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Adolescents have to cope with several challenges and restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with many of those incongruent with the typical developmental tasks of adolescent age. Some adolescents might be particularly vulnerable in this situation, including those who are deprived of psychological, social or health care services and/or are exposed to abuse or neglect in their home environment. The aims of the current international multicentre follow-up study are to: 1. collect data on the mental health and quality of life of adolescents during and after the pandemic; 2. improve their mental health by providing an online prevention program that addresses their actual needs; 3. accelerate the development of culturally adapted prevention programs by involving an international team, and 4. to contribute to adequate preparation for any potentially occurring, similar situationin the future.Participants aged 11-18 years and their parents/caregivers from diff erent parts of Europe and non-European countries are recruited online. Data are collected regularly in a follow-up study by means of structured self-administered online questionnaires on adolescents' mental health, quality of life and current attitudes and needs. The baseline data collection was in March 2020 at first restrictions of the COVID pandemic in Europe. It is followed up several times (at the beginning weekly, later monthly, bi-monthly, three-monthly) to study changes in mental health, quality of life and attitudes of children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease pandemic. Data were collected by means of structured questionnaires (see below). The time frame of the study is set to one year from study start, March 2021. The last data collection was done in December 2020. The prevention program is developed and provided based on continuously analysed incoming data.Prevention based on the results of the study is expected to contribute to maintaining adolescents' mental health, improve their quality of life, increase their and their environment's cooperation with the necessary restrictions during the pandemic, and to make reintegration easier once the restrictions are over. Furthermore, the study has the potential to inform on the wellbeing of children and adolescents in extreme situations in general, thus contribute to future preventive measures and policymaking. Implications and Contribution: The proposed international online follow-up study is expected to provide scientifi c evidence for 1. possible changes in the mental health and quality of life of adolescents during and after a pandemic situation, 2. the eff ectiveness of a culturally adapted prevention program developed to address challenges associated with these changes.

PURPOSE: Adolescents have to cope with several challenges and restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with many of those incongruent with the typical developmental tasks of adolescent age Some adolescents might be particularly vulnerable in this situation, including those who are deprived of psychological, social or health care services and/or are exposed to abuse or neglect in their home environment The aims of the current international multicentre follow-up study are to: 1 collect data on the mental health and quality of life of adolescents during and after the pandemic;2 improve their mental health by providing an online prevention program that addresses their actual needs;3 accelerate the development of culturally adapted prevention programs by involving an international team, and 4 to contribute to adequate preparation for any potentially occurring, similar situationin the future METHODS: Participants aged 11-18 years and their parents/caregivers from diff erent parts of Europe and non-European countries are recruited online Data are collected regularly in a follow-up study by means of structured self-administered online questionnaires on adolescents' mental health, quality of life and current attitudes and needs The baseline data collection was in March 2020 at first restrictions of the COVID pandemic in Europe It is followed up several times (at the beginning weekly, later monthly, bi-monthly, three-monthly) to study changes in mental health, quality of life and attitudes of children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease pandemic Data were collected by means of structured questionnaires (see below) The time frame of the study is set to one year from study start, March 2021 The last data collection was done in December 2020 The prevention program is developed and provided based on continuously analysed incoming data CONCLUSIONS: Prevention based on the results of the study is expected to contribute to maintaining adolescents' mental health, improve their quality of life, increase their and their environment's cooperation with the necessary restrictions during the pandemic, and to make reintegration easier once the restrictions are over Furthermore, the study has the potential to inform on the wellbeing of children and adolescents in extreme situations in general, thus contribute to future preventive measures and policymaking Implications and Contribution: The proposed international online follow-up study is expected to provide scientifi c evidence for 1 possible changes in the mental health and quality of life of adolescents during and after a pandemic situation, 2 the eff ectiveness of a culturally adapted prevention program developed to address challenges associated with these changes

