, Konstantino, Raj Mathur, Manu, G Menezes, Ritesh, Meretoja, Atte, Moccia, Marcello, Mohammed, Shafiu, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Otto Mueller, Ulrich, Mulita, Francesk, Negoi, Ionut, Irina Negoi, Ruxandra, Oancea, Bogdan, Sikiru Oguntade, Ayodipupo, Ortiz, Alberto, Pana, Adrian, Panagiotakos, Demosthene, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pardhan, Shahina, Pasovic, Maja, Patel, Jay, L Peñalvo, José, B Pereira, Renato, Polinder, Suzanne, J Postma, Maarten, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Laith Rawaf, David, Rawaf, Salman, Ronfani, Luca, Reza Saeb, Mohammad, Sathian, Brijesh, Saxena, Sonia, Pedro Silva, João, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Roberto Tovani-Palone, Marco, Clement Truelsen, Thoma, Juhani Vasankari, Tommi, Villafaina, Santo, Westerman, Ronny, Yaya, Sanni, Zadnik, Vesna, Zumla., and Alimuddin, Sawyer, Susan, Bustreo, Flavia, Segafredo, Giulia, Castelpietra, Giulio, Hay, Simon, Perel, Pablo, M Sawyer, Susan, I Hay, Simon, Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Manfred, Ahmadi, Keivan, A Aldeyab, Mamoon, Al-Jumaily, Adel, Ancuceanu, Robert, Liliana Andrei, Catalina, Andrei, Tudorel, Arumugam, Ashokan, Aujayeb, Avinash, Barone-Adesi, Francesco, Barra, Fabio, T Baune, Bernhard, B??jot, Yannick, Belo, Lui, A Bennett, Derrick, Bikov, Andra, Blyuss, Oleg, Breitner, Susanne, Brenner, Hermann, Carreras, Giulia, Carvalho, M??rcia, L Catapano, Alberico, Singh Chandan, Joht, Charalampous, Perikli, Chen, Simiao, Conde, Joao, Cruz-Martins, Nat??lia, Dastiridou, Anna, Francis Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Ferrara, Pietro, P Ferreira de Oliveira, Jos?? Miguel, Ferrero, Simone, Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo, Fischer, Florian, A Fonseca, Diogo, Gaewkhiew, Piyada, Gallus, Silvano, Gaspar Fonseca, Mariana, Singh Gill, Paramjit, Gorini, Giuseppe, Kondale Gurara, Mekde, Tasdik Hasan, M, J Havmoeller, Rasmu, Heibati, Behzad, E Hellemons, Merel, Hussain, Salman, Johnson, Olatunji, J??risson, Mikk, Karch, Andr??, Kivim??ki, Mika, Klugar, Miloslav, Klugarov??, Jitka, Nahar Koly, Kamrun, Koyanagi, Ai, P Kurmi, Om, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lallukka, Tea, Lamnisos, Demetri, Langguth, Berthold, O Larsson, Ander, Lauriola, Paolo, H Lee, Paul, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, An, Linehan, Christine, L??pez-Bueno, Rub??n, A Loureiro, Joana, Lunevicius, Raimunda, A Magee, Laura, Giulia Magnani, Francesca, Majeed, Azeem, G Mathioudakis, Alexander, J McGrath, John, A Mentis, Alexios-Fotio, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miao Jonasson, Junmei, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Mirica, Andreea, Mondello, Stefania, Munblit, Daniel, Nena, Evangelia, M Noor, Nurulamin, Nowak, Christoph, Ntaios, George, Ebuka Nwatah, Vincent, Otoiu, Adrian, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Palladino, Raffaele, Pedersini, Paolo, L Pe??alvo, Jos??, Pensato, Umberto, Perico, Norberto, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Raggi, Alberto, Rahimzadeh, Shadi, Ur Rehman, Faizan, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Riad, Abanoub, Rodriguez, Alina, Sacco, Simona, Safdarian, Mahdi, Sattin, Davide, Scarmeas, Nikolao, Schlee, Winfried, Schwendicke, Falk, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Tadesse Sharew, Nigussie, Shiri, Rahman, Shivalli, Siddharudha, Shivarov, Velizar, Pedro Silva, Jo??o, R Simpson, Colin, T Skou, S??ren, Socea, Bogdan, N Soyiri, Ireneou, Steiropoulos, Paschali, Straif, Kurt, Sun, Xiaohui, Tabar??s-Seisdedos, Rafael, Thiyagarajan, Arulmani, Topouzis, Foti, Unim, Brigid, Van den Eynde, Jef, Veroux, Massimiliano, Vinko, Matej, S Violante, Francesco, Volovici, Victor, Wang, Yanzhong, Esmaeil Yadegarfar, Mohammad, Zumla, Alimuddin, University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division, and University of St Andrews. School of Medicine

