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1. Towards More Predictive, Physiological and Animal-free In Vitro Models: Advances in Cell and Tissue Culture 2020 Conference Proceedings

Author

Singh, B, Abdelgawad, ME, Ali, Z, Bailey, J, Budyn, E, Civita, P, Clift, MJD, Connelly, JT, Constant, S, Hittinger, M, Kandarova, H, Kearns, VR, Kiuru, T, Kostrzewski, T, Kress, S, Durban, VM, Lehr, C-M, McMillan, H, Metz, JK, Monteban, V, Movia, D, Neto, C, Owen, C, Paasonen, L, Palmer, KA, Pilkington, GJ, Pilkington, K, Prina-Mello, A, Roper, C, Sheard, J, Smith, S, Turner, JE, Roy, I, Tutty, MA, Velliou, E, Wilkinson, JM, Singh, B, Abdelgawad, ME, Ali, Z, Bailey, J, Budyn, E, Civita, P, Clift, MJD, Connelly, JT, Constant, S, Hittinger, M, Kandarova, H, Kearns, VR, Kiuru, T, Kostrzewski, T, Kress, S, Durban, VM, Lehr, C-M, McMillan, H, Metz, JK, Monteban, V, Movia, D, Neto, C, Owen, C, Paasonen, L, Palmer, KA, Pilkington, GJ, Pilkington, K, Prina-Mello, A, Roper, C, Sheard, J, Smith, S, Turner, JE, Roy, I, Tutty, MA, Velliou, E, and Wilkinson, JM

Abstract

Experimental systems that faithfully replicate human physiology at cellular, tissue and organ level are crucial to the development of efficacious and safe therapies with high success rates and low cost. The development of such systems is challenging and requires skills, expertise and inputs from a diverse range of experts, such as biologists, physicists, engineers, clinicians and regulatory bodies. Kirkstall Limited, a biotechnology company based in York, UK, organised the annual conference, Advances in Cell and Tissue Culture (ACTC), which brought together people having a variety of expertise and interests, to present and discuss the latest developments in the field of cell and tissue culture and in vitro modelling. The conference has also been influential in engaging animal welfare organisations in the promotion of research, collaborative projects and funding opportunities. This report describes the proceedings of the latest ACTC conference, which was held virtually on 30th September and 1st October 2020, and included sessions on in vitro models in the following areas: advanced skin and respiratory models, neurological disease, cancer research, advanced models including 3-D, fluid flow and co-cultures, diabetes and other age-related disorders, and animal-free research. The roundtable session on the second day was very interactive and drew huge interest, with intriguing discussion taking place among all participants on the theme of replacement of animal models of disease.

Published
2021

2. Start-up of a “zero-discharge” recirculating aquaculture system using woodchip denitrification, constructed wetland, and sand infiltration

Author

Pulkkinen, J. T. (Jani T.), Ronkanen, A.-K. (Anna-Kaisa), Pasanen, A. (Antti), Kiani, S. (Sepideh), Kiuru, T. (Tapio), Koskela, J. (Juha), Lindholm-Lehto, P. (Petra), Lindroos, A.-J. (Antti-Jussi), Muniruzzaman, M. (Muhammad), Solismaa, L. (Lauri), Klöve, B. (Björn), Vielma, J. (Jouni), Pulkkinen, J. T. (Jani T.), Ronkanen, A.-K. (Anna-Kaisa), Pasanen, A. (Antti), Kiani, S. (Sepideh), Kiuru, T. (Tapio), Koskela, J. (Juha), Lindholm-Lehto, P. (Petra), Lindroos, A.-J. (Antti-Jussi), Muniruzzaman, M. (Muhammad), Solismaa, L. (Lauri), Klöve, B. (Björn), and Vielma, J. (Jouni)

