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2. Dynamics of chikungunya virus transmission in the first year after its introduction in Brazil: A cohort study in an urban community

Author

Anjos, Rosângela O., primary, Portilho, Moyra M., additional, Jacob-Nascimento, Leile Camila, additional, Carvalho, Caroline X., additional, Moreira, Patrícia S. S., additional, Sacramento, Gielson A., additional, Nery Junior, Nivison R. R., additional, de Oliveira, Daiana, additional, Cruz, Jaqueline S., additional, Cardoso, Cristiane W., additional, Argibay, Hernan D., additional, Plante, Kenneth S., additional, Plante, Jessica A., additional, Weaver, Scott C., additional, Kitron, Uriel D., additional, Reis, Mitermayer G., additional, Ko, Albert I., additional, Costa, Federico, additional, and Ribeiro, Guilherme S., additional

Published
2023
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3. Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in an Urban Slum, Brazil

Author

Anjos, Rosangela O., Mugabe, Vanio Andre, Moreira, Patricia S.S., Carvalho, Caroline X., Portilho, Moyra M., Khouri, Ricardo, Sacramento, Gielson A., Nery, Nivison R.R. Jr., Reis, Mitermayer G., Kitron, Uriel D., Ko, Albert I., Costa, Federico, and Ribeiro, Guilherme S.

Subjects
Medical research -- Health aspects, Infection -- Health aspects, Immunoglobulin G -- Health aspects, Health
Abstract

In the 21st century, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has emerged as a mosquitoborne disease of global relevance, causing large epidemics because of its widespread dissemination in tropical and subtropical areas (1). [...]

Published
2020
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6. Diversity of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in An Atlantic Forest Urban Park, Salvador, Brazil

Author

de Souza, Raquel Lima, primary, Ferreira, Gabriel dos Santos, additional, Borja, Lairton Souza, additional, Nazaré, Romero de Jesus, additional, Mugabe, Vánio Andre, additional, Argibay, Hernan Darío, additional, Portilho, Moyra Machado, additional, Jacob-Nascimento, Leile Camila, additional, Reis, Mitermayer Galvão, additional, Kitron, Uriel D, additional, and Ribeiro, Guilherme Sousa, additional

Published
2022
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9. Wild birds and urban ecology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2005-2010

Author

Hamer, Sarah A., Goldberg, Tony L., Kitron, Uriel D., Brawn, Jeffrey D., Anderson, Tavis K., Loss, Scott R., Walker, Edward D., and Hamer, Gabriel L.

Subjects
Borrelia burgdorferi -- Health aspects -- Research, Tick-borne diseases -- Risk factors -- Research, Birds -- Research -- Health aspects, Health
Abstract

Bird-facilitated introduction of ticks and associated pathogens is postulated to promote invasion of tick-borne zoonotic diseases into urban areas. Results of a longitudinal study conducted in suburban Chicago, Illinois, USA, [...]

Published
2012
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11. Molecular detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Amblyomma parvum ticks, Argentina

Author

Tomassone, Laura, Nunez, Pablo, Gurtler, Ricardo E., Ceballos, Leonardo A., Orozco, Marcela M., Kitron, Uriel D., and Farber, Marisa

Subjects
Company distribution practices, Disease transmission -- Risk factors, Disease transmission -- Demographic aspects, Ehrlichia -- Health aspects, Ehrlichia -- Distribution, Ehrlichia -- Genetic aspects, Ehrlichiosis -- Risk factors, Ehrlichiosis -- Distribution, Ehrlichiosis -- Demographic aspects, Ticks -- Health aspects, Ticks -- Genetic aspects
Abstract

To the Editor: Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate intracellular bacterium in the family Anaplasmataceae. It is considered an emerging pathogen in the United States because it is the causative agent [...]

