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Studying positional behaviors is important for understanding how animals interact with their immediate environment. This is particularly important in arboreal species since arboreal milieus are primarily characterized by three‐dimensional problems that arboreal species must overcome to efficiently access resources. Similarly, a fundamental aspect of an animal's ecology is its daily activity pattern. This information is important for understanding the basic ecology of animal species and their eco‐evolutionary dynamics. This study sought to understand the habitat use and nocturnal lifestyle of the highly arboreal kinkajou (Potos flavus) by documenting variation in positional behaviors and activity patterns using 2223 photographs obtained from 27 camera traps in French Guiana. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kernel density estimation (KDE), and Gantt charts. Our results indicate that kinkajous show a strictly nocturnal activity pattern beginning from 19:00 h to 05:57 h, with peak active periods between 01:00 h and 02:00 h. The most frequent activities were scanning (48.33%) and traveling (47.13%). Quadrupedal walking (95.43%) was the main locomotor behavior during traveling. However, when crossing gaps between two substrates, kinkajous would either bridge (42.22%), leap (33.33%), or drop (26.67%) across gaps. Inactive periods were characterized by grooming (77.32%) and resting (27.84%) while mostly assuming a sitting (90.67%) or a catlike body curl posture (92.59%), interchangeably. This study highlights the broad array of positional behaviors displayed by kinkajous, further providing information to understand its basic ecology and eco‐evolutionary dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In studies of mammalian mastication, a possible relationship has been proposed between bilateral recruitment of jaw adductor muscle force during unilateral chewing and the degree of fusion of the mandibular symphysis. Specifically, species that have unfused, mobile mandibular symphyses tend to utilize lower levels of jaw adductor force on the balancing (nonchewing) than the working (chewing) side of the head, when compared to related species with fused symphyses. Here, we compare jaw adductor recruitment levels in two species of musteloid carnivoran: the carnivorous ferret (unfused symphysis), and the frugivorous kinkajou (fused symphysis). During forceful chewing, we observe that ferrets recruit far more working‐side muscle force than kinkajous, regardless of food toughness and that high working‐to‐balancing side ratios are the result of increased working‐side force, often coupled with reduced balancing‐side force. We propose that in carnivorans, high working‐to‐balancing side force ratios coupled with an unfused mandibular symphysis are necessary to rotate the hemimandible for precise unilateral occlusion of the carnassial teeth and to sustain laterally oriented force on the jaw to engage the carnassial teeth during shearing of tough foods. In contrast, the kinkajou's flattened cheekteeth permit less precise occlusion and require medially‐oriented forces for grinding, thus, a fused symphysis is mechanically beneficial. Research Highlights: Ferrets' (unfused mandibular symphyses) use of asymmetrical jaw muscle activity may optimi forces for carnassial shearing. Kinkajous' more nearly equal force may be facilitated by their fused symphysis and flat cheek teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La martucha (Potos flavus) es una especie amenazada en México y ha sido registrada previamente en el estado de Guerrero. Recopilamos y ampliamos su distribución en el estado de Guerrero. Se realizó una búsqueda de ocurrencias de la especie en los repositorios electrónicos EncicloVida, Naturalista y GBIF, así como en la literatura científica publicada para el estado, que incluyó observaciones directas e indirectas (piel, restos óseos, e individuos atropellados o cazados). Se recopilaron 41 registros de P. flavus, de los cuales el 34 % fueron ocurrencias de la literatura y los repositorios electrónicos, y el 66 % de muestreos de campo en los últimos 16 años. Se resalta la importancia de seguir realizando exploraciones científicas dirigidas a aquellas áreas poco exploradas, así como la necesidad de describir principales amenazas y el estado de conservación de las poblaciones de P. flavus. Se sugiere la realización de pláticas divulgativas que ayuden a entender la importancia y los servicios que brinda esta especie a los ecosistemas.