We examined cross-cultural differences in (1) sibling power balance and (2) the associations between sibling power balance and internalizing and externalizing problems in three separate cross-cultural studies (early childhood, late childhood, and adolescence). The early childhood samples consisted of 123 Turkish and 128 Dutch mothers (mean age for children was 4.9 years). In the late childhood samples, self-report data were collected from 124 Indian and 129 Dutch children (mean age 10.9 years). In the adolescent samples self-report data were collected from 165 ethnic Moroccan and 165 ethnic Dutch adolescents (mean age 15.2 years). In all studies, questionnaire data on sibling power imbalance and internalizing and externalizing problems were collected. Results showed only one significant cross-cultural difference in sibling power imbalance: The Indian sample reported more sibling power imbalance than the Dutch. Links between sibling power imbalance and problem behavior were highly similar between the different cultural samples. The only significant difference was a stronger impact of sibling power imbalance on externalizing problems for the Dutch compared to the Turkish sample. Concluding, few cross-cultural differences were found in sibling power imbalance. Across cultures and age groups, more sibling power imbalance was linked to more internalizing and externalizing problems.

We examined cross-cultural differences in (1) sibling power balance and (2) the associations between sibling power balance and internalizing and externalizing problems in three separate cross-cultural studies (early childhood, late childhood, and adolescence). The early childhood samples consisted of 123 Turkish and 128 Dutch mothers (mean age for children was 4.9 years). In the late childhood samples, self-report data were collected from 124 Indian and 129 Dutch children (mean age 10.9 years). In the adolescent samples self-report data were collected from 165 ethnic Moroccan and 165 ethnic Dutch adolescents (mean age 15.2 years). In all studies, questionnaire data on sibling power imbalance and internalizing and externalizing problems were collected. Results showed only one significant cross-cultural difference in sibling power imbalance: The Indian sample reported more sibling power imbalance than the Dutch. Links between sibling power imbalance and problem behavior were highly similar between the different cultural samples. The only significant difference was a stronger impact of sibling power imbalance on externalizing problems for the Dutch compared to the Turkish sample. Concluding, few cross-cultural differences were found in sibling power imbalance. Across cultures and age groups, more sibling power imbalance was linked to more internalizing and externalizing problems.

In the current meta-analysis, we investigated the link between child and adolescent sibling relationship quality (warmth, conflict and differential treatment) and internalizing and externalizing problems, and potential moderators of these associations. From 34 studies, we obtained 85 effect sizes, based on 12,257 children and adolescents. Results showed that more sibling warmth, less sibling conflict and less differential treatment were all significantly associated with less internalizing and externalizing problems. Effect sizes for sibling conflict were stronger than for sibling warmth and differential treatment, and associations for internalizing and externalizing problems were similar in strength. Effect sizes were moderated by sibling gender combination (stronger effects for higher percentage brother pairs), age difference between siblings (stronger effects for smaller age differences), and developmental period (stronger effect sizes for children than for adolescents). These results indicate that the sibling context is important when considering psychopathology. In addition to the overwhelming evidence of the impact of parent-child and marital relationships on child and adolescent development, the present meta-analysis is a reminder that the sibling relationship warrants more attention in research as well as in clinical settings.

Het doel van het huidige onderzoek was om te kijken naar het effect van niveau en veranderingen in de kwaliteit van de broer/zusrelatie en delinquent gedrag van de oudere broer/zus op niveau en veranderingen in delinquent gedrag van de jongere broer/zus, en of deze effecten verschilden voor verschillende seksecombinaties. Bij 249 Nederlandse broer/zusparen (leeftijd 11-15 jaar) zijn gedurende drie jaar door middel van vragenlijsten jaarlijks data verzameld.

The aim of the present study was (1) to examine the longitudinal effect of negative and positive affect in the parent-child, marital and sibling relationship on adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems, and (2) to compare the strengths of these effects for the different family relationships, for internalizing and externalizing problems, and for negative and positive affect. In this longitudinal study, 280 families (father, mother, and two adolescents 11–15 years old) reported on their affective relationships. Adolescents also reported on their problem behavior. Our results show significant longitudinal effects of negative and positive affect of the parent-adolescent and sibling relationship on adolescent internalizing and externalizing problem behavior. Neither positive nor negative marital affect were significant predictors of adolescent problem behavior. Model comparison showed that the effects were similar for externalizing versus internalizing problems, and for negative versus positive affe...