Published
2008

12. Local impact of temperature and precipitation on West Nile virus infection in Culex species mosquitoes in northeast Illinois, USA

Author

Haramis Linn, Walker Edward D, Brown William M, Sun Ting, Hamer Gabriel L, Chaves Luis F, Ruiz Marilyn O, Goldberg Tony L, and Kitron Uriel D

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Models of the effects of environmental factors on West Nile virus disease risk have yielded conflicting outcomes. The role of precipitation has been especially difficult to discern from existing studies, due in part to habitat and behavior characteristics of specific vector species and because of differences in the temporal and spatial scales of the published studies. We used spatial and statistical modeling techniques to analyze and forecast fine scale spatial (2000 m grid) and temporal (weekly) patterns of West Nile virus mosquito infection relative to changing weather conditions in the urban landscape of the greater Chicago, Illinois, region for the years from 2004 to 2008. Results Increased air temperature was the strongest temporal predictor of increased infection in Culex pipiens and Culex restuans mosquitoes, with cumulative high temperature differences being a key factor distinguishing years with higher mosquito infection and higher human illness rates from those with lower rates. Drier conditions in the spring followed by wetter conditions just prior to an increase in infection were factors in some but not all years. Overall, 80% of the weekly variation in mosquito infection was explained by prior weather conditions. Spatially, lower precipitation was the most important variable predicting stronger mosquito infection; precipitation and temperature alone could explain the pattern of spatial variability better than could other environmental variables (79% explained in the best model). Variables related to impervious surfaces and elevation differences were of modest importance in the spatial model. Conclusion Finely grained temporal and spatial patterns of precipitation and air temperature have a consistent and significant impact on the timing and location of increased mosquito infection in the northeastern Illinois study area. The use of local weather data at multiple monitoring locations and the integration of mosquito infection data from numerous sources across several years are important to the strength of the models presented. The other spatial environmental factors that tended to be important, including impervious surfaces and elevation measures, would mediate the effect of rainfall on soils and in urban catch basins. Changes in weather patterns with global climate change make it especially important to improve our ability to predict how inter-related local weather and environmental factors affect vectors and vector-borne disease risk. Local impact of temperature and precipitation on West Nile virus infection in Culex species mosquitoes in northeast Illinois, USA.

Published
2010
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13. Blood feeding patterns of mosquitoes: random or structured?

Author

Nguyen Andy M, Keogh Carolyn L, Harrington Laura C, Chaves Luis F, and Kitron Uriel D

Subjects
Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract

Abstract Background The foraging behavior of blood-sucking arthropods is the defining biological event shaping the transmission cycle of vector-borne parasites. It is also a phenomenon that pertains to the realm of community ecology, since blood-feeding patterns of vectors can occur across a community of vertebrate hosts. Although great advances in knowledge of the genetic basis for blood-feeding choices have been reported for selected vector species, little is known about the role of community composition of vertebrate hosts in determining such patterns. Methods & Results Here, we present an analysis of feeding patterns of vectors across a variety of locations, looking at foraging patterns of communities of mosquitoes, across communities of hosts primarily comprised of mammals and birds. Using null models of species co-occurrence, which do not require ancillary information about host abundance, we found that blood-feeding patterns were aggregated in studies from multiple sites, but random in studies from a single site. This combination of results supports the idea that mosquito species in a community may rely primarily on host availability in a given landscape, and that contacts with specific hosts will be influenced more by the presence/absence of hosts than by innate mosquito choices. This observation stresses the importance of blood-feeding plasticity as a key trait explaining the emergence of many zoonotic mosquito transmitted diseases. Discussion From an epidemiological perspective our observations support the idea that phenomena promoting synchronization of vectors and hosts can promote the emergence of vector-borne zoonotic diseases, as suggested by observations on the linkages between deforestation and the emergence of several human diseases.

