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Student and faculty collaborations are gaining recognition in higher education as an approach to optimise learning and the relationships embedded within education. However, existing hierarchies and power structures in academia often limit the nature of student-faculty partnerships. The student and faculty authors of this paper have an ongoing partnership within a project to address bullying in nursing education. The CRAB project (Cognitive Rehearsal to Address Bullying), is an initiative that is not only relevant for, and partnered with, students, but also initiated by them. The authors of this paper were interested in understanding what determined the success of the partnership. As a group, we reflect on the processes of collaboration, from creating innovative educational resources to co-authoring scholarly publications. Using verbatim quotes from the authors, we also explore the nature of the partnership along with the benefits and challenges from both student and faculty authors’ perspectives.

This report from the Foodprint Melbourne research project presents a roadmap of strategies and policy approaches for strengthening the resilience of Melbourne’s food system to shocks and stresses. It focuses particularly on shocks and stresses related to climate change and pandemic, but also considers underlying food system stresses, such as high levels of food waste and declining supplies of the natural resources that underpin food production. The combined effects of these shocks and stresses undermine the resilience of food systems, drive up food prices and increase food insecurity. The report identifies six key areas of opportunity for action to strengthen the resilience of Melbourne’s food system to future shocks and stresses.

While historically Australia has been a major exporter of food commodities and is generally considered to be “food secure”, our inter-disciplinary modelling of Australia’s food system and contemporary diet demonstrates that Australia is likely to become a net importer of key nutritious foods such as nuts and dairy if it continues along its current policy path. Furthermore, this occurs in the context of accelerating international debt, complete dependence on imported oil and declines in Gross Domestic Product per capita. Coupled with no reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, and increasing water deficits around many capital cities, these factors indicate increasing threats to Australia’s food security. These strategic challenges arise from past and current policy choices and trends, including continued consumption of an unhealthy diet. Their effects are modelled for the coming decades using an innovative scenario simulation based on comprehensive accounts of physical processes in Australia’s economy simulated in the Australian Stocks and Flows Framework. Our analysis further employed health and economic cost modelling based on burden of disease data, conservatively demonstrating that productivity and health costs of unhealthy diets would be at least three billion Australian dollars for the 2025 Australian population if we were to continue on this trajectory.

Action on climate change will require significant transformation of the urban infrastructure and living patterns of cities. This transformation will arise from the processes of decarbonising urban/city energy systems as well as disentangling carbon emissions from all the services of provision that enable urban life. Cities are complex technical-physical-ecological-social-cultural systems and transformation presents what is arguably the archetypical ‘wicked’problem where an effort to change one system of provision may generate unexpected (and possibly undesirable) changes in another. This chapter describes a four-year interdisciplinary research and engagement project to elaborate transformative decarbonisation scenarios for four Australian capital cities. The project used visualisation, scenario generation and pathways analysis, with the researchers supported by a panel of almost 250 professionals from business, government and civil society.

This report outlines a vision and roadmap for preserving Melbourne’s foodbowl for current and future generations as a fundamental building block in a healthy, resilient, sustainable and fair food system. This vision and ‘roadmap’ was developed through a collaborative process involving a wide range of stakeholders. Key elements include: Planning for a sustainable and resilient city foodbowl requires an integrated policy approach Five key pillars of policy action underpin a resilient and sustainable city foodbowl – farmland protection, farm viability, water access, nutrient recycling and sustainable farming Farmland should be permanently protected on Melbourne’s fringe by maintaining Melbourne’s Urban Growth Boundary, mapping agricultural land and introducing a new agricultural ‘zone’ Promoting the viability of farming in Melbourne’s foodbowl is as important as protecting farmland Farm viability should be promoted by investing in infrastructure that enables small-medium scale farmers to gain greater control of supply chains, ensuring that peri-urban producers are able to access relevant funding streams and applying local government ‘farm rates’ to all actively farmed land Water reuse for food production should be increased to address water scarcity in a warming climate Water reuse should be increased by adopting an integrated water management approach to managing water assets in farming areas, developing integrated assessment frameworks to cost delivery of recycled water and investigating options for greater reuse of storm water City foodbowls offer opportunities to close the loop by returning valuable nutrients from city organic waste back to the soil Nutrient recycling on farm should be promoted by preventing contamination of organic waste streams, collaborating with farmers to develop ‘fit for purpose’ compost products and establishing a Melbourne Nutrient Recycling Network Sustainable farming should be incentivised in Melbourne’s foodbowl Sustainable farming approaches should be incentivised through local government rate rebates, direct payments and extension services aimed at peri-urban farmers A diverse range of sustainable farming approaches should be promoted to increase the resilience of the city’s food system, including regenerative and agroecological approaches as well as sustainable intensification and closed-environment agriculture

