Search

Introduction: The prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the world is estimated at about 5%. Among adults, it occurs with a frequency of 2.5%. This syndrome can significantly impair functioning in various areas of life. There is a treatment to reduce the symptoms. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to collect and analyze publications on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - symptoms, diagnosis and therapy, taking into account the differences among children and adults. Material and methods: We reviewed the literature available in the PubMed database using the keywords: "ADHD"; "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"; '' ADHD diagnosis', ''ADHD therapy'; ‘’ADHD drug therapy’, ‘’Methylphenidate’, ‘’Atomoxetine” Results: The clinical presentation of the disorder changes over the years. The main symptoms among children are related to inattention and impulsiveness, while among adults, hyperactivity can turn into a feeling of inner fear. Among children, frequent accompanying disorders are behavioral and oppositional-defiant disorders, and among adults, sleep disorders, personality, mood and anxiety disorders. ADHD treatment is based on a multimodal approach that uses cognitive behavioral therapy and effective stimulants (methylphenidate) and non-stimulants (atomoxetine) among children and adults. Conclusions: There are differences in symptoms, comorbidities and diagnosis of ADHD among children and adults. Pharmacotherapy is carried out using the same drugs that are safe and effective. Diagnosis of the disorder and both non-pharmacological and pharmacological help are important due to the risk of increased mortality in patients.

Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan commonly found in humans in the form of three main forms: tachyzoite, tissue cyst and oocyst. The definitive host is the Felidae family, and one of the intermediate hosts is humans. The most common routes of infection are ingestion of raw or undercooked meat, water and food contaminated with oocysts. Among the forms of infection, we distinguish between the acquired form and the much more dangerous congenital form. Aim of the study: The objective of the study was to rewiev the literature describing the dangerous impact of Toxoplasma gondii infection on human. Methods and materials: : We reviewed the literature available in the PubMed database, using the key words: "toxoplasma gondii"; "congenital toxoplasmosis"; "pregnacy". Results: T. gondii infection is particularly dangerous in pregnant women, due to the high risk of vertical transmission of the infection to the developing fetus. The clinical presentation of congenital toxoplasmosis depends on the gestational age at which the infection occurred. Pathognomonic signs of congenital toxoplasmosis include Sabin-Pinkerton Triad, which includes inflammation of the retina and choroid of the eye, dilatation of the brain's ventricular system and intracranial calcifications. Available pharmacotherapy works on tachyzoites present in the initial phase of acquired infection, congenital infection and reactivated infection in immunodeficient patients, available drugs do not work on tissue cysts. Conclusion: The consequences of Toxoplasma gondii infection are particularly dangerous for the fetus, so pregnant women should pay special attention to hand hygiene and thorough washing of the food they eat. For this reason, it is extremely important to educate pregnant women about health issues and draw attention to the possible consequences of T.gondii infection.

Introduction: Worldwide, there are over 660 million men and women who are HPV carriers. This virus is responsible for cancer, i.e. cancer of the anal canal, head and neck region, penis and the most common - cervical cancer, whose early stages are completely curable, and in stage IV, the survival rate does not exceed 10%. That is why prevention is so important and vaccinations for both sexes. Aim: The aim of the study was to check the awareness of society, both women and men and men, on the HPV virus - the way it spreads, the diseases it causes and the possibilities of preventing infection, as of the date of entry into force in Poland of the program of free preventive vaccinations for girls and boys aged 12 and 13. Material and methods: The study was conducted in the form of an anonymous online survey containing 21 questions. It was attended by 396 adults. Results: 80% of the population is unaware of how common HPV infection is. 33% of men believe that it occurs 8 times less often than it actually does, and that having an infection protects against another infection. Only 1/5 of women are aware of the risks. Only 15.15% of the respondents know the correlation between cervical cancer and the presence of the virus. 25% of women are not aware of free cytology. Only half of the respondents know about the free HPV vaccination program. 1/3 of people think that only girls should be vaccinated. Conclusions: Public awareness of HPV is insufficient. Men showed greater knowledge than women, and in general people with offspring had the lowest knowledge. This shows that the information campaign related to preventive vaccinations should be carried out on a much larger scale, as they are the most effective method of protecting both women and men.