In this study, we report the observation of potential seed dispersers of the endemic to Mexico and narrowly distributed Ceratozamia norstogii (Zamiaceae). Camera traps were installed in front of two plants of Ceratozamia norstogii and cone phenology until their maturity and disintegration was determined. The female cone of Ceratozamia norstogii has a development of ten months, from the time it emerges until it disintegrates. We were able to identify three stages of cone development: 1) Pre-pollination phase, 2) Pollination phase and 3) Seed maturation phase. Our results support an animal-dispersal hypothesis in Ceratozamia. Three mammals [a mouse (Pteromiscus sp.), a southern spotted skunk (Spilogale angustifrons) and a kinkajou (Potus flavus)] were recorded biting, carrying or removing seeds of Ceratozamia norstogii. The camera traps recorded no evidence of birds or other mammals coming to the cones to feed. Thus, interaction of frugivores with seeds occurs at night. The most frequent visitor was the mouse, followed by the southern spotted skunk and the kinkajou. Significant differences (GLM, p< 0.05) in visitor frequency and time for interaction were found between species. We believe that the mouse is probably the most effective seed disperser for Ceratozamia norstogii. The results presented here have evolutionary implications that can be scaled to the entire genus Ceratozamia. Specifically, short-distance dispersal promotes allopatric speciation in this group of plants.

The gait characteristics associated with arboreal locomotion have been frequently discussed in the context of primate evolution, wherein they present as a trio of distinctive features: a diagonal-sequence, diagonal-couplet gait pattern; a protracted arm at forelimb touchdown; and a hindlimb-biased weight support pattern. The same locomotor characteristics have been found in the woolly opossum, a fine-branch arborealist similar in ecology to some small-bodied primates. To further our understanding of the functional link between arboreality and primate-like locomotion, we present comparative data collected in the laboratory for three musteloid taxa. Musteloidea represents an ecologically diverse superfamily spanning numerous locomotor specializations that includes the highly arboreal kinkajou (Potos flavus), mixed arboreal/terrestrial red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) and primarily terrestrial coatis (Nasua narica). This study applies a combined kinetic and kinematic approach to compare the locomotor behaviors of these three musteloid taxa, representing varying degrees of arboreal specialization. We observed highly arboreal kinkajous to share many locomotor traits with primates. In contrast, red pandas (mixed terrestrial/arborealist) showed gait characteristics found in most non-primate mammals. Coatis, however, demonstrated a unique combination of locomotor traits, combining a lateral-sequence, lateral-couplet gait pattern typical of long-legged, highly terrestrial mammals, varying degrees of arm protraction, and a hindlimb-biased weight support pattern typical of most primates and woolly opossums. We conclude that the three gait characteristics traditionally used to describe arboreal walking in primates can occur independently from one another and not necessarily as a suite of interdependent characteristics, a phenomenon that has been reported for some primates., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2024. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)

In this study, we report the observation of potential seed dispersers of the endemic to Mexico and narrowly distributed Ceratozamia norstogii (Zamiaceae). Camera traps were installed in front of two plants of Ceratozamia norstogii and cone phenology until their maturity and disintegration was determined. The female cone of Ceratozamia norstogii has a development of ten months, from the time it emerges until it disintegrates. We were able to identify three stages of cone development: 1) Pre-pollination phase, 2) Pollination phase and 3) Seed maturation phase. Our results support an animal-dispersal hypothesis in Ceratozamia. Three mammals [a mouse (Pteromiscus sp.), a southern spotted skunk (Spilogale angustifrons) and a kinkajou (Potus flavus)] were recorded biting, carrying or removing seeds of Ceratozamia norstogii. The camera traps recorded no evidence of birds or other mammals coming to the cones to feed. Thus, interaction of frugivores with seeds occurs at night. The most frequent visitor was the mouse, followed by the southern spotted skunk and the kinkajou. Significant differences (GLM, p< 0.05) in visitor frequency and time for interaction were found between species. We believe that the mouse is probably the most effective seed disperser for Ceratozamia norstogii. The results presented here have evolutionary implications