Dietary change has been suggested as a key strategy to maintain food security, improve health and reduce environmental impacts in the face of rising populations, resource scarcity and climate change impacts, particularly in developed countries. This paper presents findings from a quantitative modelling analysis of food availability and environmental implications of shifting the current average Australian dietary pattern to one of two alternative, healthy dietary patterns, the &lsquo, healthy mixed diet&rsquo, with a mixture of animal and plant foods, and the &lsquo, healthy plant-based diet&rsquo, with only plant foods. Both were constructed in accordance with the Australian Dietary Guideline recommendations, and four sustainability principles: Avoiding over-consumption, reducing intake of discretionary foods, reducing animal products, and reducing food waste. It was assumed that all food was provided domestically where possible, and export of foods only occurred when there was a surplus to domestic requirements. The authors compared the impacts of each dietary pattern on direct food availability, water use, land use, greenhouse gas emissions, fuel and energy use and fertiliser use. The plant-based diet had the best overall environmental and direct food availability outcomes, however had key vulnerabilities in terms of fertiliser and cropping land availability. For the agricultural sector overall, changes in diet had little effect on environmental impact due to the amount and nature of Australian exports, indicating that changes to production methods are also necessary. Likewise, changing diets had little effect on the existing environmentally intensive Australian economy, indicating that changes to other sectors are also necessary.

This report identifies the policy challenges that need to be addressed and the opportunities that could be leveraged to strengthen Melbourne’s foodbowl. The report focuses on three key policy issues: protecting farmland, strengthening the viability of farming and increasing water access.

Advances in ICT have changed, and continue to change, interactions between service providers and customers. Service industries like health care or consulting traditionally relied on interpersonal “high touch, low tech” (Bitner, Brown, and Meuter 2000: 138) exchanges. Today, however, service providers and customers increasingly interact through virtual, rather than physical interfaces (Breidbach, Kolb, and Srinivasan 2013a). But, service research to date has focused predominantly on face-to-face settings (e.g., Froehle and Roth 2004), while technology-enabled value co-creation processes remain largely unexplored and misunderstood (Breidbach and Maglio 2015). Consequently, the understanding of ICT-enabled service is incomplete, and exploring the broader role and implications of ICT in service represents a key research priority for service science (e.g., Srinivasan, Breidbach, and Kolb 2015) and IS scholars alike (Maglio and Breidbach 2014).

In recent years, sustainability has become an important issue for businesses and the broader society (Porter and Kramer 2011). An increasing number of organizations have endeavored to improve their business operations within their organization and supply chains to enable them to achieve economic, environmental, and social benefits, which is known as the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) (Elkington 1997). Various sustainability initiatives introduced are based on the sustainable development principle (Brundtland 1987) that encourages the fulfillment of the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs.

