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Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-spo-10.1177_17479541231179301 for Relative energy deficiency in sport and the role of ultrarunning coaches according to two female ultrarunners by Douglas G Stewart, Justine B Allen and Andrew Kirkland in International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

Supplemental material, sj-docx-3-spo-10.1177_17479541231179301 for Relative energy deficiency in sport and the role of ultrarunning coaches according to two female ultrarunners by Douglas G Stewart, Justine B Allen and Andrew Kirkland in International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-spo-10.1177_17479541231179301 for Relative energy deficiency in sport and the role of ultrarunning coaches according to two female ultrarunners by Douglas G Stewart, Justine B Allen and Andrew Kirkland in International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

Additional file 1.

Additional file 2.

Background The purpose of this study was to explore perceived changes in physical activity (PA) due to Covid19 stay-at-home and social distancing guidance among older adults. Methods Participants (n = 1429, 77% female, 84% ≥60 years) living in Scotland completed an online survey in Summer 2020 measuring PA and wellbeing (indexed through loneliness, and health-related quality of life). The survey included open- and closed-ended questions about how these variables changed in response to Covid19 social distancing and ‘shielding’ guidelines. Results From the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the majority reported high volumes of PA, indicative of being ‘moderately’ or ‘highly’ active. When asked specifically about strength training, 12% reported engagement on ≥2d/wk. Most participants reported that PA had changed during this time, citing reduced use of exercise facilities, increased active travel, and online PA classes; although only 16% reported engaging in PA online. Conclusions Higher levels of PA were found to be associated with better health-related quality of life. Additional efforts should be made to support PA engagement in older adults, including strength training and other tailored approaches to support individual needs.

First paragraph: In a recent article published in the Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, Müller and colleagues (2018) presented an article on the relative age effect in international elite under-9 soccer players. Their aim was to investigate the association between biological maturity and the relative age effect in young footballers. Our aim in writing this letter is to highlight theoretical and ethical perspectives, which influenced our beliefs on the contribution to knowledge of this paper.

Summary One of the most important functions of a tubular connection is sealability. This is especially the case for premium connections that are commonly used in the demanding conditions of high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) and thermal-well applications. Sealability, therefore, also is one of the most important criteria used during connection qualification in which the capability of the connection is verified for the characteristics of the application. During qualification tests, it has been found that breakdown in connection sealability can be traced to damage on the primary seal surface, which can eventually develop into a leak path. Ultrasonic-inspection technology can be used to provide a means to obtain nonintrusive measurements of contact stress between two mating metal surfaces separated by a thin lubricating film. While the technology has a wide scope of potential applications in this respect, the technology has been specifically developed to measure seal-surface-contact stresses inside oilfield tubular premium connections. This application of ultrasonic technology has been used numerous times during connection-qualification programs to assess the quality of the contact-stress band in premium connections. During these analyses, the technology has been able to detect seal-surface damage in premium connections. This paper will cover the basic concepts of premium connection design, along with some of the issues that can affect the sealability of premium connections. As well, this paper will include an overview of the use of ultrasonic technology as a technique to assess the contact stress along the metal-to-metal seal band of a premium connection and methods used to monitor changes in the contactstress profile induced by many installation and service loads.

One of the most important functions of a tubular connection is sealability. This is especially the case for premium connections which are commonly used in the demanding conditions of HPHT and Thermal Well applications. Sealability therefore also is one of the most important criteria used during connection qualification in which the capability of the connection is verified for the characteristics of the application. During qualification tests it has been found that breakdown in connection sealability can be traced to damage on the primary seal surface, which can eventually develop into a leak-path. Ultrasonic inspection technology can be used to provide a means to obtain non-intrusive measurements of contact stress between two mating metal surfaces separated by a thin lubricating film. While the technology has a wide scope of potential applications in this respect, the technology has been specifically developed to measure seal surface contact stresses inside oilfield tubular premium connections. This application of ultrasonic technology has been used numerous times during connection qualification programs to assess the quality of the contact stress band in premium connections. During these analyses the technology has been able to detect scratches, galling, pock-marks, and other types of seal surface damage in a wide array of premium connection designs. Most of these flaws cannot be detected on the torqueturn curves generated during connection makeup. Moreover, mechanical separation of mating premium connection seal surfaces under tensile and compressive loads has been observed using this technology. This paper will cover the basic concepts of premium connection design, as well as some of the issues that can affect the sealability of premium connections. As well, this paper will include an overview of the use of ultrasonic technology as a technique to assess the contact stress along the metal-to-metal seal band of a premium connection, and methods used to monitor changes in the contact stress profile induced by many installation and service loads.