that can be scaled to the entire genus Ceratozamia. Specifically, short-distance dispersal promotes allopatric speciation in this group of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Research aims: The extinction of relict and rare tree species is accelerated by habitat loss and climate change. Pleodendron costaricense is a critically endangered tree, with only four mature individuals known in Southern Pacific Costa Rica. With the discovery of three additional trees, we set out to learn more about P. costaricense's natural history and attempt the first successful germination. Methods: We collected fruits from two trees and carried out preliminary germination trials in a nursery at the study site. We also used camera traps in one of the fruiting mother-trees to understand natural dispersal mechanisms of the species. Results: Although plagued by excessive levels of invertebrate predation, we were able to germinate and produce 59 saplings ready for restoration planting. Five mammal species were detected on the camera traps feeding on the fruits, along with one primate potentially using the fruits as a topical medicine. Conclusion: P. costaricense can be propagated ex-situ, potentially with greater success using stimulating hormones. To improve production rates, future efforts should focus on the protection of germinating seeds and saplings from seed predators. We also identified numerous potential natural mammalian seed dispersers, mostly in the family Procyonidae. Implications for Conservation: Given the propagation knowledge we have developed, the active restoration efforts of the saplings by Osa Conservation to help increase population numbers, and the strict protection of the two fruiting mother trees, there is now the possibility to attain a positive conservation outcome for this critically endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Research aims: The extinction of relict and rare tree species is accelerated by habitat loss and climate change. Pleodendron costaricense is a critically endangered tree, with only four mature individuals known in Southern Pacific Costa Rica. With the discovery of three additional trees, we set out to learn more about P. costaricense’s natural history and attempt the first successful germination. Methods: We collected fruits from two trees and carried out preliminary germination trials in a nursery at the study site. We also used camera traps in one of the fruiting mother-trees to understand natural dispersal mechanisms of the species. Results: Although plagued by excessive levels of invertebrate predation, we were able to germinate and produce 59 saplings ready for restoration planting. Five mammal species were detected on the camera traps feeding on the fruits, along with one primate potentially using the fruits as a topical medicine. Conclusion: P. costaricense can be propagated ex-situ, potentially with greater success using stimulating hormones. To improve production rates, future efforts should focus on the protection of germinating seeds and saplings from seed predators. We also identified numerous potential natural mammalian seed dispersers, mostly in the family Procyonidae. Implications for Conservation: Given the propagation knowledge we have developed, the active restoration efforts of the saplings by Osa Conservation to help increase population numbers, and the strict protection of the two fruiting mother trees, there is now the possibility to attain a positive conservation outcome for this critically endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinkajou (Potos flavus) is a South and Central American procyonid that can plantarflex and invert its hindfoot around multiple joints in order to fully reverse the hindfoot 180°. However, the myological and osteological adaptions that facilitate this behavior have not been quantified metrically. Osteological correlates of hindfoot reversal have been described in the past, but recent advances in data collection allow for a more comprehensive evaluation of shape differences. Osteological features of the astragalus (talus), calcaneus, and distal tibia of P. flavus were collected and compared to other carnivoran species, including species that are full, partial, and non-reversers of the hindfoot. Hindfoot reversing procyonids were found to possess a relatively smaller medial malleousl, a wider sustentaculum tali, narrower calcaneal tuberosity, and a relatively longer astragalus. In general, the dimensions of the astragalus tend to discriminate hindfoot reversing taxa from other locomotor categories more reliably than the dimensions of the calcaneus or distal tibia. A detailed dissection, description, and documentation of the hind limb muscles in P. flavus was undertaken, and we present the first comprehensive review of its muscular anatomy utilizing muscle maps of the pelvis, femur, tibia, and