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Present study aimed to evaluate the changes in proximate composition and physical attributes in brown shrimp (Metapenaeus dobsonii) exposed to different methods of cooking followed by freezing. For this, three different grades (100/200, 200/300, and 300/500 numbers per kg) of brown shrimp were cooked at 90 °C till the core temperature of the product reaches 85 °C using hot water, steam, and microwave (400 W) techniques. The changes in yield, cooking loss, proximate composition, textural, and colour profile were assessed for cooked shrimps. The cooking loss was higher for larger grades of shrimp, whereas shrimp cooked using hot water exhibited the highest cooking loss. Lowest cooking loss was observed for microwave-cooked shrimp. Moisture content decreased after cooking whereas protein, fat, ash, and calorie content increased. After cooking, different grades of shrimp showed an increase in their lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) values. The smaller grade shrimp exhibited lower value for cohesiveness, hardness, chewiness, and gumminess. Different cooking techniques yielded cooked shrimp of varying hardness values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medicinal herbs remain a vital source of new chemical entities, instead of the attempt of pharmaceutical companies using combinatorial and synthetic chemistry techniques for developing new drugs. Objectives: The primary aim of review is to highlight the different phytochemcial ingredients and their therapeutic potential in Cynara scolymus Methods: Cynara scolymus, commonly known as artichoke is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds, mainly caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids, isolated in the polar extracts of the plant, together with the polysaccharide inulin. The worldwide scientific databases were comprehensively and systematically reviewed and summarized. Results: The beneficial effects of artichoke in experimental studies include antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypercholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, gastrointestinal protectant, reproductive, and anticancer properties. Studies with artichoke conducted in experimental animals reported no mortality or significant toxicity. Increasing attention is being paid to developing herbal medicines as a newly emerging treatment for the welfare of the patients in the last few decades. Conclusion: The present review detailed the versatile therapeutic efficiency and diverse application of C. scolymus. This medicinal herb has been appropriately used in conventional medicine for a long and helps cure various ailments.

AbstractThe present work is concerned with solving the inverse heat transfer problem (IHTP) to estimate the thermal relaxation parameters corresponding to the dual phase lag (DPL) model-based bio-heat transfer in laser-irradiated living tissue. This problem is divided into two parts: direct and inverse problems. The solution of the inverse problem has been obtained using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. On the other hand, the solution to the direct problem is obtained by solving the DPL model-based bio-heat transfer equation (BHTE) with the transient radiative transfer equation (TRTE). So, the TRTE has been numerically solved by the modified discrete ordinate method (DOM) to find the intensity field in the living tissue subjected to short-pulsed laser radiation, and it acts as a heat source in the DPL model-based BHTE. So, the DPL model-based BHTE has been analytically solved by employing the finite integral transform technique to get the temperature variation inside the laser-irradiated living tissue. First, the computer code developed for estimating unknown thermal relaxation parameters using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm has been verified against the data given in the literature, and found good agreement between them. Then, the thermal response of laser-irradiated living tissue has been investigated. After that, the influence of sensor position on the sensitivity of the IHTP solution has been discussed. The impact of the total transient readings and the measurement error on estimating the unknown parameters have been investigated. The present study’s findings can significantly contribute to various parameter estimation problems where the conventional methods for direct measurements of parameters are impossible or very difficult. Furthermore, the current results may considerably impact the study of the thermic response of living tissue during laser-based photothermal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research focuses on examining the thermic response of living tissue in the form of a triple‐layered cylindrical structure when subjected to laser light and the compatibility analysis of non‐Fourier heat transfer with thermodynamics second law. The temperature field in the triple‐layered cylindrical living tissue subjected to laser light is determined by numerically solving the transient radiative transfer equation in conjunction with the dual phase lag (DPL) based bioheat equation. Once the temperature field is known, the equilibrium and nonequilibrium entropy production rate (EPR) is calculated based on the hypothesis of classical irreversible thermodynamics and extended irreversible thermodynamics, respectively. The present results are verified against the data from the literature and found a good match between them. A comparative analysis of the Fourier and non‐Fourier models is accomplished. The equilibrium and nonequilibrium EPR values for the Fourier model are found to be positive. While the equilibrium EPR is negative for non‐Fourier heat conduction and does not satisfy the thermodynamics second law, nonequilibrium EPR is always a positive value for Fourier, DPL, and hyperbolic models and satisfies thermodynamics second law. It has been investigated how thermal relaxation times affect the temperature field and EPRs in tissue are subjected to laser light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta is one of the most preferred fatty fish; however, economical preservation of fatty fishes is least documented in India. Saturated brine (23%) fermentation of Indian mackerel was studied for 120 days. Increment of lipid (2.25%), reduction of protein (5%) and salt content of 14%–15% with pH of around 6.0 was observed. Hardness fluctuated initially but stabilized at maturation. Fermentation imparted pleasant aroma to the product with minimal fat oxidation. Total plate count ranged from 3.80 to 5.44 log cfu/g. Coliforms and Escherichiacoli were <1.8 MPN/g in final product. The product was stable at ambient condition under 95% vacuum in retortable pouch throughout the storage period (30 days). Botulinum