Abstract

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) discharge management limits the development of the aquaculture sector, because RAS do not automatically result in low nutrient emissions. Research has helped develop discharge management systems such as wetlands and woodchip bioreactors that have been adopted by Danish commercial model trout farms. To further develop the Danish concept, we have modelled and built a novel “zero-discharge” recirculating aquaculture system with an annual capacity of approximately 14 tonnes. The aim of this paper is to describe the entire concept and present the results from the start-up phase of the whole system. The concept includes the treatment of RAS effluent (overflow and sludge supernatant) using a hybrid solution of a woodchip bioreactor, constructed vertical wetland, and sand infiltration. Using this three-step process, the nitrate, phosphorus, and organic matter effluent are decreased to acceptable levels to reuse the water in the RAS process reducing the need for new raw water. In the first nine months of operation, a water treatment field was used as an end-of-pipe treatment to ensure the water was safe to recirculate for fish. During the winter, the water temperature dropped to 2.7 degrees in the sand filter, but the frost did not reach the water levels in any of the treatment processes. It therefore appears that a hybrid solution can operate sufficiently even in winter conditions. In the first year of operation, a woodchip bioreactor can remove 97 % of the nitrate, although the slow start-up of the RAS caused the bioreactor to be N-limited. On average, 79 % and 92 % of the inflow phosphate concentration was removed in the woodchip bioreactor and the entire hybrid treatment field respectively. The wetland and sand filter removed organic matter sufficiently (35 %), but because of the longer than designed actual water residence, it leached from the bioreactor more than was expected. Further experimentation is needed to identify

Published
2021

5. Control of off-flavor compounds in a full-scale recirculating aquaculture system rearing rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Author

Lindholm-Lehto, P. C., Kiuru, T., and Hannelin, P.

Subjects
*RAINBOW trout, *FLAVOR, *AQUACULTURE, *PERACETIC acid, *HYDROGEN peroxide, *WATER purification
Abstract

Fish is increasingly produced in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), which can offer some production and environmental benefits. Unfortunately, there is a tendency to develop off-flavors in RAS, mainly caused by geosmin (GSM) and 2-methyl isoborneol (MIB) accumulating in the fish flesh from the circulating water. These off-flavors are objectionable to consumers, reducing the profitability of production and causing an unwanted reputation for this fish production sector. In this study, combinations of oxidative chemicals: ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and peracetic acid (PAA) were applied in a commercial, full-scale (1.3 M kg a−1) RAS rearing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Inlet water from a nearby lake, circulating water, and depuration water were treated to increase their quality and enhance the depuration procedure. The results showed a decrease of 77% (MIB) and 93% (GSM) in the concentrations of off-flavors in circulating water after the treatments with oxidative chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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6. Enhanced nitrogen removal of low carbon wastewater in denitrification bioreactors by utilizing industrial waste toward circular economy

Author

Kiani, S. (Sepideh), Kujala, K. (Katharina), Pulkkinen, J. T. (Jani T.), Aalto, S. L. (Sanni L.), Suurnäkki, S. (Suvi), Kiuru, T. (Tapio), Tiirola, M. (Marja), Kløve, B. (Bjørn), Ronkanen, A.-K. (Anna-Kaisa), Kiani, S. (Sepideh), Kujala, K. (Katharina), Pulkkinen, J. T. (Jani T.), Aalto, S. L. (Sanni L.), Suurnäkki, S. (Suvi), Kiuru, T. (Tapio), Tiirola, M. (Marja), Kløve, B. (Bjørn), and Ronkanen, A.-K. (Anna-Kaisa)

Abstract

Aquaculture needs practical solutions for nutrient removal to achieve sustainable fish production. Passive denitrifying bioreactors may provide an ecological, low-cost and low-maintenance approach for wastewater nitrogen removal. However, innovative organic materials are needed to enhance nitrate removal from the low carbon effluents in intensive recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). In this study, we tested three additional carbon sources, including biochar, dried Sphagnum sp. moss and industrial potato residues, to enhance the performance of woodchip bioreactors treating the low carbon RAS wastewater. We assessed nitrate (NO₃⁻) removal and microbial community composition during a one-year in situ column test with real aquaculture wastewater. We found no significant differences in the NO₃⁻ removal rates between the woodchip-only bioreactor and bioreactors with a zone of biochar or Sphagnum sp. moss (maximum removal rate 31–33 g NO₃⁻-N m⁻³ d⁻¹), but potato residues increased NO₃⁻ removal rate to 38 g NO₃⁻-N m⁻³ d⁻¹, with stable annual reduction efficiency of 93%. The readily available carbon released from potato residues increased NO₃⁻-N removal capacity of the bioreactor even at higher inflow concentrations (>52 mg L⁻¹). The microbial community and its predicted functional potential in the potato residue bioreactor differed markedly from those of the other bioreactors. Adding potato residues to woodchip material enabled smaller bioreactor size to be used for NO₃⁻ removal. This study introduced industrial potato by-product as an alternative carbon source for the woodchip denitrification process, and the encouraging results may pave the way toward growth of blue bioeconomy using the RAS.