Background The aim of the present study is to examine whether the patterns of association between the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship on the one hand, and aggression and delinquency on the other hand, are the same for boys and girls of Dutch and Moroccan origin living in the Netherlands. Since inconsistent results have been found previously, the present study tests the replicability of the model of associations in two different Dutch samples of adolescents. Method Study 1 included 288 adolescents (M age = 14.9, range 12-17 years) all attending lower secondary education. Study 2 included 306 adolescents (M age = 13.2, range = 12-15 years) who were part of a larger community sample with oversampling of at risk adolescents. Results Multigroup structural analyses showed that neither in Study 1 nor in Study 2 ethnic or gender differences were found in the patterns of associations between support, autonomy, disclosure, and negativity in the parent-adolescent relationship and aggression and delinquency. The patterns were largely similar for both studies. Mainly negative quality of the relationship in both studies was found to be strongly related to both aggression and delinquency. Discussion Results show that family processes that affect adolescent development, show a large degree of universality across gender and ethnicity. © The Author(s) 2009.

The present study examined whether level and changes in sibling relationship quality and older sibling delinquency are related to level and changes in younger sibling delinquency, for brother, sister, older brother/younger sister and older sister/younger brother sibling pairs. Questionnaire data were collected from 249 Dutch sibling pairs (11-15 years old) over a period of three years, with annual measurements. Results showed that level and over-time changes in sibling relationship quality and older and younger sibling delinquency were significantly different for the four sibling gender combinations. Results of multivariate growth curve modeling showed that sibling relationship quality was related to delinquency of older siblings (but not younger siblings), and delinquency of older siblings was associated with younger sibling delinquency two years later. We also found differences between the four sibling gender combinations. For example, for brother and sister pairs (but not mixed-sex sibling pairs), over-time changes in older sibling delinquency were related to younger sibling delinquency two years later as well as the change pattern in younger sibling delinquency over time. Strengths, limitations and possible implications for research and intervention of adolescent delinquency are discussed.

The Social Relations Model (SRM) allows for examination of family relations on three different levels: the individual level (actor and partner effects), the dyadic level (relationship effects), and the family level (family effect). The aim of this study was to present a systematic review of SRM family studies and identify general patterns in the results. Results of reanalyses of 17 data sets showed that characteristics of the person who reports on the relationship and the unique characteristics of the relationship were most important explanations of differences in family relationships. The present systematic review contributes to a better understanding of who is driving relationship outcomes in families and provides suggestions concerning the application of the SRM to family data.

In dit huidige onderzoek is onderzocht of er directe effecten en indirecte effecten (via contacten met leeftijdgenoten) zijn van ouderlijke kennis op externaliserend probleemgedrag. Bij 457 adolescenten zijn op drie meetmomenten vragenlijsten afgenomen over probleemgedrag, opvoeding en leeftijdgenoten. De resultaten laten zien dat er zowel directe als indirecte samenhangen zijn tussen ouderlijke kennis en delinquent en agressief gedrag, wanneer gekeken wordt naar aanvangniveau van gedrag. Worden veranderingen over tijd bekeken, dan worden alleen directe effecten gevonden tussen ouderlijke kennis en beide vormen van probleemgedrag. Er zijn sterkere effecten tussen opvoeding en probleemgedrag voor jongens en tussen contact met leeftijdgenoten en agressie voor meisjes. Samenvattend: er zijn verschillende ontwikkelingstrajecten voor delinquent en agressief gedrag die verschillende relaties hebben met opvoedingsgedrag. De verschillende vormen van probleemgedrag moeten niet als gelijkwaardig behandeld worden.

