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Bendamustine and rituximab (BR) therapy is commonly used in the treatment of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia (WM). The impact dose of Bendamustine dose on response and survival outcomes is not well-established, and the impact of its use in different treatment settings is not clear. We aimed to report response rates and survival outcomes following BR, and clarify the impact of depth of response and bendamustine dose on survival. A total of 250 WM patients treated with BR in the frontline or relapsed settings were included in this multicenter, retrospective cohort analysis. Rates of partial response (PR) or better differed significantly between the frontline and relapsed cohorts (91.4% vs 73.9%, respectively; p < 0.001). Depth of response impacted survival outcomes: two-year predicted PFS rates after achieving CR/VGPR vs PR were 96% versus 82%, respectively (p = 0.002). Total bendamustine dose was predictive of PFS: in the frontline setting, PFS was superior in the group receiving ≥1000 mg/m2 compared with those receiving 800–999 mg/m2 (p = 0.04). In the relapsed cohort, those who received doses of

Background Reversal of warfarin with prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) is required in cases of significant bleeding or need for urgent surgery. A weight-based regimen is commonly, but a fixed-dose approach is also feasible with clinically equivalent outcomes. The purpose of this audit is to review the clinical and laboratory outcomes of patients treated in our centre where fixed-dose PCC is used for warfarin reversal. Objectives The primary objective was to evaluate the post-reversal INR. Secondary objectives were the proportion of patients requiring repeat PCC and 30-day complication rates (death, haemorrhage and thrombosis). A subgroup analysis was also performed to compare the outcomes of those who received a dose of ≤15 IU/kg (reduced dose) to those who received >15 IU/kg (standard dose). Methods Patients who received three-factor PCC for warfarin reversal between 1st January and 31st December 2016 were identified and analysed. Clinical data and PCC dosages were extracted from electronic patient records. Results Total of 144 patients were analysed. The median INR pre-reversal was 3.25 (range 1.4-10), which reduced to 1.5 (0.9-3.0) post-reversal. 87% of patients achieved a post-reversal INR of less than 2 and 55% less than 1.5. Sixteen patients required a repeat dose. Complications occurred in 22 patients (15.3%), which consisted of 15 deaths, 7 thrombosis and 2 haemorrhage. No statistically significant differences in the primary and secondary outcomes were noted between reduced-dose and standard-dose subgroups. Conclusion Our results support the use of fixed-dose PCC for warfarin reversal in a day-to-day clinical practice in a hospital setting. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Background Central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas are a rare subset of lymphoma, which are associated with a poor outcome. The gold standard for CNS imaging is with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); however, there are a number of limitations, including some patients with small persistent abnormalities from scarring due to focal haemorrhage or from a previous biopsy, which can be difficult to discern from residual tumour. [18F]Fluoromethylcholine positron emission tomography–computed tomography (FCH-PET/CT) uses an analogue of choline, which due to the upregulation of choline kinase in tumour cells, allows increased uptake of FCH. As there is minimal background grey matter uptake of FCH, FCH-PET/CT can be used in CNS imaging and provide a useful tool for response assessment. Methods This is a cohort study, where we identified 40 patients with a diagnosis of primary or secondary CNS lymphoma between 1st November 2011 and 10th October 2019. Results 26 of the 40 patients (65%) had concordant results. Of the discordant results, 11 out of 14 had partial response (PR) on MRI but showed a metabolic complete response (mCR) on FCH-PET. The overall response rates (ORR) were similar between the two modalities (90% for MRI versus 95% with FCT-PET/CT). Conclusion We conclude that FCH-PET/CT is a reasonable alternative mode of imaging to gadolinium-enhanced MRI brain imaging, providing a new tool for assessment of CNS lymphoma.