Introduction: Depressive disorders are common in children and adolescents, but often go undiagnosed. They are associated with serious consequences, as well as with serious impairments both in terms of personal and social life, increasing the risk of suicide and psychoactive substance abuse. Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the most common factors causing depressive disorders and to assess their frequency and severity among adolescents. Materials and methods:The study was conducted in one of the secondary schools in Krosno. 316 students (245 girls, 71 boys) aged 15 to 19 participated in the study. The results of 27 questions on depressive disorders were obtained using an anonymous online questionnaire. Results: Among 316 students, as many as 40.5% do not know whether they suffer from depressive disorders, while 12% are sure of it, of which 71% have started treatment. However, sadness and depression as well as loss of interest and pleasure from doing favorite activities lasting 2 weeks or more, as well as a sense of worthlessness and lower self-esteem reach over 27% of students. The study shows that 15% of students may be undiagnosed. Suicidal thoughts occur in 44.9% of the respondents. 6.3% of students have attempted suicide and 2.8% want to take their own lives. Conclusions: Depressive disorders are a common problem among hight school studnets. The most common disorders coexisting with depression in the examined adolescents were eating disorders. Increased awareness of depression symptoms among adolescents, parents, school psychologist and family doctor is a key element for diagnosis and therapy.

Introduction: Emergency contraception is a method of contraception instigated when the other ones have failed or after unprotected sex. Although highly effective, it is subject to the risk of side effects. Aim of the study: The purpose was to assess the women's knowledge regarding emergency contraception methods and to analyze the experience related to the use of levonorgestrel and ulipristal acetate. Materials and methods: The research was done by conducting an anonymous online survey. The study took place in May 2023 and included 214 women over 15 years of age. The results were analyzed in Excel with a consideration of scientific literature. Results: 64.5% of women indicated correctly what emergency contraception is, 13.1% misunderstood its definition. 86% of respondents were unaware that the emergency contraception could be used for up to 120 hours after sex. 45% of women who used emergency contraception had difficulties obtaining a prescription. 35% of those surveyed indicated that they had side effects, the two most commonly reported being nausea and fatigue. Conclusions: Most women know the definition of emergency contraception, however, the vast majority of the respondents failed to specify how soon the emergency contraception shall be implemented after the intercourse. A large percentage of women reported difficulties in obtaining a prescription for emergency hormonal contraceptives. Therefore, the society should be better educated when it comes to emergency contraception and further actions should be implemented to improve its availability.

Introduction: E-cigarettes, also known as electronic cigarettes, pose a new public health challenge. Their growing popularity and availability have raised concerns about potential health risks for young people. Vaping may also become a new addiction among young people. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the popularity of e-cigarette use among high school students and factors that influence vaping. Adolescents' knowledge of chemical composition of e-cigarettes and side effects was analyzed. Materials and methods: The survey was conducted among 323 people in the age range of 15 to 19 years old. The study group consisted of students from one of the high schools in Krosno. An anonymous online survey was used to conduct the study. Results: 59% of the youth surveyed had tried an e-cigarette. 35,7% of non-smokers say they want to try vaping in the future. Most adolescents start their tobacco initiation with e-cigarettes. 62,2% are passive smokers and regularly inhale the vapor. 89% say it is easy to access e-cigarettes. Young people are aware of the harmfulness of e-cigarettes - 88,2%, and that they should not be used during pregnancy - 97%. Conclusions: High school students are very likely to use e-cigarettes. Every other student has used them actively or passively. Increasing students' awareness of the side effects of vaping and identifying symptoms of addiction. Conversations with a pediatrician and health education lessons at school could have a huge impact on the decrease in e-cigarette usage by the youth.

Introduction: Exposure to UV radiation promotes skin damage, photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. Photoprotection reduce the negative effects of ultraviolet rays. However, ultraviolet light has some beneficial effects like the production of vitamin D. It is also used in the treatment of some skin diseases. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge of medical students and non-dermatology physicians on the harmful and beneficial effects of UV radiation and photoprotection. Materials and methods: The research material was collected using an anonymous online survey. The obtained results were analyzed and verified on the basis of scientific literature and statistically processed using Microsoft Office Excel. Results: 95.3% of respondents believe that knowledge about the effects of radiation is important in medical practice and 98.8% can name at least one skin cancer whose risk factor is UV radiation. All of respondents believe that UVR affects the aging of the skin. 77.8% of respondents know the meaning of the term "SPF". 81.9% are aware that UVB radiation affects the synthesis of vitamin D and 72.0% can indicate at least two dermatoses in which phototherapy is used. Conclusion: Medical students and doctors have a lot of knowledge about the effects of UV radiation and it is important in their medical practice. Increasing awareness about radiation, forms of sun protection and a more thorough physical examination can have a significant impact on patient health. Great vigilance and noticing a suspicious change accelerates the start of treatment and determines the success of the therapy.