Aim The cost of food is a key determinant of food choice. Little is known about the cost of food in metropolitan areas. The present study aimed to determine access to healthy food across Melbourne, Australia. Methods A random sample of 22 out of 31 local government areas was selected for inclusion in the study and one census collection district was chosen for analysis. The cost of a healthy food basket and basket of fruits and vegetables was assessed in a sample of supermarkets and green grocers. A ratio of healthy (supermarkets and grocery stores) to unhealthy (fast food and takeaway outlets) food stores was calculated. Results The median cost of a healthy food basket across 68 supermarkets for a family of four was not significantly different across suburbs ($456.27, 20.07). Families in inner city use less of their income on the basket (15%) compared to middle and outer suburbs (19%, P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively). The median price of a sample of fruits and vegetables across 24 green grocers was significantly cheaper than supermarkets (P = 0.01). Accessibility to healthy food decreased significantly between inner (ratio = 3.4), middle (ratio = 2.5) and outer suburbs (ratio = 0.91). Conclusions Those living in outer suburbs may have poorer access to healthy food. Ensuring more affordable, accessible healthy food is available for those living in outer suburban areas may improve nutrition outcomes.

Many organizations have introduced various ICT-enabled innovations to improve economic, environmental and social performance. The Open Food Network (OFN) is an example of ICT-enabled innovation that has the potential to enhance the sustainability of regional food supply chain by improving farmers access to local and regional markets and consumers access to fresh local produce, as well as optimizing the regional food distribution and improving local community welfare. OFN has just been recently launched in Australia and currently there is a limited understanding of the actual impacts and appropriate strategies to encourage wider adoption. This research in progress aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the OFN system in connecting and supporting the sustainability of regional food supply chain communities in Australia that will help devise strategies for expanding the use beyond Australia. Through a preliminary focus group with a number of early adopters of the OFN, this study identifies the actual use of OFN, benefits to main stakeholders and a number of challenges. The findings contribute to a longer term research program that investigates how ICT can support sustainability initiatives within organizations and supply chains., ISBN# 978-0-646-95337-3 Presented at the Australasian Conference on Information Systems 2015 (arXiv:1605.01032)

Compatibility of two types of needles with a variety of durable and prefilled injection pens for diabetes medication was tested by attaching the needles according to ISO 11608-2 and verifying penetration into the cartridge using air shots and two-dimensional X-rays. NovoFine* and NovoFine Autocover† attached correctly to 20 and 19 out of 21 pen types, respectively. Neither needle type attached to Diapen 3.1/3.2, while NovoFine Autocover attached to most, but not all of OptiSet pens.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the development of bibliotek.dk (library.dk) – how to open a union catalogue to the public.Design/methodology/approachbibliotek.dk – the end‐user web interface to the public union catalogue is described and challenges in these features are examined: the user interface, end‐user loan requests, cooperation with Google, library 2.0 characteristics etc. Usage statistics are presented.FindingsIt was found that it is possible to make requesting library material (almost) as easy and fast as searching Google.Originality/valueThe paper will be of interest to librarians working with opening their services to the public.

This paper outlines a process for exploring food system vulnerability and resilience using scenario modelling with the Australian Stocks and Flows Framework (ASFF). The capacity of ASFF to simulate how diverse shocks and stressors affect food system behaviour across multiple sectors—with diverse, interconnected and dynamic variables shaping system response—renders ASFF particularly suited for exploring complex issues of future food supply. We used ASFF to explore the significance of alternative agricultural policies for land use, crop production, livestock production, fisheries, food processing, transport, food waste and ultimately food supply. Policies in different scenarios varied with regard to the timetable for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the degree of government participation or regulation in the food system and the scale of solutions (varying from centralized and global to decentralized and local). Results from the scenarios suggest that Australia does not have the ability to maintain a domestic surplus of foods required for a nutritious diet. In particular, the health of the current food system is highly vulnerable to constraints in oil supply, and increased food production threatens to precipitate a drastic decline in critical water supplies. We conclude by outlining a proposed method for using ASFF to delve deeper into the dynamics of the food system, probe the consequences of various adaptive responses to food production and supply challenges and devise potential indicators for food system resilience. Shocks and stressors to be added to the next phase of scenario modelling include soil salinity, climate extremes and credit scarcity. The ASFF methodology should be applicable to other parts of the world, although appropriate recalibration and adjustment of model assumptions would be required to reflect regional differences.

