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Background: Many patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) after radical prostatectomy (RP) improve with conservative therapy but some do not; penile prosthesis implantation rates have been sparsely reported, and have used nonrepresentative data sets., Aim: To characterize rates and timing of penile prosthesis implantation after RP and to identify predictors of implantation using a more representative data set., Methods: The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient and State Ambulatory Surgery databases for Florida from 2006 to 2015 were used. Patients undergoing RP (2006-2012) were tracked longitudinally for penile prosthesis implantation. Patient and clinical data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression., Outcomes: The primary outcome was risk-adjusted predictors of prosthesis implantation, and the secondary outcome was predictors of the highest quartile of time between RP and penile prosthesis., Results: Of 29,288 men who had RP, 1,449 (4.9%) patients underwent subsequent prosthesis. The mean time from RP to prosthesis was 2.6 years (median: 2.1; interquartile range [IQR]: 1.2-3.5). Adjusted predictors of prosthesis implantation included open RP (odds ratio [OR]: 1.5, P < .01), African American race (OR: 1.7, P < .01) or Hispanic ethnicity (OR: 3.2, P < .01), and Medicare (OR: 1.4, P < .01) insurance. Oler patients (age >70 years; OR: 0.7, P < .01) and those from the highest income quartile relative to the lowest (OR: 0.8, P < .05) were less likely to be implanted. Adjusted predictors of longer RP-to-implantation time (highest quartile: median: 4.7 years; IQR: 3.9-6.0 years) included open RP (OR: 1.78, P < .01), laparoscopic RP (OR: 4.67, P < .01), Medicaid (OR: 3.03, P < .05), private insurance (OR: 2.57, P < .01), and being in the highest income quartile (OR: 2.52, P < .01)., Clinical Implications: These findings suggest ED treatment healthcare disparities meriting further investigation; upfront counseling on all ED treatment modalities and close monitoring for conservative treatment failure may reduce lost quality of life years., Strengths & Limitations: This study is limited by its use of administrative data, which relies on accurate coding and lacks data on ED questionnaires/prior treatments, patient-level cost, and oncologic outcomes. Quartile-based analysis of income and time between RP and prosthesis limits the conclusions that can be drawn., Conclusion: Less than 5% of post-RP patients undergo penile prosthesis implantation, with open RP, Medicare, African American race, and Hispanic ethnicity predicting post-RP implantation; living in the wealthiest residential areas predicts lower likelihood of implantation compared to the least wealthy areas. Patients with the longest time between RP and prosthesis are more likely to live in the wealthiest areas or have undergone open/laparoscopic RP relative to robotic RP. Bajic P, Patel PM, Nelson MH, et al. Penile Prosthesis Implantation and Timing Disparities After Radical Prostatectomy: Results From a Statewide Claims Database. J Sex Med 2020;17:1175-1181., (Copyright © 2020 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: In women, compelling evidence associates lower urinary tract microbiota (LUTM) with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS); a similar association in men with benign prostate enlargement (BPE) is not established., Objective: To determine whether associations exist between LUTM and LUTS., Design, Setting, and Participants: Forty-nine male volunteers, aged 40-85 yr, were recruited from one academic tertiary care center. Twenty-eight patients undergoing BPE/LUTS surgery and 21 undergoing non-BPE/LUTS surgery were stratified by International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and paired voided/catheterized urine specimens were collected for expanded quantitative urine culture (EQUC) and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing., Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: Primary and secondary outcomes were presence of detectable LUTM and specific bacterial members of the LUTM, respectively. Baseline data were compared. Univariable logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for IPSS category associated with the presence of bladder microbiota. Relative LUTM proportions were compared with IPSS using chi-square tests., Results and Limitations: Thirty-nine percent of catheterized and 98% of voided specimens contained LUTM. Catheterized and voided LUTM differed significantly. LUTM was detected in catheterized urine of 22.2% of men with mild LUTS, 30.0% with moderate LUTS, and 57.1% with severe LUTS (p=0.024). Increased IPSS category was associated with significantly higher odds of detectable bacteria (OR: 2.