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7. Globalization, first-foods systems transformations and corporate power: a synthesis of literature and data on the market and political practices of the transnational baby food industry

Author

Baker, P, Russ, K, Kang, M, Santos, TM, Neves, PAR, Smith, J, Kingston, G, Mialon, M, Lawrence, M, Wood, B, Moodie, R, Clark, D, Sievert, K, Boatwright, M, McCoy, D, Baker, P, Russ, K, Kang, M, Santos, TM, Neves, PAR, Smith, J, Kingston, G, Mialon, M, Lawrence, M, Wood, B, Moodie, R, Clark, D, Sievert, K, Boatwright, M, and McCoy, D

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The global milk formula market has 'boomed' in recent decades, raising serious concerns for breastfeeding, and child and maternal health. Despite these developments, few studies have investigated the global expansion of the baby food industry, nor the market and political practices corporations have used to grow and sustain their markets. In this paper, our aim is to understand the strategies used by the baby food industry to shape 'first-foods systems' across its diverse markets, and in doing so, drive milk formula consumption on a global scale. We used a theoretically guided synthesis review method, which integrated diverse qualitative and quantitative data sources. RESULTS: Global milk formula sales grew from ~US$1.5 billion in 1978 to US$55.6 billion in 2019. This remarkable expansion has occurred along two main historical axes. First, the widening geographical reach of the baby food industry and its marketing practices, both globally and within countries, as corporations have pursued new growth opportunities, especially in the Global South. Second, the broadening of product ranges beyond infant formula, to include an array of follow-up, toddler and specialized formulas for a wider range of age groups and conditions, thereby widening the scope of mother-child populations subject to commodification. Sophisticated marketing techniques have been used to grow and sustain milk formula consumption, including marketing through health systems, mass-media and digital advertising, and novel product innovations backed by corporate science. To enable and sustain this marketing, the industry has engaged in diverse political practices to foster favourable policy, regulatory and knowledge environments. This has included lobbying international and national policy-makers, generating and deploying favourable science, leveraging global trade rules and adopting corporate policies to counter regulatory action by governments. CONCLUSION: The baby food industry uses integr

Published
2021

16. LA. Must Find Room for Working Class.

Author

KINGSTON, G. ALLAN

Subjects
Real estate developers -- Evaluation, Real estate industry -- Evaluation
Abstract

I read Christopher Keough's Feb. 5 article "Will Rich Opt to Be Neighbors With Working Class?" with growing incredulity. I was surprised to see the thesis of the article being [...]

Published
2001

23. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Pulsating Turbulent Flow

Author

Kingston, G. C

Subjects
Fluid Mechanics And Heat Transfer
Abstract

The objective of this investigation was to study the effects of small amplitude sinusoidal pulsations on fully developed turbulent flow in a tube from both experimental and theoretical viewpoints. Theoretical models for the macroscopic behavior of pulsating turbulent tube flow were developed for the two cases of very low and very high pulsation frequencies. The models are based on assumptions of quasi-steady and frozen eddy viscosity flow behavior, respectively. The models successfully predict unsteady velocity profiles, thereby supporting the currently proposed definitions of frequency regimes in pulsating turbulent flow. Experimental measurements were made of the time-dependent pressure drop and velocity profiles over the range of frequency-to-Reynolds number ratios from 0.0095 to 0.24. The two macroscopic models developed in this study predict unsteady velocity profiles which are in moderately good agreement with the experiments in their respective frequency regimes, and a previously developed quasi-steady model is found to predict experimental velocity profiles well in both the quasisteady and the frozen eddy viscosity frequency regimes. The effect of flow pulsations on the dissipation of turbulence energy in the vicinity of the wall was measured in the lower transition frequency regime. The long-time averaged dissipation was observed to be unchanged from the steady flow dissipation, within the accuracy of the experiment. A theoretical model of the periodic viscous sublayer was also developed and applied to pulsating flow in a tube, in order to investigate the effects of flow pulsations on the rate of production of turbulence in the region of the wall. The periodic viscous sublayer model predicts sublayer growth periods in steady flow which agree with the published experimental data. When the model is applied to pulsating flow, the response of the sublayer growth period falls into three frequency regimes, the parameters of which are in approximate agreement with the frequency regimes which are defined on the basis of macroscopic flow behavior. The sublayer renewal cycle exhibits quasi-steady flow behavior when the sublayer growth period is much less than the pulsation period, transition behavior when these two periods are approximately equal, and frozen eddy viscosity behavior when the sublayer period is much longer than the pulsation period. The effect of the sublayer growth and renewal cycle on the level of turbulence was investigated by two methods. The velocity fluctuations seen by a point velocity probe located close to the wall were predicted from the model in one method and the rate of turbulence production was estimated from the frequency of sublayer renewal events in the other.

Published
1975

24. Effects of wet soil during early season ratoon establishment on sugarcane grown under different trash management systems in southern canelands

Author

Bell, M.J., Halpin, N., Cunningham, G., Garside, A., Kingston, G., Bell, M.J., Halpin, N., Cunningham, G., Garside, A., and Kingston, G.