An important issue in attachment theory and research is explaining individual differences in attachment quality. In this study, we examined (i) the relative importance of individual, dyadic, and family characteristics in explaining attachment quality differences and (ii) changes in the importance of these characteristics during adolescence. We examined these questions by applying the Social Relations Model to two-wave longitudinal data. Two parents and two adolescents from 210 families reported their attachment relationships with other family members. Results showed that differences in quality of attachment are best explained by the adolescent's internal working model (individual) and by relationship-specific (dyadic) characteristics. We found few longitudinal changes, indicating stability in these attachment processes. Implications of these results and important directions for future research are discussed.

The aim of the present study was to identify factors that are related to the traumatic symptoms and problem behavior among adolescents who experienced the New Years fire in 2001 in Volendam, The Netherlands. Three groups of factors were considered: pre-trauma (personality and coping), trauma-related (physical and emotional proximity to disaster), and post-trauma factors (received social support). Forty-five adolescents completed the questionnaire. Two years after the disaster, these adolescents experienced significant traumatic stress reaction (70% within the clinical range) and showed clinically significant levels of internalizing problems (37%). Pre-trauma, individual factors were identified as the most important predictors of distress, followed by received social support. The indicators of physical and emotional proximity to disaster explained little variance in distress.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the direct and indirect effects (through peer contacts) of parental knowledge on adolescents' delinquent and aggressive problem behavior, using latent growth curve modeling. A sample of 457 13- to 14-year old adolescents at first measurement wave (M=13.27; SD=0.45 years) filled out questionnaires about their parents, peers, and problem behavior three times with 1-year intervals in between. Regarding initial levels of behavior, both direct and indirect effects of parental knowledge were found on aggressive as well as on delinquent behavior. When the rate of change in behaviors was considered, only direct effects were found for both types of problem behavior, whereas indirect effects were absent. Gender differences were also found, with stronger effects of parenting on both aggressive and delinquent problem behavior for boys and stronger effects of peer contacts on aggressive behavior for girls. The present study shows that different behaviors of the externalizing spectrum have different trajectories and diverse relations with parenting and should not be treated as identical.

The first aim of the present study was to examine the extent to which the larger network of family relationships (parent-adolescent, marital, and sibling relations) affect adolescent adjustment. The second aim was to identify distinct patterns of family relationships and to examine whether these different family relationship patterns are associated with adolescent adjustment. The sample consisted of 288 intact families with two adolescent siblings. Each family member provided information on the affective quality of his or her relationship with every other family member (round-robin design). The quality of all family relations was related to the indicators of deviant development (problem behavior) but not to the indicators of normative development (identity formation). Five distinct and theoretically consistent clusters of different constellations of affective family relations were found. Differences in adolescent problem behavior were related to the cluster membership. The usefulness of the family systems perspective for research on adolescent development is discussed.

A fundamental question in the study of attachment is the explanation for differences in quality of attachment. In the present study, the Social Relations Model (SRM) was used to examine whether these differences in quality of attachment could be explained by (a) characteristics of the person (actor effect), (b) characteristics of the attachment figure (partner effect), (c) characteristics of the specific attachment relationship (relationship effect), or (d) characteristics of the family (family effect). In 288 families, two adolescent children and their parents reported on their attachment relationships with other family members. Results of SRM analyses showed that, in general, characteristics of the person reporting the attachment relationship and characteristics of the attachment relationship are the most important explanations for differences in quality of attachment, but the magnitudeof these effects tendsto vary depending on which family relationshipis considered.

