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The purpose of this research is to investigate and identify polyphenolic complexes and other biologically active compounds by tandem mass spectrometry, presented in the leaves and stems of Ledum palustre L. Carbon dioxide, compressed to a supercritical state, was used for the most environmentally friendly extraction of polyphenolic complexes and other biologically active compounds of Ledum palustre L. The most effective extraction characteristics (pressure 350 bar; temperature 60°С; extraction time 1-hour, co-solvent MeOH 3.5%) supercritical CO2-extraction of L. palustre were obtained empirically. To identify target analytes in supercritical extracts, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used in combination with a BRUKER DALTONIKS ion trap. The results showed the presence of 61 biologically active compounds corresponding to the rhododendron species, of which 32 were identified for the first time in L. palustre. These are flavanols dihydrokaempferol, quercetin arabinoside, myricetin galactoside; flavones: diosmetin, nevadensin, cirsimaritin; flavanone naringenin; anthocyanins delphinidin, petunidin, cyanidin pentoside, delphinidin pentoside, peonidin 3-(6-O-acetyl) glucoside, peonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside; ellagic acid; lignan medioresinol; a type A procyanidin dimer; sterols fucosterol and avenasterol, etc., Цель данного исследования – экстрагировать биологически активные соединения методом сверхкритической СО2 экстракции и идентифицировать полифенольные комплексы и другие целевые аналиты методом тандемной масс-спектрометрии, представленные в листьях и стеблях багульника болотного – была успешно реализована. Для экстракции полифенольных комплексов и других биологически активных соединений багульника болотного Ledum palustre L. использован метод сверхкритической СО2-экстракции. Характеристики сверхкритической СО2-экстракции Ledum palustre L. (давление 350 бар; температура 60°С; экстракционное время 1 ч, сорастворитель MeOH 3.5%), при которых наблюдался наибольший выход биологически активных веществ, получены опытным путем перебора экстракционных условий. Для идентификации целевых аналитов в сверхкритических экстрактах использована тандемная масс-спектрометрия (высокоэффективная жидкостная хроматография (ВЭЖХ) в комплексе с ионной ловушкой BRUKER DALTONIKS). Результаты исследований выявили присутствие 61 биологически активных соединений, соответствующих виду Rhododendron, из них 32 соединения идентифицировано впервые. Это флаванолы дигидрокепферол, арабинозид кверцетина, галактозид мирицетина; флавоны: диосметин, невадензин, цирсимаритин; флаванон нарингенин; антоцианы дельфинидин, петунидин, пентозид цианидина, пентозид дельфинидина, глюкозид пеонидина, малонилглюкозид пеонидина, рутинозид цианидина; эллаговая кислота; лигнан медиоресинол; димер процианидина А-типа; стеролы фукостерол и авенастерол и др.

Ginseng is one of the main representatives of traditional Chinese medicine and presents a wide range of pharmacological actions. Ginsenosides are the main class of active compounds found in ginseng. They demonstrate unique biological activity and medicinal value, namely anti-tumour, anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as anti-apoptotic properties. Increasing levels of stress in life are responsible for the increased incidence of nervous system diseases. Neurological diseases create a huge burden on the lives and health of individuals. In recent years, studies have indicated that ginsenosides play a pronounced positive role in the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases. Nevertheless, research is still at an early stage of development, and the complex mechanisms of action involved remain largely unknown. This review aimed to shed light into what is currently known about the mechanisms of action of ginsenosides in relation to Alzheimer's disease. Scientific material and theoretical bases for the treatment of nervous system diseases with purified Panax ginseng extracts are also discussed.

Potential impacts of genetically modified (GM) crops on biodiversity is a controversial topic of public interest that comes under scrutiny in the Convention on Biological Diversity. The commercialization of GM crops has delivered global agronomic, economic and social benefits, but it has also raised concerns on the risks to human and environmental health. The current state of knowledge reveals that farmland biodiversity is jeopardized by intensive agricultural practices. The monoculture practice used in the cultivation of GM crops has increased the risk of the emergence of herbicide tolerance and insecticide resistance between weed and insect pest species. This, in turn, may interrupt the food web at different trophic levels. To avoid an overreliance on GM crops, alternative weed control and insect pest management strategies should be considered.

Silica is deposited extra- and intracellularly in plants in solid form, as phytoliths. Phytoliths have emerged as accepted taxonomic tools and proxies for reconstructing ancient flora, agricultural economies, environment, and climate. The discovery of silicon transporter genes has aided in the understanding of the mechanism of silicon transport and deposition within the plant body and reconstructing plant phylogeny that is based on the ability of plants to accumulate silica. However, a precise understanding of the process of silica deposition and the formation of phytoliths is still an enigma and the information regarding the proteins that are involved in plant biosilicification is still scarce. With the observation of various shapes and morphologies of phytoliths, it is essential to understand which factors control this mechanism. During the last two decades, significant research has been done in this regard and silicon research has expanded as an Earth-life science superdiscipline. We review and integrate the recent knowledge and concepts on the uptake and transport of silica and its deposition as phytoliths in plants. We also discuss how different factors define the shape, size, and chemistry of the phytoliths and how biosilicification evolved in plants. The role of channel-type and efflux silicon transporters, proline-rich proteins, and siliplant1 protein in transport and deposition of silica is presented. The role of phytoliths against biotic and abiotic stress, as mechanical barriers, and their use as taxonomic tools and proxies, is highlighted.

Pregnancy in women with associated endocrine conditions is a therapeutic challenge for clinicians. These disorders may be common, such us thyroid disorders and diabetes, or rare, including adrenal and parathyroid disease and pituitary dysfunction. With the development of assisted reproductive techniques, the number of pregnancies with these conditions has increased. It is necessary to recognize symptoms and correct diagnosis for a proper pharmacotherapeutic management in order to avoid adverse side effects both in mother and fetus. This review summarizes the pharmacotherapy of these clinical situations in order to reduce maternal and fetal morbidity.