Published
2020

7. Universitetsstuderandes motivation för frivilliga studier i svenska och upprätthållande av svenskkunskaper efter utexamineringen:en studie av motivation i livslångt lärandes kontext

Author

Kiuru, T. (Tiina)

Subjects
Nordic Philology
Abstract

Syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka universitetsstuderandes åsikter och uppfattningar om faktorer som före, under och efter den aktuella språkkursen inverkat på deras motivation att studera svenska i en valfri/frivillig kurs. I undersökningen granskades också vilka förväntningar på och bedömningar av kursens innehåll, arbetssätt och undervisning som framfördes av studerandena. Dessutom fokuserade undersökningen på studerandenas bedömning av sig själva som inlärare av svenska språket och vilka kommunikativa syften och behov av språket studerandena har efter utexamineringen. Metoderna i denna avhandling är kvalitativa och materialet undersöktes med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Målgruppen bestod av studerande med olika huvudämnen vid Lapplands universitet. Materialinsamlingen genomfördes i form av enkätundersökning under senare hälften av 2010-talet som besvarades av sammanlagt 23 kursdeltagare som deltog antingen i en valfri fördjupad kurs i svenska eller i en frivillig kurs i svenska. Båda kurserna arrangerades av Lapplands universitets språkcenter. Enligt denna forskning hade informanterna en tämligen positiv attityd till sina studier i frivillig och valfri svenska. Deras förväntningar på kursen uppfylldes till stor del och de var nöjda med kursinnehållet och studiematerialen. Vid bedömning av sig själva som inlärare av svenska konstaterade de flesta informanter att de måste kämpa hårt eller ganska mycket i sina studier i svenska. Enligt självbedömningsresultaten ansåg merparten av informanterna att de har god förmåga att förstå talat språk och skriven text och nöjaktig förmåga att tala och hjälplig förmåga att skriva svenska. Dessutom angav informanterna att de behöver mer övning i språket. Lärarens utvecklande respons hade en positiv inverkan på informanternas motivation och intresse för svenskinlärning. Informanterna ansåg ytterligare att de har nytta av sina svenskkunskaper i det blivande arbetslivet och också på fritiden och på resor varför de tänker upprätthålla sina svenskkunskaper efter utexamineringen. I vidare forskning skulle det vara viktigt att undersöka vilka svenskkunskaper som behövs i arbetslivet för att man i undervisningen kan tillfredsställa studerandes inlärningsbehov i frivilliga svenskkurser som motsvarar färdighetsnivån B2 vid universitetet. Dessutom skulle det vara av vikt att undersöka studerandes attityder mot svenska och på vilket sätt de påverkar hela studiegruppens motivation för inlärning av svenska språket. Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma käsittelee yliopisto-opiskelijoiden käsityksiä vapaaehtoisista ja valinnaisista ruotsin kielen opinnoista. Tutkielman tarkoitus oli selvittää, minkälaisia näkemyksiä ja käsityksiä opiskelijoilla on tekijöistä, jotka ennen osallistumista vapaaehtoiselle ruotsin kurssille, sen aikana ja sen jälkeen vaikuttavat heidän motivaatioonsa opiskella ruotsia. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin myös, minkälaisia odotuksia opiskelijoilla oli kurssin sisällöstä, työtavoista ja opetuksesta sekä miten opiskelijat arvioivat niitä. Sen lisäksi tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin ruotsin kielen oppijoiden itsearviointia sekä heidän kielenkäyttötarkoituksiaan ja kielenkäyttötarpeitaan yliopisto-opinnoista valmistumisen jälkeen. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin laadullisia menetelmiä ja aineistoa tutkittiin sisällönanalyysin avulla. Tutkimuksen kohderyhmä koostui Lapin yliopiston eri koulutusohjelmien opiskelijoista. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin kyselylomakkeella 2010-luvun jälkipuoliskolla ja siihen vastasi yhteensä 23 opiskelijaa, jotka osallistuivat joko ruotsin valinnaiselle syventävälle kurssille tai ruotsin vapaaehtoiselle kurssille. Lapin yliopiston kielikeskus toimi kummankin kurssin järjestäjänä. Tämän tutkimuksen mukaan vastaajilla oli melko myönteinen asenne osallistua valinnaiselle ja vapaaehtoiselle ruotsin kurssille. Vastaajien mielestä heidän odotuksensa kurssin suhteen täyttyivät suurimmalta osaltaan ja he olivat tyytyväisiä kurssin sisältöön sekä kurssimateriaaleihin. Arvioidessaan itseään ruotsin kielen oppijoina kertoi suurin osa vastaajista joutuvansa ponnistelemaan paljon tai melko paljon ruotsin opinnoissaan. Ruotsin kielen taitojaan arvioidessaan vastaajat olivat sitä mieltä, että heillä on hyvät taidot puhutun kielen ja kirjoitetun kielen ymmärtämisessä. Heillä on tyydyttävä taito puhua ruotsia ja välttävä taito kirjoittaa ruotsia. Sen lisäksi vastaajat kertoivat, että he tarvitsevat lisää harjoitusta ruotsin kielen usealla alueella. Opettajan kehittävällä palautteella oli myönteinen vaikutus motivaatioon ja kiinnostukseen opiskella ruotsia. Vastaajille on hyötyä ruotsin kielen taidosta tulevassa työelämässä mutta myös vapaa-ajalla ja matkoilla ja tämän vuoksi he aikovat ylläpitää ruotsin kielen taitojaan valmistumisensa jälkeen. Jatkotutkimuksessa olisi tärkeä selvittää, mitä ruotsin kielen taitoja työelämässä tarvitaan, jotta opiskelijoiden oppimistarpeet voidaan tyydyttää yliopiston järjestämillä vapaaehtoisilla ruotsin kursseilla, jotka vastaavat taitotasoa B2. Sen lisäksi olisi tärkeää tutkia opiskelijoiden asenteita ruotsin kieleen ja niiden vaikutusta koko opiskelijaryhmän ruotsin opiskelun motivaatioon.