Kirsten Larsen portrætterer Kofi Annan som har 10-års jubilæum som FN's generelsekretær.

Udgivelsesdato: 2010-May-25 OBJECTIVE:: Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EE) is a clinical entity characterised by a set of symptoms and eosinophilic infiltration of the oesophageal epithelium. Recent reports indicate that EE is increasingly diagnosed in paediatric patients. We aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of paediatric EE in a European population. DESIGN:: Infants and children in the Region of Southern Denmark were prospectively referred for further evaluation of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) after treatment failure with a proton pump inhibitor. The evaluation included endoscopy, 24-hour oesophageal pH-metry, histology of oesophageal biopsies, and investigations for food allergy (double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge, skin prick test, S-IgE antibodies, atopy patch test). RESULTS:: Of the 78 referred patients, 28 qualified for a diagnosis of GERD. Six children had >15 eosinophils per high-power field in biopsies from the oesophageal mucosa and qualified for the diagnosis of EE. The median age at diagnosis was 9.6 years. In 4 of the 6 patients, food allergy was confirmed by double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge. In the Region of Southern Denmark with a paediatric population of 256,164 between 0 and 16 years of age, a yearly incidence of EE of 0.16/10,000 was estimated. CONCLUSION:: We report a European prospective study of EE. It was documented in 6 of 78 patients with symptoms of GERD corresponding to an annual incidence of 0.16/10,000 infants and children.

Opening this year's very successful Practical Diabetes International Conference on the future of diabetic foot care, Dr Michael Edmonds (Kings College Hospital, London, UK), Joint Organising Chair of the meeting, pointed out that, assuming the nearly four hundred delegates present had on average five years clinical experience each, this added up to over 2,000 years' shared clinical experience and represented “a major resource within these four walls”.

Being able to supply a nutritious diet to Australians over the coming decades is likely to prove considerably challenging according to a range of scenarios modelled in simulations of the Australian agricultural system, economy and environment. This is in stark contrast to surplus supply experienced in the past for virtually all food types. Instead of attempting to make ill-fated predictions of what the future will be like, this work determines the environmental, resource and economic implications of three substantially different scenarios using a ‘stocks and flows’ model of the Australian system. Each scenario was developed with stakeholders in a workshop process; and each attempts to deal with the effects of population growth, fuel security (peak oil), climate change impacts, greenhouse gas mitigation and fertilizer constraints in ways which are consistent within each scenario, but different between them. One scenario, labelled as Adjustment, assumes free markets and high levels of international trade; Control, as the second scenario, assumes strong policy and regulatory intervention in the market to ensure the domestic supply of core foods; the third, DIY, envisages a more decentralized future with mostly local government intervention. Comprehensive food security is not achieved in any scenario, particularly when the potential impacts of constraints in other critical resources are considered. Overall, Adjustment is skewed toward economic benefits, DIY towards environmental resilience and Control is more evenly balanced though by no means ideal.

Nutritious, safe, affordable, and enjoyable food is a fundamental prerequisite for health. As a nation, Australia is currently classified as food secure with the domestic production exceeding domestic consumption of most major food groups. The domestic system is almost self-sufficient in terms of nutritious plant foods, although these foods have seen steady higher price increases relative to other foods, with nutrition equity implications. However, the viability of Australia’s food security sits counter to the continued presence of a stable and supportive climate. This article reviews the current state of science concerning the interface between climate change, food systems, and human health to reveal the key issues that must be addressed if Australia is to advance human health and sustainable food systems under a changing climate.