IntroductionThe core aim of the workshop is to explore the advancing educational approaches to developing a health and social care workforce that can adapt and deliver personalised integrated care across systems.The focus of the workshop is on how undergraduate health and social care programmes are being transformed to support integrated care. There will be an exploration of the opportunities across a range of settings and will include learning from both presenter organisations. BackgroundThe move to integrated health and social care systems has significantly transformed what is required of current and future practitioners. While there have been significant moves towards the introduction of interprofessional learning, this progress differs across institutions and international settings. In order to transform the skills and cultures of professional groups and realise the potential of integrated care systems, there needs to be far wider innovation in how professionals are educated. Future education programmes needing to focus on the development of flexible, digitally literate and prevention-focused professionals, who can work across professional and institutional barriers. Aims and ObjectivesThe aim is to provide opportunity to explore how educational approaches are essential in the development of a flexible, digitally literate, integrated workforce that, can transform systems and enhance the progress towards fully integrated personalised health and social care models.Objectives •To share experiences of delivery of interprofessional educational approaches in health and social care and explore how these can be stretched to reflect the ambitions of integrated care• Explore the adoption of co-design and co-production of educational•Explore solutions that, bring together future workforce requirements and educational approaches, including undergraduate education, continuing professional development, and community empowerment. Target audienceEducationalists, service providers and commissions – professionals who are interested in medium- and long-term workforce developmentLearningsThe workshop will be a shared learning platform which will provide the opportunity for the following learning:•Sharing best practice including, the comparing approaches from a range of international setting.•Clarifying of links between development of current workforce and future workforce and identification of tools to support the transition to integrated care.•Development of a network of interested people to continue to develop learningFormatThe workshop will be opened with two short presentations (10 min 5 min each):1. University of Salford – Lessons from the development of integration focused undergraduate education nurse programme2. Sheffield Hallam University – How co-production can support the educational development of the future workforceThe presentations will promote discussion from participants on current best practice and potential gaps that could be addressed through greater collaboration (20 min).Following the discussion, there will be a structured group work which will address the aims and objective of the session and enable the participants to consider the important educational approaches have in workforce development and in expediting the movement from acute, hospital focused, single disease-focused care to integrated care (20min).The final 10 min will focus on developing action plans for future collaborations, sharing of practice and potential for research.

An aging population and a growth in long term conditions in the UK has led to dramatic changes in the demographics and epidemiology. The government has introduced policies focused on transforming the health and social care system into integrated care systems (Department of Health [DH], 2012). Research has shown that the transformation to integrated care systems is reliant on people and is often complex and convoluted requiring structural, practice, and cultural change (Bryson, Crosby & Middleton Stone, 2006; Cairns & Harris, 2011). Therefore, the growth and prevalence of long-term conditions and its link to social inequality is a significant concern for researchers and health policymakers (George & Martin, 2016).The aim of this study was to explore the experience of a neighborhood team during integration. This was achieved through the presentation of their experiences from their perspective. Using an adapted institutional ethnographic approach.The finding demonstrated that teams moved through a non-linear process of conversion and separation during integration. A principal factor was the narrative of integration, as it was through the narrative that, practitioners developed hope about the process. Alongside narrative, the leadership and cultural shift was a factor in the successes within the observed team. These results indicated that there were key considerations in the development of integration at a local level.The team’s hope was not just for themselves but also, for better care for people. Linking the hopes of the team, to a strong narrative for empowerment and engagement, represented a powerful motivational factor. These findings were similar to previous studies, for example, Snooks et al (2011) reported that community members and professionals viewed collaborative approaches as important and equally, Coxon (2016), stated that, there was a relative consensus about the benefits of integrated working. Additionally, the findings from this research add to the previous research, as they highlight the importance of a positive narrative, which can engage and motivate team members during the early transition. The movement toward integrated systems, therefore, benefit from a framework approach, rather than a structured change management approach. Based on finding a framework to prepare teams for integration has been recommended.There were three key themes that developed in the research which, were conversation and separation as part of the integration process, the importance of hope as a driver and sustaining the force, and the importance of team-level leadership in the development of team-level change. The finding of the study was used to develop a framework for preparing teams for integration.The study was a small ethnographic study over a nine-month period and any transferability of findings are required to be viewed through the scale and context of the study. The approach enabled a deep understanding of one case of integration, to strengthen and validate finding further research is required.Further research could include the testing of the effectiveness of the framework in a range of settings. This will enable the strengthening of the framework and development of a package of support for organisations