Published
2018

8. Characterisation of THz Schottky diodes for MetOp-SG instruments

Author

Khanal, S., Kiuru, T., Thomas, B., Mallat, J., Pinta, C., Nagel, M., Walber, A., Kangas, V., Perichaud, M., Brandt, M., Närhi, T., and Antti Räisänen

Subjects
characterisation, Schottky diodes, THz
Abstract

Schottky diode technology is used for frequency conversion and generation in three of the mm-wave and THz instruments on-board the European Space Agency's MetOp-SG satellites. The instruments are MWS (MicroWave Sounder), MWI (Microwave Imager) and ICI (Ice Cloud Imager). In order to ensure the storage and operational life time in addition to performance requirements, reliability assessment for the diodes is performed well before the fabrication of the instruments flight models. This paper presents the thermal characterisation of Schottky diodes used in the instruments as a part of reliability assessment process. Different multiplier and mixer prototype modules have been developed and thermally tested. In addition, thermal simulations are also carried out for comparison with the measurement results. Furthermore, thermal measurements on several identical multiplier blocks are also made that provides information on reproducibility of the assembly of discrete RF devices from the thermal perspective. Finally, some RF measurements are also carried out for comparison to the thermal impedance measurement results made on the same block and the same diodes.

Published
2015

9. Ultralujan teräksen paikallisen laserlämpökäsittelyn FE-malllinnus

Author

Kiuru, T. (Toni)

Subjects
Mechanical Engineering
Abstract

Teräslaatuja kehitettäessä yhä lujemmiksi niiden muovaus on osoittautunut entistä haasteellisemmaksi. Paikallinen laserlämpökäsittely on oivallinen menetelmä pehmentää aihiota, saada hieno ja tasa-akselinen raerakenne ja hävittää suorasammutetuissa laaduissa mahdolliset tekstuurit, jolloin saavutetaan parempi muovattavuus haluttuihin kohtiin. Laserlämpökäsittely on kuitenkin prosessina monitahoinen ja haasteellinen, minkä vuoksi optimaalisten prosessiparametrien hakeminen aihion lämmittämiseksi tiettyyn lämpötilaan ja tietyn levyiseltä alueelta, on laboratoriokokein kallista ja aikaa vievää. Työn tavoitteena oli kehittää FE-analysointimalli, jolla optimaaliset prosessiparametrit voidaan määrittää nopeasti, olipa kyseessä sitten materiaalien muovattavuuden tutkiminen laboratorio-olosuhteissa tai käytännön sovellus teollisuudessa. Työn teoriaosuudessa perehdytään muovauksen ja muovattavuuden teoriaan, lämpökäsittelyn ja laserlämpökäsittelyn teoriaan sekä elementtimenetelmiin lämmönsiirtymisongelman ratkaisussa. Työn kokeellisessa osiossa kerrotaan, mitä asioita tulee huomioida, kun lämpökäsittelyä mallinnetaan FEM-ohjelmalla ja esitetään mallin muodostaminen LS-DYNA -ohjelmalla. Tulosten tarkastelussa verrataan FE-mallilla saatuja tuloksia laboratoriokokeilla saatuihin tuloksiin maksimilämpötilojen, lämpögradienttien, kuumennus- ja jäähtymisnopeuksien sekä austenoituneiden ja pehmenneiden alueiden leveyksien osalta. Työn tuloksena saatiin kehitettyä FE-malli, joka ennustaa hyvällä tarkkuudella paikallisen laserlämpökäsittelyn maksimilämpötilat sekä austenoituneiden ja pehmenneiden