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-4.49). Small sample size limited this study, making it unable to identify significant differences in specific bacterial taxa based on IPSS., Conclusions: Voided urine does not adequately characterize the male bladder microbiome. In males with and without BPE, IPSS severity was associated with detectable bacteria in catheterized urine, which samples the bladder. Additional studies are needed to identify specific bladder bacteria associated with LUTS., Patient Summary: To study bladder bacteria, urine should be collected with a catheter. Men with severe urinary symptoms are more likely to have detectable bladder bacteria than those with less severe symptoms., (Copyright © 2018 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: We sought to determine the socioeconomic and patient factors that influence the utilization of urethroplasty and location of management in the treatment of male urethral stricture disease., Methods: A retrospective review using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient and Ambulatory Surgery and Services Databases for California and Florida was performed. Adult men with a diagnosis of urethral stricture who underwent treatment with urethroplasty or endoscopic dilation/urethrotomy between 2007 and 2011 in California and 2009 and 2014 in Florida were identified by ICD-9 or CPT codes. Patients were categorized based on whether they had a urethroplasty or serial dilations/urethrotomies. Patients were assessed for age, insurance provider, median household income by zip code, Charlson Comorbidity Index, race, prior stricture management, and location of the index procedure. A multivariable logistic regression model was fit to assess factors influencing treatment modality (urethroplasty vs endoscopic management) and location (teaching hospital vs non-teaching hospital)., Results: Twenty seven thousand, five hundred and sixty-eight patients were identified that underwent treatment for USD. 25,864 (93.8%) treated via endoscopic approaches and 1704 (6.2%) treated with urethroplasty. Factors favoring utilization of urethroplasty include younger age, lower Charlson Comorbidity score, higher zip code median income quartile, private insurance, prior endoscopic treatment, and management at a teaching hospital., Conclusion: Socioeconomic predictors of urethroplasty utilization include higher income status and private insurance. Patient-specific factors influencing urethroplasty were younger age and fewer medical comorbidities. A primary driver of urethroplasty utilization was treatment at a teaching hospital. Older and Hispanic patients were less likely to seek care at these facilities.

Background: Transperineal prostate brachytherapy is a common outpatient procedure for the treatment of prostate cancer. Whereas long-term morbidity and toxicities are widely published, rates of short-term complications leading to hospital revisits have not been well described., Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent brachytherapy for prostate cancer in an ambulatory setting were identified in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Ambulatory Surgery Database for California between 2007 and 2011. Emergency department (ED) visits and inpatient admissions within 30 days of treatment were determined from the California Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Emergency Department Database and State Inpatient Database, respectively., Results: Between 2007 and 2011, 9,042 patients underwent brachytherapy for prostate cancer. Within 30 days postoperatively, 543 (6.0%) patients experienced 674 hospital encounters. ED visits comprised most encounters (68.7%) at a median of 7 days (interquartile range 2-16) after surgery. Inpatient hospitalizations occurred on 155 of 674 visits (23.0%) at a median of 12 days (interquartile range 5-20). Common presenting diagnoses included urinary retention, malfunctioning catheter, hematuria, and urinary tract infection. Logistic regression demonstrated advanced age {65-75 years: odds ratio [OR], 1.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.60, P  = 0.01]; >75 years: OR 1.5 [95% CI 1.18-1.97, P  = 0.001]}, inpatient admission within 90 days before surgery [OR 2.68 (95% CI 1.8-4.0, P  < 0.001)], and ED visit within 180 days before surgery [OR 1.63 (95% CI 1.4-1.89, P  < 0.001)] as factors that increased the risk of hospital-based evaluation after outpatient brachytherapy. Charlson comorbidity score did not influence risk., Conclusions: ED visits and inpatient admissions are not uncommon after prostate brachytherapy. Risk of revisit is higher in elderly patients and those who have had recent inpatient or ED encounters.