BACKGROUND Bendamustine and Rituximab (BR) therapy is recommended in international consensus guidelines for treatment of Waldenström Macroglobulinaemia (WM) in both frontline and relapsed settings. The optimal dose and schedule of Bendamustine is not well established. Dose options include 90mg/m2 or 70mg/m2 on days 1&2 of each of 6 cycles (total Bendamustine dose of 1080mg/m2 and 840mg/m2, respectively) +/- reduction from 6 to 4 cycles. AIMS Determine response rates (IWWM criteria), PFS and toxicity following BR in frontline and relapsed settings Determine the impact of depth of response and Bendamustine dose on PFS METHODS A multicentre, retrospective cohort analysis was undertaken of consecutive WM patients treated with BR in the frontline or relapsed settings. Data were collected from 17 sites across 4 countries, including UK centres participating in the Rory Morrison Registry. RESULTS Data from Sep 2010 to May 2020 were collected for 250 patients. Frontline (n=139, 55.6%) and relapsed (n=111, 44.4%) cohorts were matched in terms of sex, age at commencement of BR, ECOG score, and baseline parameters including: haemoglobin, platelet count, bone marrow infiltration, and presence of adenopathy, splenomegaly and extranodal disease. At a median follow up of 37 months, disease progression had occurred in 25 frontline patients (18.0%) and 48 relapsed patients (43.2%; p Major responses (≥PR) differed significantly between frontline and relapsed cohorts (91.4% vs 73.9%, respectively; p Best response significantly impacted on PFS and OS. Two-year predicted PFS rates for those achieving CR/VGPR vs PR were 96% vs 82%, respectively (p=0.002, Fig. 1A). Median OS was 83 months after achieving CR/VGPR, 65 months after achieving PR/MR and 28 months after achieving SD/PD (p Relapsed patients had received 1 (n=53, 47.7%), 2 (n=28, 25.2%) or ≥3 (n=30, 27.0%) prior therapies. PFS was significantly longer in the frontline cohort compared with recipients of ≥2 prior lines of treatment, but not between cohorts treated frontline vs after 1 prior therapy line (Fig. 1B). Rates of toxicity-related treatment truncation were significantly lower in the frontline setting (17.3% vs 35.1%; p Frontline patients received higher total Bendamustine doses than relapsed patients (median total dose 1080mg/m2 vs 720mg/m2; p Age did not significantly affect tolerated dose in the frontline cohort, with similar median total Bendamustine doses in the CONCLUSION Outcomes for WM patients following BR are excellent. Frontline patients tolerate higher doses of Bendamustine, and achieve deeper responses and longer PFS than relapsed patients. In both settings, attaining CR/VGPR results in superior PFS and OS. Our data clearly delineate the Bendamustine doses required to achieve optimum PFS. At frontline, 6 cycles of 90mg/m2 on days 1&2 is superior to lower doses with respect to response and PFS. In the relapsed cohort, maximum response and PFS benefit are seen with 4 cycles of 90mg/m2 on days 1&2; a starting dose of 70mg/m2 on days 1&2 is also sufficient provided 5-6 cycles are administered. Disclosures Menne: Kyowa Kirin: Other: Travel expenses; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria, Other; Atara: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Kite/Gilead: Honoraria, Other: Travel expenses; Celgene: Honoraria, Other: Travel expenses; Daiichi Sankyo: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria, Other: Travel expenses; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Honoraria; Bayer: Other: Travel expenses; Roche: Honoraria. Talaulikar:Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding. Pratt:Binding Site Ltd: Other: Personal fees; Amgen: Other: Personal fees; Janssen: Other: Personal fees; Celgene: Other: Personal fees; Takeda: Other: Personal fees; Gilead: Other: Personal fees; Sanofi-Genzyme: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Beigene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Karyopharm: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Manos:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Other: Conference sponsorship. Gavriatopoulou:Genesis Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria; Karyopharm: Consultancy, Honoraria. Minnema:Kite, a Gilead Company: Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Other: travel support, Research Funding; Servier: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy. El-Sharkawi:Roche: Other: Conference fees; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Kersten:Kite, a Gilead Company: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support; Miltenyi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support; Roche: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding. McCarthy:Abbvie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Honoraria. Bishton:Janssen: Consultancy; Takeda: Other: Travel/accommodations/expenses, Research Funding; Roche: Other: Travel/accommodations/expenses, Research Funding; Gilead: Other: Travel/accomodations/expenses, Research Funding; AbbVie: Research Funding. Follows:Roche: Consultancy, Other: Paid lecturing; Karyopharm: Consultancy, Other: Paid lecturing; Janssen: Consultancy, Other: Paid lecturing; Abbvie: Consultancy, Other: Paid lecturing; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Other: Paid lecturing; Astrazeneca: Consultancy, Other: Paid lecturing. Wechalekar:Janssen, Takeda, Caelum, Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. D'Sa:BeiGene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Sanofi: Honoraria.