alueiden leveydet. Lämpögradienttien sekä kuumennus- ja jäähtymisnopeuksien osalta mallilla saadaan suuntaa antavia, mutta hyödynnettävissä olevia tuloksia. Kokonaisuutena todettiin, että FE-analyysin käyttäminen paikallisen laserlämpökäsittelyn prosessiparametrien hakemiseen on nopea ja kohtuullisen tarkka menetelmä. Laboratoriokokeisiin verrattuna FE-analyysillä saadaan lisätietona levyn ylä- ja alapinnan maksimilämpötilajakaumat, jotka auttavat ymmärtämään laserlämpökäsittelyssä tapahtuvaa lämmöntuontia ja hahmottamaan mikä vaikutus prosessiparametreilla on lämpötiloihin. Tämä puolestaan helpottaa lämpökäsittelyjen suunnittelua, koska sovelluskohteet voivat vaihdella hyvinkin voimakkaasti materiaalin, levyn vahvuuden ja käsiteltävän alueen leveyden osalta. While steel grades are developed stronger and stronger, their formability has proven to be more complex and demanding than with the conventional steel grades. One answer to this challenge is a local laser heat treatment that is an excellent method in order to soften the material, gain fine and uniaxial grain structure, lose possible texture in direct quenched steel grades and thus achieve better formability to desired areas. The laser heat treatment is, though, a very exacting process; to find the optimal process parameters to treat the blank to certain temperature at certain width is expensive and time-consuming with laboratory tests. The object of this thesis was to develop a finite element analyzing model which can be used to determine the optimal process parameters at short notice, whether the question is the examining of the formability of materials in the laboratory conditions or practical application in the industry. Theory part of the thesis covers the main issues about forming, formability, heat treatment, laser heat treatment process and use of a finite element method in heat transfer analysis. In the practical part, the modeling of the heat treatment process is explained extensively and a FE-model is built using a commercial finite element software LS-DYNA. The results of analysis are compared with the laboratory tests in relation to maximum temperatures, temperature gradients, heating and cooling rates and width of austenitized and softened areas. As a result of the thesis, a practical FE-model of a local laser heat treatment process was developed that can predict maximum temperatures and width of austenitized and softened areas with good precision. With temperature gradients and heating and cooling rates the results were approximate but still usable. Altogether, it could be found that for determining the optimal process parameters in local laser heat treatment, the use of the FE-analyzing is a time saving and a reasonable precise method. As additional information compared with laboratory tests, FE-analysis gives the maxi-mum temperature distributions of upper and lower surface of the plate which helps to understand the heat input of the heat treatment process and to perceive the relation of process parameters to temperatures. As for, this facilitates the planning of heat treatments because the target of application can vary strongly by material, plate thickness and desired width of treated area.