fibula. Potos flavus has well-developed plantarflexor and invertor muscles, traits which have been hypothesized to characterize species that perform hindfoot reversal. This finding contrasts with other procyonid hindfoot reversing species, such as Bassariscus astutus, which appear to lack muscular adaptations to hindfoot reversal. Muscle semimembranosus, a muscle that facilitates hind limb suspension, was also enlarged. Overall, the hind limb musculature and hindfoot osteology of the kinkajou are consistent with proposed adaptations to hindfoot reversal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : A clinical diagnosis of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome requires isolation of streptococci from a normally sterile site, hypotension, and two or more of the following; evidence of hepatic or renal involvement, coagulopathy, acute respiratory distress, or extensive soft tissue necrosis. Case Description: An approximately 5-year-old intact, male, captive-raised kinkajou (Potos flavus) was evaluated for severe respiratory distress and obtunded mentation. On presentation, the kinkajou was nonresponsive, laterally recumbent, hypothermic, tachypneic, and had marked upper respiratory sounds. Thoracic radiograph findings included pneumothorax, most severe in the left hemithorax, and pulmonary atelectasis. Bloodwork revealed neutrophilia with a left shift, azotemia, thrombocytopenia, and liver enzyme elevations. On the blood smear, a low number of neutrophils exhibited phagocytized cocci bacteria indicative of bacteremia. The animal died shortly after presentation. Conclusions and Case Relevance : On necropsy, pneumothorax was confirmed, and the lungs were severely atelectatic with bullae. Histopathology revealed septic thrombi within pulmonary arteries and meningeal vessels. Streptococcus canis was cultured from lung samples and a Lancefield Group G Streptococcus was cultured from the blood. Oral swabs of one cagemate and one new individual acquired by the same owner both cultured S. canis. This report describes streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, previously unreported in kinkajous or any nondomestic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed information on the anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of drug combinations used for the chemical immobilization of Kinkajous (Potos flavus) is scarce. This study assessed the effects of ketamine (2.5mg/kg), xylazine (lmg/kg) and midazolam (0.5mg/kg) combination in P. flavus. Five clinically healthy adult Kinkajous of both sexes were included. Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure and body temperature were recorded at five-minute intervals for 25 minutes. Then, animals received 0.125mg/kg of yohimbine by intramuscular injection. Anaesthetic depth was assessed based on stimulus response and muscle tone. Induction, immobilization, and recovery periods were recorded and qualitatively assessed based on the absence of adverse effects. The durations of the induction, immobilization, and recovery periods were 9.42±1.73, 33.33±2.16, and 31.37±5.82 minutes. All periods showed good quality and adequate anaesthetic depth was achieved. Mean heart and respiratory rates were 99±20 beats/minute and 44±9 breaths/minute. Both parameters decreased over the duration of the anaesthesia but they did not reach levels suggesting either bradycardia or bradypnea. Mean body temperature was 37.1±1.5 °C and it also showed a decreasing trend over the duration of the anaesthesia. Mean oxygen saturation was 92±6% and it showed a mildly increasing trend over the duration of the anesthesia. Mean blood pressure was 129±23 mmHg and mild to moderate hypertension was observed. No mortality occurred and no adverse effects were observed in any of the individuals during the three months following immobilization. The assessed anaesthetic combination effectively immobilized the P. flavus individuals, provided good quality and acceptable duration of both induction and recovery periods. It should, however, not be used in Kinkajous with either known hypertension record or pre-existing target organ disease (e.g., renal failure, retinopathy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report transmission of Blastomyces dermatitidis fungal infection from a pet kinkajou to a man. When treating a patient with a recalcitrant infection and a history of an animal bite, early and complete animal necropsy and consideration of nonbacterial etiologies are needed.

The article presents a case study of a 14.5-year-old female kinkajou (Potos flavus) diagnosed with cholelithiasis. It states that biochemical analysis and abdominal ultrasound examination were used to diagnose the disease of the animal. Moreover, it says that cholecystectomy would be preferred than cholecystotomy based on the progression of the case.