Introduction: Patients admitted to the hospital with an acute, noninfected episode of urolithiasis are candidates for medical expulsive therapy, ureteral stent placement, or upfront ureteroscopy (URS). We sought to assess socioeconomic factors influencing treatment decisions in managing urolithiasis and to determine differences in outcomes based on treatment modality., Materials and Methods: The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Database, State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Database, and State Emergency Department Database for California from 2007 to 2011 and for Florida from 2009 to 2014 were utilized. Patients who were admitted to the hospital with a primary diagnosis of kidney or ureteral stone were identified. The initial treatment modality utilized was assessed and factors that influenced that decision were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression model was fit to determine factors independently associated with upfront URS. Lastly, outcomes of noninfected patients who underwent stent alone vs URS were compared., Results: We identified 146,199 patients who had an inpatient admission with urolithiasis. Overall, 45% of patients had no intervention at the time of their evaluation. Of the 55% of patients who underwent surgical intervention, 42% underwent stent alone, 44% underwent upfront URS, 1% had a PCN tube placement, 8% underwent extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, while 5% underwent PCNL. On multivariate logistic regression model, minorities, younger patients, publicly uninsured patients, more comorbid patients, those admitted on the weekends, and those admitted to an academic institution had significantly lower odds of undergoing upfront URS. Secondary analysis demonstrated clinical and economic advantages of upfront URS vs stent alone in eligible patients., Conclusion: Upfront URS is an overlooked procedure that has clinical and cost-saving implications. Unfortunately, minorities, publicly insured patients, and those admitted on the weekend are less likely to undergo upfront URS, a disparity that should be addressed by urologist.

Introduction: The July effect is the widely held belief that medical care is compromised at the beginning of the academic year due to transitioning medical trainees. We determined its impact on surgical outcomes in urological surgery., Methods: The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Database, State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Database and State Emergency Department Database for California were used for the years 2007 to 2011. Patients were identified who underwent surgery in July, August, April and May, and separated into early (July and August) and late (April and May) cohorts. Surgical outcomes for early vs late surgery were compared for academic centers. Adjusted multivariate models were fit to determine the effect of early surgery as a predictor of adverse outcomes., Results: For major urological surgery July/August timing had no impact on length of stay, 30-day readmission, 30-day emergency room visits, never events, perioperative complications or mortality (all values p >0.05). Similarly, for stone, groin, bladder outlet and cystoscopic bladder procedures, July/August surgery had no impact on rates of urinary retention, emergency room visits within 30 days, clot evacuations within 30 days, perioperative complications or 30-day readmissions (all values p >0.05). At the end of the year cystectomies had increased odds of intraoperative complications (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.4-0.97) while nephrectomies had higher odds of major complications (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.53-0.89)., Conclusions: Surgical outcomes are not compromised by having surgery at the beginning of the academic year, despite resident turnover, representing appropriate oversight during this potentially vulnerable time.

Purpose: Post-hospital syndrome is an acquired transient period of health vulnerability following inpatient admission. We assessed the impact of a preoperative hospitalization on outcomes following penile prosthesis surgery and sought to optimize surgical timing after inpatient admission., Materials and Methods: We used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases and State Ambulatory Surgery Database for California from 2007 to 2011 and for Florida from 2009 to 2014. Patients were identified as having undergone prosthesis placement by ICD-9 and CPT codes. The primary exposure was post-hospital syndrome, defined as any inpatient admission 90 days or less before prosthesis placement. Patients were further categorized by how recently the inpatient hospitalization occurred. The primary study outcome was 30-day hospital readmission. Secondary outcomes were length of stay, and device and postoperative complications., Results: We identified 16,923 patients who received a penile prosthesis, of whom 477 (3%) had post-hospital syndrome exposure 90 days or less before prosthesis placement. After risk adjustment patients with post-hospital syndrome had higher odds of 30-day readmission (OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.2-4.1), length of stay 2 days or longer (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.3) and device complications (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.5). When categorizing patients by 30-day intervals, we found a linear decrease in the risk of 30-day readmission as the interval increased between post-hospital syndrome exposure and prosthesis surgery., Conclusions: Post-hospital syndrome exposure is a risk adjusted predictor of 30-day readmissions, prolonged length of stay and device complications. Medical optimization and delayed surgery can help combat the adverse effects associated with post-hospital syndrome exposure and may improve surgical outcomes.