Published
2014

18. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)exposed to oxygen supersaturation and handling stress: plasma cortisol and hepatic glutathione status

Author

Ritola, O., Kiuru, T., Koponen, K., Mölsä, H., Hänninen, O., and Lindström-Seppä, Pirjo

Abstract

Three groups of one summer old rainbow trout were exposed for 22 days either to normoxia (100%) or moderate oxygen supersaturation; 120% and 140%. After the exposure, all groups were transported for three hours in hyperoxic conditions (123% O2) thus simultaneously experiencing density and handling stress. The recovery of rainbow trout to multiple stressors was measured in normoxic conditions. Moderate oxygen supersaturation did not have any negative effects on growth, feed conversion and blood hematology measured over 22 days. On the other hand, the combined effects of the stressful environment in the fish farm and oxygen supersaturation resulted in a 3-fold increase in plasma Cortisol levels in those with 100% and 120% O2supersaturation and a 2-fold increase in the 140% supersaturation group. Furthermore, the stress response after transportation was lowest in the 140% group 24 hours after recovery but highest after 70 hours. Moderate hyperoxia or transportation stress did not change glutathione concentrations in liver indicating that routine sampling does not affect hepatic glutathione status. Our results indicate that moderate O2supersaturation (<140%) could be considered as feasible in cultivation of rainbow trout since no harmful effects were found.

Published
1999
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19. New verification routine for pulsed I-V and transient current measurement setup applied to a THz Schottky diode

Author

Khanal, S., Kiuru, T., Mallat, J., Antti Räisänen, and Narhi, T.

Subjects
schottky diode, Pulsed I-V, thermal impedance, transient current measurement
Abstract

In this paper, a verification routine is developed for validating extremely fast pulsed I-V and transient current measurement setups. The measurements performed for the routine include pulsed I-V measurement with different pulse widths (using several voltage and current levels) as well as transient current measurement using different heating and measurement current levels. All the measurements are carried out for several discrete resistors attached on on-wafer test carriers. To demonstrate the usability of the setup, pulsed I-V and transient current measurement results of a THz Schottky diode are presented after the verification routine

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20. Schottky frequency doubler for 140-220GHz using MMIC foundry process

Author

Kiuru, T., Dahlberg, K., Mallat, J., Antti Räisänen, and Narhi, T.

Subjects
Frequency doubler, MMIC, Schottky diode
Abstract

Paper presents the design and fabrication steps as well as measurement results for a fixed-tuned full-waveguide band Schottky frequency doubler. The doubler consists of a GaAs MMIC chip embedded in a waveguide channel. The chip is fabricated using a commercial MMIC foundry process and two post-processing options, substrate thinning and etching around anode fingers, are implemented afterwards. The doubler is optimized for flat output power across the G-band (140-220 GHz) and for operation at low input power levels (0.5-10 mW). For example, with an input power level of 2 mW, two doublers with different post-processing options achieve output power flatness of 3.0 dB and 3.8 dB and average efficiencies of 4.0 % and 3.8 % at 140-220 GHz. The maximum measured efficiency and output power with 5 mW of input power are 6.4 % and -5.0 dBm at 204 GHz. To the authors' knowledge, these are the best published results for a full G-band frequency doubler using commercially available MMIC foundry process.