Published
2010
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14. Association of West Nile virus illness and urban landscapes in Chicago and Detroit

Author

Haramis Linn D, Foster Erik S, Walker Edward D, Ruiz Marilyn O, and Kitron Uriel D

Subjects
Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7
Abstract

Abstract Background West Nile virus infection in humans in urban areas of the Midwestern United States has exhibited strong spatial clustering during epidemic years. We derived urban landscape classes from the physical and socio-economic factors hypothesized to be associated with West Nile Virus (WNV) transmission and compared those to human cases of illness in 2002 in Chicago and Detroit. The objectives were to improve understanding of human exposure to virus-infected mosquitoes in the urban context, and to assess the degree to which environmental factors found to be important in Chicago were also found in Detroit. Results Five urban classes that partitioned the urban space were developed for each city region. The classes had many similarities in the two settings. In both regions, the WNV case rate was considerably higher in the urban class associated with the Inner Suburbs, where 1940–1960 era housing dominates, vegetation cover is moderate, and population density is moderate. The land cover mapping approach played an important role in the successful and consistent classification of the urban areas. Conclusion The analysis demonstrates how urban form and past land use decisions can influence transmission of a vector-borne virus. In addition, the results are helpful to develop hypotheses regarding urban landscape features and WNV transmission, they provide a structured method to stratify the urban areas to locate representative field study sites specifically for WNV, and this analysis contributes to the question of how the urban environment affects human health.

Published
2007
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15. Selective constraint and adaptive potential of West Nile virus within and among naturally infected avian hosts and mosquito vectors

Author

Nelson, Chase W, primary, Sibley, Samuel D, additional, Kolokotronis, Sergios-Orestis, additional, Hamer, Gabriel L, additional, Newman, Christina M, additional, Anderson, Tavis K, additional, Walker, Edward D, additional, Kitron, Uriel D, additional, Brawn, Jeffrey D, additional, Ruiz, Marilyn O, additional, and Goldberg, Tony L, additional

Published
2018
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21. Seasonal weather, nutrients, and conspecific presence impacts on the southern house mosquito oviposition dynamics in combined sewage overflows

Author

NGUYEN, AN T., Williams-Newkirk, Amanda, KITRON, URIEL D., and Chaves, Luis F

Subjects
HÁBITAT, AGUAS RESIDUALES, WASTEWATER, MOSQUITOS, DIPTERA
Abstract

Combined sewage overflows have created favorable conditions for the establishment of the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), larvae in natural creeks that would otherwise be unsuitable for the development of this mosquito species. Here, we show the results from a seminatural experiment carried over the three seasons of mosquito activity (spring, summer, and fall) in Tanyard Creek, Atlanta, GA. In this study we manipulated the amount of nutrients by further enriching combined sewage overflow water, and tracked weather variables, organic nutrient concentration, exposure time to conspeciÞcs, and the number of egg rafts collected in experimental containers. We found season and nutrient enrichment to be the most important variables explaining the differences in egg rafts counts. Further analyses suggest that temperature may also play a role in seasonal oviposition patterns. The results from this study suggest that nutrient enrichment and adequate temperatures are important factors shaping Cx. quinquefasciatus oviposition seasonality in combined sewage overflows. Los desbordamientos de aguas residuales combinadas han creado condiciones favorables para el establecimiento de las larvas del mosquito doméstico del sur, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), en arroyos naturales que, de otro modo, serían inadecuados para el desarrollo de esta especie de mosquito. En este caso, mostramos los resultados de un experimento seminatural llevado a cabo en las tres estaciones de actividad del mosquito (primavera, verano y otoño) en Tanyard Creek, Atlanta, GA. En este estudio manipulamos la cantidad de nutrientes enriqueciendo aún más el agua de sobreflujo de las aguas residuales combinadas, y realizamos un seguimiento de las variables meteorológicas, la concentración de nutrientes orgánicos, el tiempo de exposición a las conspeciÞcas y el número de balsas de huevos recogidas en los contenedores experimentales. La estación del año y el enriquecimiento de nutrientes fueron las variables más importantes variables que explican las diferencias en los recuentos de las balsas de huevos. Otros análisis sugieren que la temperatura puede desempeñar un papel en los patrones de oviposición estacional. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que el enriquecimiento nutrientes y las temperaturas adecuadas son factores importantes que determinan la oviposición de Cx. quinquefasciatus de Cx. quinquefasciatus en los cauces de aguas residuales combinadas. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria

Published
2012

22. WEST NILE VIRUS ANTIBODY DECAY RATE IN FREE-RANGING BIRDS

Author

McKee, Eileen M., primary, Walker, Edward D., additional, Anderson, Tavis K., additional, Kitron, Uriel D., additional, Brawn, Jeffrey D., additional, Krebs, Bethany L., additional, Newman, Christina, additional, Ruiz, Marilyn O., additional, Levine, Rebecca S., additional, Carrington, Mary E., additional, McLean, Robert G., additional, Goldberg, Tony L., additional, and Hamer, Gabriel L., additional

Published
2015
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25. Dispersal of Adult Culex Mosquitoes in an Urban West Nile Virus Hotspot: A Mark-Capture Study Incorporating Stable Isotope Enrichment of Natural Larval Habitats

Author

Hamer, Gabriel L., primary, Anderson, Tavis K., additional, Donovan, Danielle J., additional, Brawn, Jeffrey D., additional, Krebs, Bethany L., additional, Gardner, Allison M., additional, Ruiz, Marilyn O., additional, Brown, William M., additional, Kitron, Uriel D., additional, Newman, Christina M., additional, Goldberg, Tony L., additional, and Walker, Edward D., additional

Published
2014
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28. Climatic variability and landscape heterogeneity impact urban mosquito diversity and vector abundance and infection

Author

Chaves, Luis Fernando, Hamer, Gabriel L., Walker, Edward D., Brown, William M., Ruiz, Marilyn O., Kitron, Uriel D., Chaves, Luis Fernando, Hamer, Gabriel L., Walker, Edward D., Brown, William M., Ruiz, Marilyn O., and Kitron, Uriel D.

Abstract

Urban habitat heterogeneity can modify interactions across species and lead to spatially fine grained differences in b-diversity patterns and their associated ecosystem services. Here, we study the impacts of landscape heterogeneity and climatic variability on: (1) the richness and diversity patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and (2) the abundance and West Nile virus infection rate of the house mosquito, Culex pipiens, in Chicago, USA. We conducted a four year long study (2005–2008) in 8 sites that captured a gradient of urban heterogeneities. We found a total of 19 mosquito species, a representative sample of mosquito species richness in the area, according to both model estimation (Chao2 +- S.E. = 20.50 +- 2.29) and faunal records for Chicago. We found that heterogeneity in the landscape was the best predictor of both mosquito species richness and diversity, with the most heterogeneous landscapes harboring the largest number of species. In general there were no changes in species richness over the years that could be associated with weather patterns and climatic variability (WPCV). In contrast, changes in diversity were associated with WPCV. Our results also showed that WPCV had major impacts on house mosquito abundance and West Nile virus mosquito infection rate (MIR) patterns. Although MIR was independent of mosquito diversity, it was associated with overall mosquito abundance, which had a convex association with species richness (i.e., abundance increases to a point after which it decreases as function of species richness). Finally, our results highlight the importance of considering dominant vector species as part of a community of vectors, whose biodiversity patterns can directly or indirectly impact the risk of infectious disease transmission.

Published
2011

29. Fine-Scale Variation in Vector Host Use and Force of Infection Drive Localized Patterns of West Nile Virus Transmission

Author

Hamer, Gabriel L., Chaves, Luis Fernando, Anderson, Tavis K., Kitron, Uriel D., Brawn, Jeffrey D., Ruiz, Marilyn O., Loss, Scott R., Walker, Edward D., Goldberg, Tony L., Hamer, Gabriel L., Chaves, Luis Fernando, Anderson, Tavis K., Kitron, Uriel D., Brawn, Jeffrey D., Ruiz, Marilyn O., Loss, Scott R., Walker, Edward D., and Goldberg, Tony L.