Bullosis diabeticorum (BD) is considered a rare and relatively harmless skin manifestation with tense blisters appearing rapidly and mostly on the feet. Most papers report only a few cases and the cause of the blisters is not known. We have experienced that the lesions are not so rare and may turn into chronic foot ulcers with complications. Retrospective study of 25 consecutive patients with 35 outbreaks and 93 bullae in a population of 5000 people with diabetes treated during a 3-year period. The bullae were deroofed in order to examine the bulla base and treated as foot ulcers including debridement, antibiotics, bandage and protective footwear. The incidence of BD per year in the present diabetic population is 0.16%. In 29 outbreaks, there were hypoglycaemic episodes or highly varying blood glucose. Antibiotics were given in 17 of 35 episodes. Time to healing was as much as median 2.5 months (range 0.5-23 months). Two patients had minor amputations. BD should be well known to all members of diabetic foot care teams. Blood glucose control with special attention to hypoglycaemia at the time of eruption, deroofing of the bullae and foot ulcer care are recommended.

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 20 (2014) S286eS296 S296 survival outcomes. Larger pediatric studies may be warranted to examine this clinical question. TRANSPLANT NURSING ADMINISTRATION

We show a general relationship between the number of comparisons and the number of I/O-operations needed to solve a given problem. This relationship enables one to show lower bounds on the number of I/O-operations needed to solve a problem whenever a lower bound on the number of comparisons is known. We use the result to show lower bounds on the I/O-complexity on a number of problems where known techniques only give trivial bounds. Among these are the problems of removing duplicates from a multiset, a problem of great importance in e.g. relational data-base systems, and the problem of determining the mode — the most frequently occurring element — of a multiset. We develop algorithms for these problems in order to show that the lower bounds are tight.

We show a relationship between the number of comparisons and the number of I/O operations needed to solve a given problem. We work in a model, where the permitted operations are l/O-operations and comparisons of two records in internal memory. An I/O- operation swaps B records between external memory and the internal memory (capable of holding M records). An algorithm for this model is called an I/O-algorithm. The main result of this paper is the following: Given an I/O-algorithm that solves an n-record problem P_n using I/O(bar{x}) I/O's on the input bar{x}, there exists an ordinary comparison algorithm that uses no more than n logB + I/O(bar{x}) € T_{merge}(M-B, B) comparisons on input bar{x}. T_{merge}(n, m) denotes the number of comparisons needed to merge two sorted lists of size n and m, respectively. We use the result to show lower bounds on the number of I/O-operations needed to solve the problems of sorting, removing duplicates from a multiset and determining the mode (the most frequently occurring element in a multiset). Aggarwal and Vitter have shown that the sorting bound is tight. We show the same result for the two other problems, by providing optimal algorithms.

In unilaterally amputated diabetic patients the prognosis for the remaining leg is poor. Often the patients suffer from diabetic neuropathy, angiopathy and/or arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, the load pattern of the remaining foot is frequently abnormal. In order to assess the extent of the problem, as well as the possibility of preventive care, 20 patients in the outpatient clinic of the Steno Memorial Hospital were followed for a period of 17 months. Eighteen patients showed signs of peripheral neuropathy and 19 an abnormal load pattern. Following preliminary assessment the dynamic load pattern of the ambulant patients was recorded and their shoes were fitted with a corrective insoles made of Rubazote. In the presence of ulcerations the insoles were continuously modified according to the diminishing size of the ulcer. Supplementary local dressing and systemic antibiotics were administered according to need. Initially 11 patients had pedal ulcerations, 5 ischemic and 6 neuropathic. All of the neuropathic ulcerations healed during the period of observation and no new ulcerations were seen. Two of the ischemic ulcerations healed whereas the remaining 3 persisted. It is concluded that regulation of the pedal load pattern in unilaterally amputated diabetic patients has a considerable curative and preventive effect.