21. Efficient water treatment achieved in recirculating aquaculture system using woodchip denitrification and slow sand filtration.

Author

Lindholm-Lehto PC, Pulkkinen JT, Kiuru T, Koskela J, and Vielma J

Subjects
Animals, Aquaculture, Sand, Denitrification, Water Purification
Abstract

For a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), a passive water treatment system was designed for efficient discharge nutrient removal and water reuse in RAS production. Denitrification in a woodchip bioreactor filled with birch wood (Betula pendula) followed by sand filtration was introduced into a side-loop of an experimental RAS rearing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Denitrification efficiency remained high (96%) throughout the experiment and reached a nitrogen removal rate of 15 g NO 3 -N m -3 per day. Sand filtration was used to remove dissolved and particulate matter and improve water quality before being returned to water circulation. To ensure the absence of harmful substances in the system, heavy metals were quantified. Additionally, off-flavor-inducing compounds were quantified in the circulating water and in fish flesh. Significantly higher concentrations of geosmin (GSM) (p<0.05) were observed in the controls compared to side-looped systems, but a similar effect was not observed in the case of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). Among heavy metals, concentrations of Co (30 μg L -1 ), Ni (40 μg L -1 ), and Pb (140 μg L -1 ) decreased to below 10 μg L -1 in the side-loop water after the start-up of the system. Only low concentrations of Cu (5-30 μg L -1 ) were found in the rearing tank water, in both the side-loop and controls. The results indicated that this type of process design is suitable for safely producing fish of high quality., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Published
2021
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22. Towards More Predictive, Physiological and Animal-free In Vitro Models: Advances in Cell and Tissue Culture 2020 Conference Proceedings.

Author

Singh B, Abdelgawad ME, Ali Z, Bailey J, Budyn E, Civita P, Clift MJD, Connelly JT, Constant S, Hittinger M, Kandarova H, Kearns VR, Kiuru T, Kostrzewski T, Kress S, Durban VM, Lehr CM, McMillan H, Metz JK, Monteban V, Movia D, Neto C, Owen C, Paasonen L, Palmer KA, Pilkington GJ, Pilkington K, Prina-Mello A, Roper C, Sheard J, Smith S, Turner JE, Roy I, Tutty MA, Velliou E, and Wilkinson JM

Subjects
Animals, Coculture Techniques, Humans, Models, Animal, Lab-On-A-Chip Devices, Skin
Abstract

Experimental systems that faithfully replicate human physiology at cellular, tissue and organ level are crucial to the development of efficacious and safe therapies with high success rates and low cost. The development of such systems is challenging and requires skills, expertise and inputs from a diverse range of experts, such as biologists, physicists, engineers, clinicians and regulatory bodies. Kirkstall Limited, a biotechnology company based in York, UK, organised the annual conference, Advances in Cell and Tissue Culture (ACTC), which brought together people having a variety of expertise and interests, to present and discuss the latest developments in the field of cell and tissue culture and in vitro modelling. The conference has also been influential in engaging animal welfare organisations in the promotion of research, collaborative projects and funding opportunities. This report describes the proceedings of the latest ACTC conference, which was held virtually on 30th September and 1st October 2020, and included sessions on in vitro models in the following areas: advanced skin and respiratory models, neurological disease, cancer research, advanced models including 3-D, fluid flow and co-cultures, diabetes and other age-related disorders, and animal-free research. The roundtable session on the second day was very interactive and drew huge interest, with intriguing discussion taking place among all participants on the theme of replacement of animal models of disease.

Published
2021
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23. Vital Sign Monitoring Using FMCW Radar in Various Sleeping Scenarios.