Subjects
Male, mortality burden, Adolescent, RJ, RJ101, Care, Global Burden of Disease, Life Expectancy, RJ101 Child Health. Child health services, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, 3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics, Risk Factors, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Disabled Persons, Noncommunicable Diseases, Future, Determinants, MCC, Disability, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Burden of non-communicable diseases among adolescents aged 10–24 years in the EU, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019, 3rd-DAS, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, n/a, Health, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, RA
Abstract

Background:Disability and mortality burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have risen worldwide; however, the NCD burden among adolescents remains poorly described in the EU. Methods:Estimates were retrieved from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Causes of NCDs were analysed at three different levels of the GBD 2019 hierarchy, for which mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were extracted. Estimates, with the 95% uncertainty intervals (UI), were retrieved for EU Member States from 1990 to 2019, three age subgroups (10–14 years, 15–19 years, and 20–24 years), and by sex. Spearman's correlation was conducted between DALY rates for NCDs and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) of each EU Member State. Findings:In 2019, NCDs accounted for 86·4% (95% uncertainty interval 83·5–88·8) of all YLDs and 38·8% (37·4–39·8) of total deaths in adolescents aged 10–24 years. For NCDs in this age group, neoplasms were the leading causes of both mortality (4·01 [95% uncertainty interval 3·62–4·25] per 100 000 population) and YLLs (281·78 [254·25–298·92] per 100 000 population), whereas mental disorders were the leading cause for YLDs (2039·36 [1432·56–2773·47] per 100 000 population) and DALYs (2040·59 [1433·96–2774·62] per 100 000 population) in all EU Member States, and in all studied age groups. In 2019, among adolescents aged 10–24 years, males had a higher mortality rate per 100 000 population due to NCDs than females (11·66 [11·04–12·28]vs7·89 [7·53–8·23]), whereas females presented a higher DALY rate per 100 000 population due to NCDs (8003·25 [5812·78–10 701·59]vs6083·91 [4576·63–7857·92]). From 1990 to 2019, mortality rate due to NCDs in adolescents aged 10–24 years substantially decreased (–40·41% [–43·00 to –37·61), and also the YLL rate considerably decreased (–40·56% [–43·16 to –37·74]), except for mental disorders (which increased by 32·18% [1·67 to 66·49]), whereas the YLD rate increased slightly (1·44% [0·09 to 2·79]). Positive correlations were observed between DALY rates and SDIs for substance use disorders (rs=0·58, p=0·0012) and skin and subcutaneous diseases (rs=0·45, p=0·017), whereas negative correlations were found between DALY rates and SDIs for cardiovascular diseases (rs=–0·46, p=0·015), neoplasms (rs=–0·57, p=0·0015), and sense organ diseases (rs=–0·61, p=0·0005). Interpretation:NCD-related mortality has substantially declined among adolescents in the EU between 1990 and 2019, but the rising trend of YLL attributed to mental disorders and their YLD burden are concerning. Differences by sex, age group, and across EU Member States highlight the importance of preventive interventions and scaling up adolescent-responsive health-care systems, which should prioritise specific needs by sex, age, and location. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2022

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