Background: The Hispanic population in the United States have previously been shown to have, in some cases, better health outcomes than non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) despite having lower socioeconomic status and higher frequency of comorbidities. This epidemiologic finding is coined as the Hispanic Paradox (HP). Few studies have evaluated if the HP exists in surgical patients. Our study aimed to examine postoperative complications between Hispanic and NHW patients undergoing low- to high-risk procedures., Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study analyzing adult patients who underwent high-, intermediate-, and low-risk procedures. The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project California State Inpatient Database between 2006 and 2011 was used to identify the patient cohort. Candidate variables for the adjusted model were determined a priori and included patient demographics with the ethnic group as the exposure of interest., Results: The median age for Hispanics was 52 (SD 19.3) y, and 38.8% were male (n = 87,837). A higher proportion of Hispanics had Medicaid insurance (23.9% versus 3.8%) or were self-pay (14.2% versus 4.5%) compared with NHWs. In adjusted analysis, Hispanics had a higher odds risk for postoperative complications across all risk categories combined (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04-1.09). They also had an increased in-hospital (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.14-1.30) and 30-d mortality in high-risk procedures (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.19-1.51)., Conclusions: Hispanics undergoing low- to high-risk surgery have worse outcomes compared with NHWs. These results do not support the hypothesis of an HP in surgical outcomes., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To review a robotic approach to recalcitrant bladder neck obstruction and to assess success and incontinence rates., Materials and Methods: Patients with a recalcitrant bladder neck contracture or vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis who underwent robotic bladder neck reconstruction (RBNR) were identified. We reviewed patient demographics, medical history, etiology, previous endoscopic management, cystoscopic and symptomatic outcomes, urinary continence, and complications. Stricture success was anatomic and functional based upon atraumatic passage of a 17 Fr flexible cystoscope or uroflowmetry rate >15 ml/s. Incontinence was defined as the use of >1 pad per day or procedures for incontinence., Results: Between 2015 and 2017, 12 patients were identified who met study criteria and underwent RBNR. Etiology of obstruction was endoscopic prostate procedure in 7 and radical prostatectomy in 5. The mean operative time was 216 minutes (range 120-390 minutes), with a mean estimated blood loss of 85 cc (range 5-200 cc). Median length of stay was 1 day (range 1-5 days). Three of 12 patients had recurrence of obstruction for a 75% success rate. Additionally, 82% of patients without preoperative incontinence were continent with a median follow-up of 13.5 months (range 5-30 months). There was 1 Clavien IIIb complication of osteitis pubis and pubovesical fistula that required vesicopubic fistula repair with pubic bone debridement., Conclusion: RBNR is a viable surgical option with high patency rates and favorable continence outcomes. This is in contrast to perineal reconstruction, which has high incontinence rates. If future incontinence procedures are needed, outcomes may be improved given lack of previous perineal dissection., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Ureteral injury represents an uncommon but potentially morbid surgical complication. We sought to characterize the complications of iatrogenic ureteral injury and assess the effect of recognized vs delayed recognition on patient outcomes., Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent hysterectomy were identified in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project California State Inpatient Database for 2007 to 2011. Ureteral injuries were identified and categorized as recognized-diagnosed/repaired on the day of hysterectomy and unrecognized-diagnosed/repaired postoperatively. We assessed the outcomes of 90-day hospital readmission as well as 1-year outcomes of nephrostomy tube placement, urinary fistula, acute renal failure, sepsis and overall mortality. The independent effects of recognized and unrecognized ureteral injuries were determined on multivariate analysis., Results: Ureteral injury occurred in 1,753 of 223,872 patients (0.78%) treated with hysterectomy and it was unrecognized in 