BackgroundCare recipients in care and welfare are increasingly presenting themselves with complex needs (Huber et al., 2016). An answer to this is the integrated organization of care and welfare in a way that personalized care is the measure (Topol, 2016). The reality, however, is that care and welfare are still mainly offered in a standardized, specialized and fragmented way. This imbalance between the need for care and the supply of care not only leads to under-treatment and over-treatment and thus to less (experienced) quality, but also entails the risk of mis-treatment, which means that patient safety is at stake (Berwick, 2005). It also leads to a reduction in the functioning of citizens and unnecessary healthcare cost (Olsson et al, 2009).Integrated CareIntegrated care is the by fellow human beings experienced smooth process of effective help, care and service provided by various disciplines in the zero line, the first line, the second line and the third line in healthcare and welfare, as close as possible (Ettema et al, 2018; Goodwin et al, 2015). Integrated care starts with an extensive assessment with the care recipient. Then the required care and services in the zero line, the first line, the second line and / or the third line are coordinated between different care providers. The care is then delivered to the person (fellow human) at home or as close as possible (Bruce and Parry, 2015; Evers and Paulus, 2015; Lewis, 2015; Spicer, 2015; Cringles, 2002).AimSupport societal participation, quality of live and reduce care demand and costs in people with complex care demands, through integration of healthcare and welfare servicesMethods (overview)1. Create best healthcare and welfare practices in Slovenia, Poland, Austria, Norway, UK, Finland, The Netherlands: three integrated best care practices per involved country 2. Get insight in working mechanisms of favourable outcomes (by studying the contexts, mechanisms and outcomes) to enable personalised integrated care for meeting the complex care demand of people focussed on societal participation in all integrated care best practices.3. Disclose program design features and requirements regarding finance, governance, accountability and management for European policymakers, national policy makers, regional policymakers, national umbrella organisations for healthcare and welfare, funding organisations, and managers of healthcare and welfare organisations.4. Identify needs of healthcare and welfare deliverers for creating and supporting dynamic partnerships for integrating these care services for meeting complex care demands in a personalised way for the client.5. Studying desired behaviours of healthcare and welfare professionals, managers of healthcare and welfare organisations, members of involved funding organisations and national umbrella organisations for healthcare and welfare, regional policymakers, national policy makers and European policymakersInvolved partiesAlma Mater Europaea Maribor Slovenia, Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland, University Graz Austria, Kristiania University Oslo Norway, Salford University Manchester UK, University of Applied Sciences Turku Finland, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht The Netherlands (secretary), Rotterdam Stroke Service The Netherlands, Vilans National Centre of Expertise for Long-term Care The Netherlands, NIVEL Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, International Foundation of Integrated Care IFIC.References1. Berwick DM. The John Eisenberg Lecture: Health Services Research as a Citizen in Improvement. Health Serv Res. 2005 Apr; 40(2): 317–336.2. Bruce D, Parry B. Integrated care: a Scottish perspective. London J Prim Care (Abingdon). 2015; 7(3): 44–48.3. Cringles MC. Developing an integrated care pathway to manage cancer pain across primary, secondary and tertiary care. International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2002 May 8;247279.4. Ettema RGA, Eastwood JG, Schrijvers G. Towards Evidence Based Integrated Care. International journal of integrated care 2018;18(s2):293. DOI: 10.5334/ijic.s22935. Evers SM, Paulus AT. Health economics and integrated care: a growing and challenging relationship. Int J Integr Care. 2015 Jun 17;15:e024.6. Goodwin N, Dixon A, Anderson G, Wodchis W. Providing integrated care for older people with complex needs: lessons from seven international case studies. King’s Fund London; 2014.7. Huber M, van Vliet M, Giezenberg M, Winkens B, Heerkens Y, Dagnelie PC, Knottnerus JA. Towards a 'patient-centred' operationalisation of the new dynamic concept of health: a mixed methods study. BMJ Open. 2016 Jan 12;6(1):e010091. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-0100918. Lewis M. Integrated care in Wales: a summary position. London J Prim Care (Abingdon). 2015; 7(3): 49–54.9. Olsson EL, Hansson E, Ekman I, Karlsson J. A cost-effectiveness study of a patient-centred integrated care pathway. 2009 65;1626–1635.10. Spicer J. Integrated care in the UK: variations on a theme? London J Prim Care (Abingdon). 2015; 7(3): 41–43.11. Topol E. (2016) The Patient Will See You Now. The Future of Medicine Is in Your Hands. New York: Basic Books.