Abstract

Green cane trash blanketing (GeTB) has been rapidly adopted by the Queensland sugar industry on the wet tropical coast, but adoption has generally been much slower in the southern eanelands. The slower adoption in these areas appears due largely to perceptions of lower productivity under a GCTB system, particularly when ratooning occurs under cool and/or wet conditions. This work was initiated to examine the interactive effects of trash management and soil moisture status on ratoon establishment of carly harvested Q150 near Bundaberg. The paper also contrasts the Bundaberg results with data from similar experiments using Q124 in the Northern Rivers Region of NSW. Treatments were imposed during the establishment phase of three successive ratoon crops at Bundaberg, and on successive ratoons at Harwood and Broadwater. Trash management systems included burnt cane harvesting and green cane harvesting, with trash removed from the stool (stool raking), trash removed from the stool followed by incorporation of trash in the inter-row (trash incorporation, Bundaberg only) and a standard green cane trash blanket. Soil moisture during ratoon establishment was manipulated using trickle tape, micro-jet sprinklers and flood irrigation. After the establishment phase, all treatments at Bundaberg were irrigated until maturity On a common schedule using surface trickle tape. Trash management and soil moisture status during ratoon establishment significantly affected shoot numbers and crop growth at al sites. Early shoot numbers could be related to differences in accumulated thermal time and also to the rate of shoot addition per unit of thermal time, with thermal time calculated from soil temperatures at stool depth. There was no evidence of any interaction between soil moisture status and trash management on ratoon establishment at any site. There were no significant correlations between shoot numbers at 3.5 months and the numbers of mature stalks at harvest in any site. There were n

Published
1999

29. ORIGINAL RESEARCH. The experience of living with a traumatic hand injury in a rural and remote location: an interpretive phenomenological study.

Author

Kingston, G. A., Judd, J., and Gray, M. A.

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of this research study was to gain an understanding of how rural and remote residents in North Queensland, Australia, engaged in work, activities of daily living tasks and social activities following a traumatic hand injury. Findings from a previous retrospective survey with these participants revealed that patients experienced difficulties such as pain for many years after their injury; however, because of the survey methodology, the voices of participants were not heard. This study contributes to a larger project that seeks to propose a model of service delivery to rural and remote residents who have sustained a traumatic injury. Methods: Utilising an interpretive phenomenological research design, data were gathered through in-depth, semistructured interviews. Fifteen participants were recruited into this study and questions were designed to explore the experience of having a traumatic hand injury in rural and remote areas of North Queensland. Results: The thematic analysis indicated five major themes: injury and impairment, pain, occupation and activity, and resilience. Participants reported that having a hand injury often caused further injury due to the impairment. The pain experienced could be ‘all consuming' yet participants reported ‘pushing through' this pain to complete daily tasks. Participants reported that they would ‘go mad' if they did not work and highlighted the importance of activity in their recovery. Participants felt grateful at having their hand and thought towards the future. Being self-reliant was important but they were willing to accept support from others when needed. Conclusions: Incorporating activity and occupation in rehabilitation programs as opposed to focusing on strict protocols is an important consideration in the recovery process of rural and remote residents. In particular, engaging in activity and occupation was an important part of managing the pain associated with the hand trauma. This research also found that participants demonstrated resilient qualities while recovering from a traumatic hand injury. Health professionals who work with people from a rural and remote location with a traumatic hand injury should consider a treatment model that encourages active patient participation, identifying collaborative treatment goals that align with the values of people living in rural and remote locations. Education regarding the high risk of further injury due to the nature of, and exposure to, the type of work and activity in rural and remote locations is also recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014

31. Why support a housing trust fund?

Author

Kingston, G. Allan

Subjects
Cost and standard of living -- Management -- Political aspects -- Government finance, Housing development -- Government finance -- Political aspects, Company business management
Abstract

Housing matters. A March 2005 survey of Angelenos by the Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) showed that transportation and housing were the top two issues, with 64 percent ranking [...]

Published
2005

33. What about housing?

Author

Kingston, G. Allan

Abstract

Congratulations to the Los Angeles Business Journal for 25 years of publication. Your June 14 special anniversary issue, "The Future of Los Angeles: Setting an Agenda," was worthwhile reading. It [...]

Published
2004

37. The functional impact of a traumatic hand injury on people who live in rural and remote locations.

Author

Kingston G, Tanner B, and Gray MA

Abstract

Purpose. This study aimed to gain an understanding of the functional impact of a traumatic hand injury on a rural and remote Australian population. Method. A retrospective, exploratory design was used. Patients who had experienced a traumatic hand injury were samples and were treated at the occupational therapy department at a major regional Australian hospital between January 2003 and February 2007 ( n = 198). A mail-out survey was utilized, with 65 respondents included in the study. Questions focused on the impact on specific areas of occupational performance and on compliance to home exercises. The upper extremity functional index was also incorporated in the survey. Results. The results revealed that almost 90% of survey respondents had residual difficulties as a result of the traumatic hand injury. The overall impact these difficulties have on 'day-to-day' life was moderate to extreme for over half of the respondents. In the areas of occupational performance, the most affected were work and leisure with less impact reported in self-care and rest. Comments were at times contrary with closed question data, with many respondents expressing relative satisfaction with their outcome despite highlighting the functional difficulties. Conclusion. A significant impact on occupational performance has been highlighted, which reflects common issues within this rural and remote population. Confirmation of the extent of these identified issues within the larger rural and remote Australian population will contribute to the formulation of policy and consequent improvements in health for this traditionally underserved population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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