1,094 (62.4%). The 90-day readmission rate increased from a baseline of 5.7% to 13.4% and 67.3% after recognized and unrecognized injury, respectively. Nephrostomy tubes were required in 2.3% of recognized and 23.4% of unrecognized ureteral injury cases. Recognized and unrecognized ureteral injuries independently increased the risk of sepsis (aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.5 and 11.9, 95% CI 9.9-14.3) and urinary fistula (aOR 5.9, 95% CI 2.2-16 and 124, 95% CI 95.7-160, respectively). During followup unrecognized ureteral injury increased the odds of acute renal insufficiency (aOR 23.8, 95% CI 20.1-28.2) and death (1.4, 95% CI 1.03-1.9, p = 0032)., Conclusions: Iatrogenic ureteral injury increases the risk of hospital readmission and significant, potentially life threatening complications. Unrecognized ureteral injury markedly increases these risks, warranting a high level of suspicion for ureteral injury and a low threshold for diagnostic investigation., (Copyright © 2018 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The purpose of this article is to assess the incidence of pulmonary aspiration following major urologic surgery, predictors of an aspiration event, and subsequent clinical outcomes., Materials and Methods: The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Database for California between 2007-2011 was used to identify cystectomy, prostatectomy, partial and radical nephrectomy patients. Aspiration events were identified within 30 days of surgery. The primary outcome was 30 day mortality and secondary outcomes included total length of stay, discharge location, and diagnoses of acute renal failure, pneumonia or sepsis. Descriptive statistics were performed. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine independent predictors of an aspiration event. A separate nonparsimonious logistic regression was fit to determine the independent effect of an aspiration event on 30 day mortality., Results: Of 84,837 major urologic surgery patients 319 (0.4%) had an aspiration event. Risk factors for aspiration included ileus, congestive heart failure, paraplegia, chronic lung disease, and age = 80 years (all p < 0.01). Aspiration patients had higher rates of renal failure (36.1% versus 2.5%), pneumonia (36.1% versus 2.5%), sepsis (35.7% versus 0.7%), a prolonged length of stay (17 days versus 3 days), and discharge to nursing facility(26.3% vs 2.3%) (all p<0.001). The 30 day mortality rate following aspiration was 20.7% compared to 0.8% (p < 0.001). Aspiration independently increases the risk of 30 day mortality (OR 3.1 (95%CI 2.2-4.5)., Conclusions: Postoperative aspiration following major urologic surgery is a devastating complication and precautions must be undertaken in high risk patient populations to avoid such an event.

Adverse reactions (ARs) to intravenous (IV) radiographic contrast range from mild urticaria to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Intraluminal contrast dye is routinely used in the urinary tract with a minimal perceived risk of AR. We used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases for California and Florida from 2007 to 2011 to identify patients who received urinary tract contrast dye for retrograde pyelography, percutaneous pyelography, retrograde/other cystogram, and ileal conduitogram. After excluding patients who had received IV contrast for other radiologic studies, ARs to contrast were identified by a composite end point of diagnoses not present on admission including shock, anaphylaxis, iatrogenic hypotension, urticaria, angioedema, laryngospasm, laryngeal edema, and/or a new diagnosis of contrast reaction. Overall, 76 174 patients were included who had undergone non-IV urinary tract imaging, 367 (0.48%) of whom developed an AR. On multivariate analysis, receipt of contrast in the lower urinary tract (odds ratio [OR]: 1.8; p=0.04) or upper urinary tract by retrograde pyelography (OR: 1.6; p=0.04) or antegrade pyelography (OR: 2.0; p=0.007) increased the risk of AR compared with control patients. The use of contrast dye in the urinary tract is associated with a low, but present risk of AR., Patient Summary: We looked at patients who underwent a urologic procedure using radiographic contrast media in the urinary tract. Although adverse reactions (ARs) may occur with the use of contrast media in the urinary tract, these reactions are experienced by a minority of patients (approximately 1 in 200). In addition, we found that an allergy to intravenous contrast does not increase a patient's risk of an AR to contrast within the urinary tract., (Copyright © 2016 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)