Abstract: We describe a new nematode species, Baylisascaris potosis n. sp., isolated from captive kinkajou, Potos flavus, from the Cooperative Republic of Guyana. The nematode was found in fecal specimens, identified morphologically, and confirmed genetically. The new species is similar to Baylisascaris procyonis, Baylisascaris columnaris, and other Baylisascaris species, but is distinguished by the position of the male phasmidial pole. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence analyses confirmed that the new species is phylogenetically distinct from all the members of the genus Baylisascaris, and groups with B. procyonis and B. columnaris. This nematode is the 10th species assigned to the genus Baylisascaris. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ethnoprimatology is an important and growing discipline, studying the diverse relationships between humans and primates. However there is a danger that too great a focus on primates as important to humans may obscure the importance of other animal groups to local people. The Waorani of Amazonian Ecuador were described by Sponsel [Sponsel (1997) New World Primates: Ecology, evolution and behavior. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. p 143-165] as the 'natural place' for ethnoprimatology, because of their close relationship to primates, including primates forming a substantial part of their diet. Therefore they are an ideal group in which to examine contemporary perceptions of primates in comparison to other types of animal. We examine how Waorani living in Yasuní National Park name and categorize primates and other common mammals. Although there is some evidence that the Waorani consider primates a unique group, the non-primate kinkajou and olingo are also included as part of the group 'monkeys,' and no evidence was found that primates were more important than other mammals to Waorani culture. Instead, a small number of key species, in particular the woolly monkey ( Lagothrix poeppigii) and white-lipped peccary ( Tayassu pecari), were found to be both important in the diet and highly culturally salient. These results have implications for both ethnoprimatologists and those working with local communities towards broader conservation goals. Firstly, researchers should ensure that they and local communities are referring to the same animals when they use broad terms such as 'monkey,' and secondly the results caution ethnoprimatologists against imposing western taxonomic groups on indigenous peoples, rather than allowing them to define themselves which species are important. Am. J. Primatol. 75:1117-1128, 2013. © 2013 The Authors. American Journal of Primatology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated whether increased relative brain size, including regional brain volumes, is related to differing behavioral specializations exhibited by three member species of the family Procyonidae. Procyonid species exhibit continuums of behaviors related to social and physical environmental complexities: the mostly solitary, semiarboreal and highly dexterous raccoons (Procyon lotor); the exclusively arboreal kinkajous (Potos flavus), which live either alone or in small polyandrous family groups, and the social, terrestrial coatimundi (Nasua nasua, N. narica). Computed tomographic (CT) scans of 45 adult skulls including 17 coatimundis (9 male, 8 female), 14 raccoons (7 male, 7 female), and 14 kinkajous (7 male, 7 female) were used to create three-dimensional virtual endocasts. Endocranial volume was positively correlated with two separate measures of body size: skull basal length (r = 0.78, p < 0.01) and basicranial axis length (r = 0.45, p = 0.002). However, relative brain size (total endocranial volume as a function of body size) varied by species depending on which body size measurement (skull basal length or basicranial axis length) was used. Comparisons of relative regional brain volumes revealed that the anterior cerebrum volume consisting mainly of frontal cortex and surface area was significantly larger in the social coatimundi compared to kinkajous and raccoons. The dexterous raccoon had the largest relative posterior cerebrum volume, which includes the somatosensory cortex, in comparison to the other procyonid species studied. The exclusively arboreal kinkajou had the largest relative cerebellum and brain stem volume in comparison to the semi arboreal raccoon and the terrestrial coatimundi. Finally, intraspecific comparisons failed to reveal any sex differences, except in the social coatimundi. Female coatimundis possessed a larger relative frontal cortical volume than males. Social life histories differ in male and female coatimundis but not in either kinkajous or raccoons. This difference may reflect the differing social life histories experienced by females who reside in their natal bands, and forage and engage in antipredator behavior as a group, while males disperse upon reaching adulthood and are usually solitary thereafter. This analysis in the three procyonid species supports the comparative neurology principle that behavioral specializations correspond to an expansion of neural tissue involved in that function. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, we report the observation of potential seed dispersers of the endemic to Mexico and narrowly distributed Ceratozamianorstogii (Zamiaceae). Camera traps were installed in front of two plants of Ceratozamianorstogii and cone phenology until their maturity and disintegration was determined. The female cone of Ceratozamianorstogii has a development of ten months, from the time it emerges until it disintegrates. We were able to identify three stages of cone development: 1) Pre-pollination phase, 2) Pollination phase and 3) Seed maturation phase. Our results support an animal-dispersal hypothesis in Ceratozamia . Three mammals [a mouse ( Pteromiscus sp.), a southern spotted skunk ( Spilogaleangustifrons ) and a kinkajou ( Potusflavus )] were recorded biting, carrying or removing seeds of Ceratozamianorstogii . The camera traps recorded no evidence of birds or other mammals coming to the cones to feed. Thus, interaction of frugivores with seeds occurs at night. The most frequent visitor was the mouse, followed by the southern spotted skunk and the kinkajou. Significant differences (GLM, p< 0.05) in visitor frequency and time for interaction were found between species. We believe that the mouse is probably the most effective seed disperser for Ceratozamianorstogii . The results presented here have evolutionary implications that can be scaled to the entire genus Ceratozamia . Specifically, short-distance dispersal promotes allopatric speciation in this group of plants., (Héctor Gómez-Domínguez, Jessica E Hernández-Tapia, Andrés E. Ortiz-Rodriguez.)