Introduction: 62% of hospital bed days are occupied by older adults 65 and older in the UK and it is estimated that there is a cost to the NHS of £820 million1. Elderly patients admitted to hospital have worse morbidity and mortality outcomes and often have a poorer experience2,3,. To reduce emergency admissions Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust developed a Digital Health Service, which supports frail people to stay within the community where their care can be managed, avoiding an Emergency room attendance and potential emergency admission. Practice change: To enhance the value of care provided to the local community a digital health service has been implemented in care homes. The service provides digital technology that enables care home staff to access a hospital specialist for advice and guidance on residents who have a deterioration in health before considering an Ambulance/ GP visit. Aim and theory of change: The aim is to use technology to enable care home staff to maintain older people with complex co-morbidities, within their home setting and avoiding unnecessary hospital admissions. Timeline: The programme was launched in March 2017 and will run for 3 years Highlights: In the period April and September 2017 94 Emergency and 258 GP attendances were avoided. Total hospital bed days saved 1268. Deflection rate of Emergency room attendance is currently 70% Comments on sustainability: The programme has now been expanded across the whole of the residential care home sector and will launched as a 24/7 service this year. Limitations: Awaiting more long term finding, ongoing evaluation is required to ensure that early results are sustainable overtime. Comments on transferability A joint End of Life bid is being developed. Conclusions: Elderly people suffer worsening health and poor experience when in hospital 3, 5. There is also a significant financial cost to systems treating frail elderly patients in hospitals 3. The Digital health programme enabled care staff to access acute hospital specialists for advice and guidance, which has led to a significant deflection in attendance. Discussions: The programme has proven successful at reducing admissions and in Emergency room attendance within the population group, data appears to show that the service has the potential to support people to remain within their place of residence rather than be treated in hospital. Lessons learned: General practitioners are key influencers within community setting and proved key to promoting and service References: 1- National Audit Office NAO 2016 Discharging older patients from hospital [online]. Accessed 14 Oct 2017 https://www.nao.org.uk/report/discharging-older-patients-from-hospital 2- Francis, R. Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry: executive summary. 2013. London: Stationery Office, February 6th 2013. ISBN: 9780102981476 3- NHS England 2014 Safe, compassionate care for frail older people using an integrated care pathway: Practical guidance for commissioners, providers and nursing, medical and allied health 4- Ellis, G., Whitehead, M.A., Robinson, D., O’Neill, D., Langhourne, P. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older adults admitted to hospital: meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2011 Oct 27;343:d6553.doi 10.1136/bmj.d6553

Introduction: Greater Manchester despite having a vibrant economy, has a higher than average prevalence of long term conditions, the impact being that people require support from health care services at a much younger age and for much greater periods of time1 . In 2016, a £6 billion health and social care budget was devolved to the region, with the ambition of radically improving the health outcomes, through the upscaling of prevention, early intervention, and self-care services. Devolution aims to facilitate happier, healthier and more prosperous communities. Supported by a sustainable health and social care economy1 Description of policy: To meet this ambition locally, the newly formed integrated care organisation developed a system wide self-care policy. The policy promotes working harmoniously with local communities to: tackle inequalities caused by the social determinants of health, change relationships between care providers and the wider population, and encourages the adoption of positive health behaviours. Ultimately, the policy facilitates a transformational shift from mainly treating ill health to proactively preventing and managing health and wellbeing3. This required fostering a ‘social model of health’ that combines a deep understanding of what matters to people, with excellent clinical care, timely data, and strong, sustained social support2. The policy was co-produced with a range of partners, including the voluntary/community sector. Asset based approaches to health care delivery are also key to the approach and the whole programme is under pinned by a workforce development programme across all sectors of the integrated organisation. Targeted population: System wide self-care is a population wide approach, with a focus on improving the health of the most vulnerable within our community, frail elderly, children and young people, mental health care and people with complex co-morbidity. Highlights (innovation, Impact and outcomes) Development of a collaborative approach across the health and social care economy Launch of social prescribing within first neighbourhood Commissioning of a third sector social prescribing team Commissioning of a comprehensive asset based community development programme Completion of workforce training pilot GP engagement Section as part of the GM transformation fund Comments on transferability: The policy provides a framework for a whole system. Providing guidance and vision alongside practical application of a wide range of interventions, which, can be tailored to local need. Early evaluation has demonstrated that local neighbourhood teams are able match the interventions to need of their population. Conclusions: The innovation within this policy is that it draws together several tried and tested self-care approaches within a framework that can be applied across whole health and social care economies. Acknowledging that current health and health social issues rarely require a single silo solutions. References: 1- Smith et al. Taking care of our health and social care in greater Manchester. http://www.gmhsc.org.uk/delivering-the-plan/ [Accessed September 1st 2017] 2- Foot J & Hopkins T. (A glass half-full: how an asset approach can improve community health and wellbeing. London: Improvement and Development Agency (IDeA). 2010 3- Nesta. Realising the value. Available from: https://www.nesta.org.uk/sites/default/files/realising-the-value-ten-key-actions-to-put-people-and-communities-at-the-heart-of-health-and-wellbeing_0.pdf [Accessed 20th July 2017]