Introduced: Erythema infectious disease is a childhood infectious disease associated with a rash caused by parvovirus B19. The infection is especially dangerous for pregnant women. The disease can lead to intrauterine anemia and miscarriage, even when the pregnant woman did not have any clinical signs of infection. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to assess the level of women's knowledge about erythema infectious and its importance in pregnancy. Materials and methods: The study conducted in May 2023 covered 150 women in various age groups. The research material was collected using an anonymous online questionnaire. The obtained results were analyzed and verified on the basis of scientific literature. Results: The percentage of respondents who had contact with erythema infectious is 64.7% and 64% correctly indicated parvovirus B19 as the etiological factor of the disease. 78% of respondents know that infection with erythema infectious is dangerous for pregnant women. 51.3% of respondents confirm that parvovirus B19 can cause fetal hydrops and 61.3% of women clearly indicate that even an asymptomatic course of infection in pregnant women can be a threat to the fetus. Conclusions: Women have basic knowledge about erythema infectious and its negative impact on pregnancy, but do not know details about complications and treatment. Women should be educated about the risk factors for the disease its symptoms and the effects of the disease. The aim is to minimize the risk of infection during pregnancy.

Introduction: Hyaluronic acid is the ingredient contained in the composition that has the ability to bind water, found in the cornea, synovial fluid and cartilage stroma. Its properties are suitable for use in an increasing range of fields, both aesthetic and in treatments focusing on the treatment of vaginal atrophy. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to collect and analyze publications on the use of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of vaginal atrophy and assessment of the level of knowledge among women about this disease. Materials and methods: The research material was collected using an anonymous online survey. The obtained results were analyzed and verified on the basis of scientific literaturę and statistically processed using Microsoft Office Excel. Results: 59,7% of the respondents knew the term "vaginal atrophy" and 64,2% were able to correctly determine which of the hormones (estrogen) is the main cause of this condition. 59,7% of women indicated that they regularly undergo examinations and perform cytology every year, 29,9% indicated that they have examinations and visits "once in 2 years", 6% - "once in 3 years", the answers "less than once in 3 years” was given by 4,5% of the respondents. 85,7% of the surveyed women have never noticed any symptoms of vaginal atrophy and 85,9% believe that there are effective forms of treating this disorder. Conclusions: Awareness among women about vaginal atrophy, both those with medical education and women in other professions, is at a moderate level. Many women do not talk to their doctor about this not because of the feeling of shame, but also because of the lack of information and preventive measures. The progressive nature of vaginal atrophy should encourage clinicians to routinely engage in an open dialogue with patients about genitourinary health.

Introduction: Folic acid is of great importance for the proper functioning of the human body. It has a major impact on the metabolism of amino acids, nucleic acids and plays a special role in tissues where intensive cell division takes place. Its deficiency in pregnant women may contribute to neural tube defects in the foetus. Elimination of the causes of deficiency and adequate folate supplementation are recommended. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the level of knowledge and awareness among adult women from the Podkarpackie Province regarding the use of folic acid during the procreative period and pregnancy. Materials and methods: A total of 436 women of different ages participated in the study conducted in June 2023. The study group consisted of women from the Podkarpackie Voivodeship over 18 years of age. Material for the study was collected using an anonymous author's online questionnaire. The results obtained were analysed and compared with the literature available in the PubMed database. Results: The questions with the highest number of correct answers concerned the possible consequences of lack of supplementation and the period of pregnancy during which the fetus is at risk of developing neural tube defects. Questions concerning the ability of the intestinal microflora to synthesise folic acid and the recommended period to start supplementation before the planned pregnancy proved problematic. Education was shown to significantly affect the level of knowledge about folic acid. Summary: The level of knowledge about folic acid among women in the Podkarpackie voivodship is satisfactory. However, it is still necessary to educate women of reproductive age and inform them about the potential consequences of not supplementing this compound during pregnancy. Education should rest not only with the gynaecologist, but also with the primary care physician.

Introduction: Nowadays, botulinum toxin has found use in many disease entities such as chronic migraine, spasticity, bruxism and many others. Among serotypes A-E, type A is mainly used in treatment. For the therapeutic effect to be maintained, injections need to be repeated most often after 12 weeks. More frequent injections of the toxin may result in the production of neutralizing antibodies. Aim of the study: The aim was to collect and analyze publications of application of botulinum toxin type A (BT-A) in the treatment of chronic migraine, spasticity and bruxism. Methods and materials: We reviewed the literature available in the PubMed database using the key words: “botulinum toxin”; “migraine”; “spasticity”; “bruxism”. Results: The use of botulinum toxin type A in patients with chronic migraine reduces the frequency of pain episodes and alleviates the symptoms. BT-A therapy reduces increased muscle tension, resulting in improved function of the upper or lower limb, facilitating the rehabilitation process, reducing pain associated with spasticity and protecting against the development of muscle contractures and secondary joint deformities. BT-A treatment of patients with bruxism reduces the level of pain and the maximum generated bite force, resulting in an improved quality of life for patients. Conclusion: Intramuscular administration of botulinum toxin is a safe, effective and minimally invasive method of treating chronic migraine, spasticity and bruxism. The botulinum toxin type A is the most studied serotype used for therapeutic purposes. Future research on botulinum toxin will certainly allow wider use.