The aim of this study was to examine growth trajectories of externalizing and internalizing problems during adolescence. In addition, we also examined factors that might account for individual differences in the level of problem behavior and in the rate of change: Adolescent gender and the quality of the relationships with parents and peers. The sample consisted of 212 adolescents (mean age 13.4 years at the initial assessment) who were assessed at 3 measurement waves with approximately 1-year intervals. The results showed substantial absolute and relative stability in both types of problem behavior, but also significant individual differences in both initial levels of problem behavior and in the rate of change across the 3 measurement occasions. Adolescent gender and the quality of the parent–adolescent relationship predicted the initial level of both externalizing and internalizing problems. The protective effect of the positive quality of the relationship with peers was found for internalizing but not for externalizing problems. No differences appeared between boys and girls in the effect of the quality of interpersonal relations on the level and on the rate of change in problem behavior, suggesting that the etiology of problem behavior might be similar for boys and girls in spite of gender differences in the prevalence of problem behaviors.

The aim of the present study is to examine the reciprocal relationship between parental attachment and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problem behaviour. In this longitudinal study, 288 adolescents (mean age 13.5 years) reported on their attachment relationships with their parents and on problem behaviour three times, with 1-year-intervals between measurement waves. Results show that attachment and both indicators of adolescent problem behaviour remain stable over time, although there were differences in stability between constructs. Reciprocal negative effects were found between attachment and internalizing problem behaviour, and between attachment and externalizing problem behaviour.

The aim of this study was to examine the development of quality of attachment of adolescents to their parents and siblings during adolescence and the role that gender differences play in this development, using latent growth curve analysis. In 288 families, adolescents reported on their attachment relationships with their parents and siblings. Quality of attachment changes during adolescence, and these changes are influenced by both gender of the adolescent and gender of the attachment figure. Results showed that change in mean level of quality of attachment to mother appeared to be nonlinear for boys, whereas mean level of attachment of adolescent girls to their mothers showed a linear decline. Results for attachment to father were opposite, with a linear decline in quality for boys, and a nonlinear development for girls. Quality of attachment to sibling showed differential development depending on gender composition of the sibling dyad.

The present study is the first to examine patterns in sibling relationship quality and the associations of these patterns with internalizing and externalizing problem behavior, as well as self-perceived competence, in middle childhood. Self-report questionnaires (e.g., Sibling Relationship Questionnaire, Self-Perception Profile for Children, Youth Self Report) were administered among 1,670 Dutch children (Mage = 11.40 years, SD = .83) attending 51 different Dutch schools. Three sibling relationship clusters were found: a conflictual cluster (low on warmth, high on conflict), an affect-intense cluster (above average on warmth and conflict), and a harmonious cluster (high on warmth, low on conflict). Sister pairs were underrepresented in the conflictual cluster and overrepresented in the harmonious cluster. Children with conflictual sibling relationships reported significantly more internalizing and externalizing problems, and lower academic and social competence and global self-worth, than children with harmonious sibling relationships. Children with affect-intense sibling relationships reported less aggression and better social competence than children with conflictual sibling relationships. Our findings indicate that it is fruitful to combine indices of sibling warmth and conflict to examine sibling relationship types. Relationship types differed significantly concerning internalizing and externalizing problems, but also concerning self-perceived competence. These findings extend our knowledge about sibling relationship types and their impact on different aspects of child adjustment. Whereas harmonious sibling relationships are the most beneficial for adjustment, sibling conflict mainly has a negative effect on adjustment in combination with lack of sibling warmth. Implications and future directions are discussed.

Het doel van dit onderzoek was om de relatie tussen kwaliteit van gehechtheid aan ouders en internaliserend en externaliserend probleemgedrag van adolescenten na te gaan. In dit longitudinaal onderzoek, bestaande uit drie meetmomenten met steeds een jaar tussentijd, verstrekten 288 adolescenten (gemiddeld 13,5 jaar tijdens de eerste meetronde) informatie over de kwaliteit van de gehechtheidsrelatie met hun ouders en over hun eigen probleemgedrag. Zowel de kwaliteit van de gehechtheid als beide indicatoren van probleemgedrag bleven stabiel. Negatieve wederkerige effecten werden gevonden tussen kwaliteit van gehechtheid en beide soorten probleemgedrag. Adolescenten met een hogere kwaliteit van gehechtheid aan ouders vertoonden een jaar later minder internaliserend en externaliserend probleemgedrag, en andersom.