toxin was examined and found absent in the analyzed samples. Sensory score indicated high acceptance of the product. Thus, the study illustrated that saturated brine fermentation preserves fatty fish adequately, producing safe and healthy fermented fish product with enhanced shelflife. Practical applications: Indian mackerel being a fatty fish is prone to quick oxidation and spoilage; hence, a cost‐effective preservation technique is required. Saturated brine fermented Indian mackerel has benefits of enhanced taste and aroma with minimal oxidation of the product. This preservation technique induces the product to remain stable at ambient condition with added shelflife owing to reduced pH and water activity. The preservation process of saturated brine fermentation acts as a value addition to Indian mackerel as it develops the product with similar attributes of lona ilish, a popular salt‐fermented fish product in North‐East India. This product can be economically adopted by fisher folks, self‐help groups, and several other communities. This product can help to improve food and nutritional security in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) isolated from ginger ( Zingiber officinale), eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis) was evaluated against fish spoilage and fish-borne pathogenic bacteria by agar well diffusion and microbroth dilution method. Chemical profiles of EOs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer revealed that zingiberene, α-phellandrene and limonene were the major components of ginger, eucalyptus, and sweet orange EOs, respectively. Among the three EOs evaluated, ginger oil had the best antibacterial activity against all the bacteria tested. Bacillus subtilis was found as the most sensitive bacterium against ginger EO. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila were the most resistant to all the EOs. Antibiotic resistant Yersinia enterocolitica was found as the most sensitive bacteria among gram-negative bacteria tested. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The results of the present study reveal the scope of the plant essential oils (EOs) in the shelf life extension of fish. The fresh fish after catching need to be ice-preserved before undergoing further processing. In addition, the preservation during the postharvest handling and transportation of fish is important, during which there are chances for microbial contamination from the food contact surfaces, containers and transport vehicles. The use of plant EOs will definitely help in reducing the level of microbial contamination, preserving the fish and extending their shelf life. They are cheaper in economical terms as well and easy to use by dip or spray treatment. The fishermen can use the plant EOs onboard to preserve the fish. The retailers and vendors can use it for the quality maintenance of fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aquaculture water plays an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria during harvest of shrimps. Mitigation of bacteria through discharge is essential to prevent dissemination downstream. Chemical disinfection of culture water is feasible compared to other methods of bacterial inactivation., Objective: To study the effect of different disinfectant agent's viz., chlorine, Fenton's reagent, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on inactivation of bacteria from shrimp pond water., Methods: The water samples were subjected to treatment with various concentrations of chlorine (0.0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg L-1), Fenton's reagent (1:10 mM ratio of Fe2+:H2O2; 2:20, 3:30, 4:40, 5:50) and H2O2 (20, 30, 40 and 50 mM) for different time durations (5 min, 15 min, 30 min and 60 min)., Results: The results indicated that all the disinfecting agents inactivated both the total heterotrophic bacteria and tetracycline-resistant bacteria with increased concentrations and time. At the end of 60 min treatment with chlorination (2.5 mg Cl2 L-1), Fenton's reagent (2 mM Fe2+ + 20 mM H2O2) and H2O2 (50 mM H2O2), the total heterotrophic bacterial count in the water samples gradually decreased by 2.35, 2.65, and 1.38 log10 CFU mL-1, and tetracycline-resistant bacteria count reduced by 1.57, 1.66, and 1.43 log10 CFU mL-1, respectively from initial bacterial load., Conclusions: The study revealed that disinfection agents can be successfully employed in the inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria discharged through aquaculture water. Among three disinfection agents, Fenton's reagent has been found effective in inhibiting both heterotrophic bacteria and tetracycline-resistant bacteria from water samples., Highlights: Bacterial inactivation studies were carried with Chlorination, Fenton's reagent, and Hydrogen peroxide. The highest decrease in HPC (2.65 log) and tetracycline-resistant bacterial (1.66 log) was noticed in the water samples treated with Fenton's reagent. The use of disinfection agents effectively mitigates antibiotic-resistant bacteria from aquaculture wastewater., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The current work is related to the numerical investigation of non-Fourier heat transfer inside the short-pulsed laser-irradiated axisymmetric soft tissue phantom. It utilizes the modified discrete ordinate method to solve the transient radiative transfer equation (TRTE) for determining the intensity field. The laser energy absorbed by the soft tissue phantom behaves like a source in the Fourier/non-Fourier heat conduction model based-bio-heat transfer equation (BHTE), which is solved by employing the finite volume method (FVM) to determine the temperature distribution. Despite the prevalent use of non-Fourier BHTE for this purpose, a second law analysis is considered crucial to detect any potential anomalies. Equilibrium entropy production rates (EPR) are initially computed based on classical irreversible thermodynamics (CIT), which may yield negative values, possibly contravening the second law. Consequently, the EPR based on CIT is adjusted using the extended irreversible thermodynamics (EIT) hypothesis to ensure positivity. After that, the current research findings are compared with the results from the literature, and found good agreement between them. Then, the independent study is performed to select the optimum grid size, control angle size, and time step. A comparative analysis of results between the traditional Fourier and non-Fourier models has been performed. The impact of different parameters on the temperature fields and EPRs, is discussed. The effect of the optical properties of the inhomogeneity on the temperature distribution has been investigated. This study may help to enhance the effectiveness of the laser-based photo-thermal therapy., (Copyright © 2024 by ASME.)