Appendix A. Figures with essential colour discrimination: Certain figures in this article, particularly Figures 1, 3 and 4, are difficult to interpret in black and white. The full colour images can be found in the on-line version, at doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2010. 03.031. The suitability of porous silicon (pSi) encapsulated in microfibers of the biodegradable polymer polycaprolactone (PCL) for ophthalmic applications was evaluated, using both a cell attachment assay with epithelial cells and an in vivo assessment of biocompatibility in rats. Microfibers of PCL containing encapsulated pSi particles at two different concentrations (6 and 20 wt.%) were fabricated as non-woven fabrics. Given the dependence of Si particle dissolution kinetics on pSi surface chemistry, two different types of pSi particles (hydride-terminated and surface-oxidized) were evaluated for each of the two particle concentrations. Significant attachment of a human lens epithelial cell line (SRA 01/04) to all four types of scaffolds within a 24 h period was observed. Implantation of Si fabric samples beneath the conjunctiva of rat eyes for 8 weeks demonstrated that the composite materials did not cause visible infection or inflammation, and did not erode the ocular surface. We suggest that these novel composite materials hold considerable promise as scaffolds in tissue engineering with controlled release applications. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Residual scale inhibitor analysis in produced waters is recognised as an ongoing challenge for many offshore production environments, particularly for the sulphonated co-polymers. This paper builds on work recently presented in SPE 131100 and describes a number of further developments made to enable rapid, accurate, reliable and robust analysis of sulphonated polymers in oilfield brines. This includes more appropriate solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques which demonstrate near 100% retention of sulphonated polymers from brines of different salinities and therefore negate the requirement for dialysis. Whereas the previous paper focused on bench top SPE (solid phase extraction) techniques which demonstrated very efficient assay in synthetic brines, this work progresses and demonstrates the use of the techniques in real produced waters. This paper then advances further to illustrate the progress made in HPLC based techniques including those using GPC based separation coupled with modern highly-sensitive detectors for more routine / automated assay of sulphonated and other polymeric inhibitors. In summary, the paper will present results and methodologies which enable accurate residual assay of sulphonated co-polymers by both benchtop SPE approaches as well as HPLC approaches in both synthetic and real produced waters. These methodologies therefore remove one of the limitations of sulphonated co-polymers compared with other scale inhibitor species and are expected to form the basis of ongoing residual assay for sulphonated polymers in coming years.

Residual scale inhibitor analysis in produced waters, particularly for the sulphonated co-polymers is recognised as an ongoing challenge for many offshore production environments. Although methods have been well documented (e.g. dialysis / hyamine based techniques), there are a number of known difficulties when assaying residual ppm and sub ppm levels of sulphonated polymers where separation of the inhibitor from the brine phase can be a time consuming, labour intensive and often difficult operation. This paper describes a number of recent developments made to enable rapid, accurate, reliable and robust analysis of sulphonated polymers in oilfield brines. The work focuses primarily on those inhibitors which are not readily separated by conventional C18 techniques. This includes more appropriate solid phase extraction, SPE, techniques which demonstrate near 100% retention of sulphonated polymers from brines of different salinities and therefore negate the requirement for dialysis. The work couples these newly developed separation techniques to different assay methods including conventional post separation Hyamine derivitisation as well as direct analysis using appropriate HPLC detection systems. The paper will describe the challenges faced with residual scale inhibitor analysis in oilfield produced waters. Present advances made in the separation and assay of these and other polymeric species include the ability to obtain reliable separation and when required concentration using SPE methods as well as the utility of a variety of different detection systems. Extensive validation tests in a range of high salinity brines demonstrating the limits of detection and repeatability at ppm and sub ppm level for a variety of different polymers including PVS, VS-Co and more conventional polyacrylate as well as phosphorus containing polymers. In short, the results will demonstrate the ability to accurately assay a range of different polymers in different brine systems and mark a significant advancement over previously employed dialysis / Hyamine approaches. The paper will also illustrate the potential application of the techniques for separation and individual assay of different polymers from mixtures, which still represents a significant challenge for produced water analysis in many situations.