Brazil's only records of Pocock's olingo (Bassaricyon beddardi) are based on sightings from the northernmost state of Roraima, where the similar kinkajou (Potos flavus) was reported as absent. Our recent field work in the region led to the collection of two specimens and several more observations of kinkajous and a complete lack of evidence of the presence of olingos. Furthermore, the name used locally to describe the nocturnal procyonids previously treated as olingos, gogo de sola, refers to the leathery bare throat patch that we believe to be a characteristic unique to kinkajous. Thus, we conclude that previous records of olingos in Roraima represent misidentifications of kinkajous and recommend that, until supported by a specimen, B. beddardi be treated as absent from Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 14.5-year-old male kinkajou or Potos flavus presented with dyspnea because of congestive heart failure and was diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). It states that the diagnosis of HCM and suspected pulmonary arterial hypertension was based on several examinations including radiographs, clinical pathology, and electrocardiography. It mentions that the kinkajou was treated with furosemide and aminophylline and became stable after 14 months.

The article analyzes the effect of substrate size on Kinkajou's (Potos flavus) locomotion and gait patterns through documenting gaits in two individuals walking and running on poles of two different diameters. Diagonality and limb duty factors were measured for 534 gait cycles. During walking, Kinkajous relied mainly on diagonal-sequence (DS) gaits and trots. It notes that DS gaits are rare among mammals but are common in primates and other arboreal marsupials. It discusses the potential benefit of foot positioning during the gait cycle in walking on thin substrate.

Among mammalian morphological specializations to arboreality, prehensile tails are the least studied. In carnivorans, two phylogenetically and ecologically distant representatives possess truly prehensile tails: the kinkajou Potos flavus, a neotropical procyonid and the binturong Arctictis binturong, a viverrid from south-east Asia. This paper examines osteological characters associated with tail prehensility by comparing carnivorans with and without prehensile tails. The prehensile-tailed taxa are characterized by: (a) a relatively longer proximal caudal region in length and number of vertebrae; (b) more robust distal caudal vertebrae, which possess expanded transverse processes. Comparable features have been also reported for prehensile-tailed primates, indicating evolutionary convergence. These features can be functionally associated with enhanced flexion–extension of the proximal part of the tail and increased strength and flexing capacity at the distal end of the tail. These tail movements are briefly described in free-ranging prehensile-tailed carnivorans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractKinkajou social groups generally consist of one adult female, two males, one subadult and one juvenile. Based on analysis of variation in 11 microsatellite loci, we assess the degree of kinship within and between four social groups totaling 25 kinkajous. We use exclusion and likelihood analyses to assign parents for seven of the eight offspring sampled, five with ≥ 95% certainty, and two with ≥ 80% certainty. Five of six identified sires of group offspring came from the same social group as the mother and pup. Adult males and females within a group were unrelated and subadults and juveniles were offspring of the group adults, suggesting a family structure. All five identified paternities within a social group were by the dominant male of the group. However, this copulation asymmetry does not necessarily reflect cooperation due to kinship ties between the two adult males within a group as one of two adult male pairs sampled was unrelated. Neighbouring male kinkajous were more closely related to each other than neighbouring female kinkajous, suggesting that females disperse more often or farther than males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with a study which investigated the food preferences of kinkajous by comparing relative use of individual fruit species with their relative availability. Materials and methods of the study; Ecology of kinkajou; Fruit preferences; Importance of figs to kinkajous survival.