Abstract

The influence of host diversity on multi-host pathogen transmission and persistence can be confounded by the large number of species and biological interactions that can characterize many transmission systems. For vector-borne pathogens, the composition of host communities has been hypothesized to affect transmission; however, the specific characteristics of host communities that affect transmission remain largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that vector host use and force of infection (i.e., the summed number of infectious mosquitoes resulting from feeding upon each vertebrate host within a community of hosts), and not simply host diversity or richness, determine local infection rates of West Nile virus (WNV) in mosquito vectors. In suburban Chicago, Illinois, USA, we estimated community force of infection for West Nile virus using data on Culex pipiens mosquito host selection and WNV vertebrate reservoir competence for each host species in multiple residential and semi-natural study sites. We found host community force of infection interacted with avian diversity to influence WNV infection in Culex mosquitoes across the study area. Two avian species, the American robin (Turdus migratorius) and the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), produced 95.8% of the infectious Cx. pipiens mosquitoes and showed a significant positive association with WNV infection in Culex spp. mosquitoes. Therefore, indices of community structure, such as species diversity or richness, may not be reliable indicators of transmission risk at fine spatial scales in vector-borne disease systems. Rather, robust assessment of local transmission risk should incorporate heterogeneity in vector host feeding and variation in vertebrate reservoir competence at the spatial scale of vector-host interaction.

Published
2011

30. Climatic variability and landscape heterogeneity impact urban mosquito diversity and vector abundance and infection

Author

0000-0002-5301-2764, Chaves, Luis Fernando, Hamer, Gabriel L., Walker, Edward D., Brown, William M., Ruiz, Marilyn O., Kitron, Uriel D., 0000-0002-5301-2764, Chaves, Luis Fernando, Hamer, Gabriel L., Walker, Edward D., Brown, William M., Ruiz, Marilyn O., and Kitron, Uriel D.

Abstract

Urban habitat heterogeneity can modify interactions across species and lead to spatially fine grained differences in b-diversity patterns and their associated ecosystem services. Here, we study the impacts of landscape heterogeneity and climatic variability on: (1) the richness and diversity patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and (2) the abundance and West Nile virus infection rate of the house mosquito, Culex pipiens, in Chicago, USA. We conducted a four year long study (2005–2008) in 8 sites that captured a gradient of urban heterogeneities. We found a total of 19 mosquito species, a representative sample of mosquito species richness in the area, according to both model estimation (Chao2 +- S.E. = 20.50 +- 2.29) and faunal records for Chicago. We found that heterogeneity in the landscape was the best predictor of both mosquito species richness and diversity, with the most heterogeneous landscapes harboring the largest number of species. In general there were no changes in species richness over the years that could be associated with weather patterns and climatic variability (WPCV). In contrast, changes in diversity were associated with WPCV. Our results also showed that WPCV had major impacts on house mosquito abundance and West Nile virus mosquito infection rate (MIR) patterns. Although MIR was independent of mosquito diversity, it was associated with overall mosquito abundance, which had a convex association with species richness (i.e., abundance increases to a point after which it decreases as function of species richness). Finally, our results highlight the importance of considering dominant vector species as part of a community of vectors, whose biodiversity patterns can directly or indirectly impact the risk of infectious disease transmission.

Published
2011

46. Rapid Amplification of West Nile Virus: The Role of Hatch-Year Birds

Author

Hamer, Gabriel L., primary, Walker, Edward D., additional, Brawn, Jeffrey D., additional, Loss, Scott R., additional, Ruiz, Marilyn O., additional, Goldberg, Tony L., additional, Schotthoefer, Anna M., additional, Brown, William M., additional, Wheeler, Emily, additional, and Kitron, Uriel D., additional

Published
2008
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