Author

Turppa E, Kortelainen JM, Antropov O, and Kiuru T

Subjects
Algorithms, Heart Rate, Humans, Respiratory Rate, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Monitoring, Physiologic methods, Radar, Sleep, Vital Signs
Abstract

Remote monitoring of vital signs for studying sleep is a user-friendly alternative to monitoring with sensors attached to the skin. For instance, remote monitoring can allow unconstrained movement during sleep, whereas detectors requiring a physical contact may detach and interrupt the measurement and affect sleep itself. This study evaluates the performance of a cost-effective frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar in remote monitoring of heart rate and respiration in scenarios resembling a set of normal and abnormal physiological conditions during sleep. We evaluate the vital signs of ten subjects in different lying positions during various tasks. Specifically, we aim for a broad range of both heart and respiration rates to replicate various real-life scenarios and to test the robustness of the selected vital sign extraction methods consisting of fast Fourier transform based cepstral and autocorrelation analyses. As compared to the reference signals obtained using Embla titanium, a certified medical device, we achieved an overall relative mean absolute error of 3.6% (86% correlation) and 9.1% (91% correlation) for the heart rate and respiration rate, respectively. Our results promote radar-based clinical monitoring by showing that the proposed radar technology and signal processing methods accurately capture even such alarming vital signs as minimal respiration. Furthermore, we show that common parameters for heart rate variability can also be accurately extracted from the radar signal, enabling further sleep analyses.

Published
2020
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24. Water quality in recirculating aquaculture system using woodchip denitrification and slow sand filtration.

Author

Lindholm-Lehto P, Pulkkinen J, Kiuru T, Koskela J, and Vielma J

Subjects
Animals, Aquaculture, Bioreactors, Nitrates, Sand, Water Quality, Denitrification, Water Purification
Abstract

In recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), ammonium excreted by the fish is typically transformed to less toxic nitrate by microbial activity in bioreactors. However, nitrate-nitrogen load can be harmful for the receiving water body when released from the RAS facility. A new type of water treatment system for a RAS was designed, including a passive woodchip denitrification followed by a sand filtration introduced into a side-loop of an experimental RAS, rearing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In the process, woodchips acted as a carbon source for the denitrification, aiming at a simultaneous nitrogen removal and reduction of water consumption while sand filtration was used to remove organic matter and recondition the circulating water. A variety of chemical analyses and toxicological tests were performed to study the suitability of the process and to ensure the absence of harmful or toxic substances in the system. The results did not show increased toxicity, and no increased mortality was reported for the raised species. After the start-up of the system, the concentrations of fatty acids (e.g., hexadecanoic acid -1 ) and heavy metals (e.g., Cd < LOD-0.45 μg L -1 , Pb < LOD-14 μg L -1 ) remained at very low levels and below those of known toxic effects. In the beginning of the experiment, good denitrification efficiency was achieved, but it declined after 1 month, showing the need for improved stability and dimensioning of the application.

Published
2020
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25. Thermophilic aeration of cattle slurry with whey and/or jam wastes.

Author

Heinonen-Tanski H, Kiuru T, Ruuskanen J, Korhonen K, Koivunen J, and Ruokojärvi A

Subjects
Air, Animals, Cattle, Fermentation, Hot Temperature, Industrial Waste, Oxygen metabolism, Pilot Projects, Food-Processing Industry methods, Manure microbiology, Waste Management methods
Abstract

Thermophilic aeration of cattle slurry and food industrial by-products was studied with the aim to improve hygienic qualities of the slurry so that it could be used as a safe fertiliser for berries to be eaten raw. We also wanted to study if the process would be energetically favourable in an arctic climate. Cattle slurry alone or with whey and/or jam waste was treated. The tests were done in a well heat-insulated reactor with a 10 m(3) volume. Temperature increases up to over 70 degrees C could be recorded in 19 days even though some processes were carried out in winter time when the ambient air temperature was less than 0 degrees C. The heat energy formed was higher than the electrical energy needed to carry out the aeration. The hygienic qualities of the aerated product were good with only minor nitrogen losses. The end product could be useful as a fertiliser and soil improving compound to increase the organic matter content of agricultural soil. Cattle slurry alone was well suited as the raw material if attaining a high temperature was the main goal. A part of slurry could be replaced with food-industrial side products. Whey waste suited better for co-composting than jam waste but the mixture of whey, jam waste, and slurry was optimal for composting.

Published
2005
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