The effects of histamine (HA) and of HA in combination with H1- and H2-receptor antagonists on basal and LRH-receptor antagonists on basal and LRH-stimulated LH and FSH secretion were investigated in 10 normal men. HA enhanced the LH response to LRH (p less than 0.05), but had no effect on basal LH secretion. The enhancement of LRH-stimulated LH secretion was not observed when either an H1- (mepyramine) or an H2- (cimetidine) receptor antagonist was administered concomitantly with HA. Cimetidine administered alone had no effect on basal or LRH-stimulated LH secretion. HA had no effect on basal or LRH-stimulated FSH secretion. We conclude that the effect of HA on LRH-stimulated LH secretion is mediated through a combined stimulation of H1- and H2-receptors.

This study was undertaken to test whether ratios between plasma concentrations of different estrogens would be more determinant of prolactin (PRL) secretion than plasma concentrations of estrogens per se have been found to be. Oral administration of micronized 17 beta-estradiol in a dose of 2 mg b.i.d. for 1 month to 7 postmenopausal women raised plasma estrone (E1) from a median of 29 to 683 pg/ml and plasma 17 beta-estradiol (E2) from a median of 5.7 to 131 pg/ml. The E1/E2 ratios rose from a median of 4.01 to 4.92 (Pwilcoxon (Pw) greater than 0.025). Basal serum PRL increased from a median of 79.2 to 100 microIU/ml (Pw) greater than 0.025). However, the area under the curve of the PRL response to TRH increased from a median of 2,553 mm2 before to 3,919 mm2 after treatment (Pw less than 0.025). Highly significant correlations existed between the E1/E2 ratios and the PRL responses to TRH both before (rspearman (rs) = 0.964) (Pspearman (Ps) less than 0.005) and after (rs = 1.000) (Ps less than 0.00025) estradiol treatment, whereas no correlations (Ps less than 0.679) existed between plasma concentrations of E1 or E2 per se and either basal serum PRL or PRL response to TRH. The regression curves of best fit between the E1/E2 ratios and the PRL responses to TRH were hyperbolic both before (r = 0.884) and after (r = 0.996) treatment. These results, showing that the E1/E2 ratio rather than the plasma E1 or E2 concentrations per se are correlated to the PRL responses to TRH, imply that the metabolic conversion rate of estrogens modulates PRL secretion.

Isolated secretory granules from neural lobes of bovine hypophyses were incubated with tritiated lysine-vasopressin. Gradient centrifugation of these granules showed a difference in the distribution on the gradient of labelled vasopressin as compared with endogenous vasopressin, suggesting a heterogeneity of the granules in the homogenate. In other experiments the release from the granules to the medium of the tritiated hormone and of endogenous arginine-vasopressin was studied under various experimental conditions. Addition to the medium of calcium with or without ATP did not affect the release of hormone from the granules. ATP alone had no significant effect on the granular release of hormone. However, in the presence of an ATP-regenerating system (pyruvate kinase + phosphoenolpyruvate) ATP caused a slight, but significant increase in the release of endogenous vasopressin, whereas the release of labelled hormone was unchanged. Increasing the pH of the incubation medium caused an increased release of hormone from the granules. A similar effect was observed when the medium was cooled or when the osmolality was changed.

The effects of histamine (HA) on prolactin (PRL), ACTH, and cortisol secretion in human males were investigated. Specific H2 -receptor blockade caused an immediate and significant PRL release, while specific H2 -receptor stimulation (HA and mepyramine) was without effect on PRL secretion. HA significantly stimulated both ACTH and cortisol secretion, and this stimulation was probably mediated through H2 -receptors, H2 -receptor blockade caused a late, but significant ACTH release. This release was not accompanied by a release of cortisol, and might therefore be due to a spontaneous oscillation in ACTH secretion. The results support the theory that HA acts as a modulator of human ACTH secretion. A similar effect on PRL secretion as postulated by others could not be confirmed in this study.