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Introduction Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, along with vasculopathy. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly due to pulmonary and renal complications. Early diagnosis is challenging, but crucial, as severe internal organ involvement can occur within three years of disease onset. SSc is categorized into subsets, such as diffuse and limited cutaneous forms with varying degrees of skin and organ involvement. Specific autoantibodies are critical for diagnosing and predicting disease severity and understanding these serological profiles aids in personalized treatment decisions. Management focuses on addressing specific manifestations like Raynaud’s phenomenon, skin fibrosis, pulmonary involvement, and gastrointestinal issues with treatment strategies tailored to the disease’s stage and organ involvement. Despite advances in treatment, SSc remains a challenging disease requiring ongoing vigilance for early detection and intervention. Purpose The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of systemic sclerosis, focusing on its diagnostic criteria, clinical features and management strategies. It aimsto highlight the importance of early detection, particularly in the context of skin and organ involvement and the role of serological markers in guiding diagnosis and treatment. Ultimately, the goal is to improve awareness and understanding of SSc among healthcare professionals, particularly dermatologists, to enhance early diagnosis and optimize patient outcomes. Materials and Methods Our review is based on an analysis of material collected in 'Pubmed', 'Google Scholar' and other scientific articles using the keywords: systemic sclerosis, antinuclear antibodies, Raynaud’s phenomenon, pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Introduction and purpose: Rheumatic disorders, a broad group of conditions primarily affecting the joints, can have significant systemic manifestations that extend beyond musculoskeletal involvement. One such often-overlooked aspect of these diseases is the impact they can have on the eyes. Ocular symptoms are common in many rheumatic diseases and can range from mild irritation to severe sight-threatening complications. This article explores the range of ocular symptoms associated with rheumatic diseases, emphasizing their clinical presentations and the importance of early recognition and treatment. Materials and methods: A review was conducted in PubMed including publications regarding ocular manifestations of rheumatic diseases. Literature was searched using the following terms: “uveitis in rheumatic disorders”, “spondyloarthropathies”, “systemic lupus erythematosus”, “HLA B27 uveitis” and “treatment of rheumatic diseases”. Brief description of the state of knowledge: The eyes may be affected either directly through inflammation of various ocular structures or indirectly as part of the systemic manifestations of autoimmune processes. Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis often present with ocular involvement including dry eye syndrome, uveitis, scleritis, episcleritis and retinal vasculitis. While some ocular findings may be asymptomatic others can lead to significant visual impairment if not properly managed. Conclusions: Rheumatic diseases are often associated with a range of ophthalmic complications which can sometimes develop before any other systemic signs of the rheumatic condition appear, making them crucial indicators of potential underlying disease. In many cases, the visual system may be the first to show signs of involvement and recognizing these symptoms early is essential for timely diagnosis and management.

Introduction Global sugar consumption remains at alarmingly high levels, far exceeding World Health Organization recommendations. This raises the question of whether sweeteners, as low-sugar substitutes, can become a key solution to help people switch to healthier alternatives. WHO guidelines suggest limiting free sugars to less than 10% of daily energy intake, with further benefits for reducing it to below 5%. Such changes can improve overall health and reduce the risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Among many sugar substitutes, aspartame is one of the most widely used synthetic sweeteners. Purpose The purpose of this article is to review the health effects of aspartame, focusing on its safety, cancer risk, impact on metabolism, obesity, diabetes, and other long-term effects. This paper aims to present scientific evidence on aspartame’s safety, including studies supporting its use and those raising concerns. It also discusses potential risks, especially for individuals with phenylketonuria, and provides expert recommendations for its consumption. Conclusion Aspartame, a widely used sugar substitute, has caused controversy due to concerns about its long-term health effects, such as potential cancer and neurodegenerative risks. However, most health organizations consider aspartame safe when consumed in moderation. Despite some studies linking it to health issues, there is insufficient evidence to confirm these risks in humans. People with phenylketonuria should avoid aspartame, but for most, it is safe within recommended daily intake limits. Materials and methods: Our review is based on an analysis of material collected in 'Pubmed', 'Google Scholar' and other scientific articles using the keywords: aspartame, aspartame safety, aspartame controversy.

Introduction: Wilson disease (WD) is a genetic disorder of copper metabolism caused by ATP7B gene mutations, impairing copper excretion and leading to copper accumulation in organs. It affects children and adults, causing liver damage, cirrhosis, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and, if untreated, death. Symptoms, such as Kayser-Fleischer rings, neurological issues, and low serum ceruloplasmin levels, vary widely, complicating early diagnosis. Although rare, WD is one of the few preventable movement disorders, with treatments available to slow disease progression. Purpose: This review aims to enhance understanding and management of WD by summarizing current guidelines and offering practical recommendations for clinical practice. Material and methods: In our article, we have comprehensively discussed WD. Reviewing the latest literature, we have summarized the symptoms, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this disease. Discussion: Wilson disease remains a significant clinical challenge due to its heterogeneous presentation and difficulty in early diagnosis. Despite effective treatments, that can prevent disease progression, many patients experience delayed diagnosis, leading to irreversible organ damage. Advances in genetic testing and biomarkers have improved diagnostic accuracy, enabling earlier detection and better management outcomes. However, nonadherence to lifelong therapy remains a major hurdle, emphasizing the need for ongoing patient education. Emerging therapies and personalized medicine offer promise for improving outcomes and minimizing long-term complications, highlighting the need for continued research and treatment refinement.

The EVALI (E-cigarette or Vaping product use-Associated Lung Injury) epidemic of 2019 was a major public health challenge, attracting the attention of both the scientific community and the public. In a short period of time, thousands of cases of acute lung injuries and deaths were reported among e-cigarette users, previously unrelated to the risk, shedding new light on the safety of these devices and exposing gaps in the regulations regarding their use. This paper aims to review the literature on the EVALI epidemic, with particular emphasis on epidemiology, identification of the etiological agent, clinical presentation and treatment. Based on the collected data, the authors also analysed the possibilities of preventing similar events in the future, emphasizing regulations, health education of patients and increasing physicians' awareness of EVALI.

Priapism refers to a prolonged erection caused by dysfunction in the mechanisms that control penile tumescence, rigidity, and flaccidity. An accurate diagnosis of priapism is urgent and requires identifying the underlying hemodynamic causes. The aim of this study is to identify the different types of priapism, examine its pathogenesis and epidemiology, and to present evidence-based guidelines for effective management. A thorough review of the current guidelines and relevant literature was conducted. The articles with the highest level of evidence were chosen. Swift diagnosis and effective management of priapism are crucial to prevent unnecessary interventions and ensure the best possible outcomes for erectile function.

Introduction and purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the retina. It is one of the leading causes of blindness in adults worldwide. This article aims to explore the pathophysiology, risk factors, basic rules of patient screening, DR classification and current treatment approaches for DR, with the goal of improving awareness and understanding of this vision threatening condition. Materials and methods: A review was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar including publications regarding diabetic retinopathy and its’ pathogenesis, risk factors, classification, screening and treatment. Literature was searched using the following terms: “diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis and treatment”, “diabetic retinopathy screening”, “diabetic retinopathy risk factors”, “vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors”, “laser photocoagulation” and “vitrectomy”. Brief description of the state of knowledge: DR is typically classified into two stages: non-proliferative DR, where the retinal vessels leak fluid or bleed and proliferative DR, characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels that can lead to retinal detachment or hemorrhaging. Treatment for DR aims to slow disease progression and preserve vision. Modern therapies include laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections and vitrectomy. Conclusions: Prevention is the most effective way to avoid vision loss from DR. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, controlling blood glucose and blood pressure, as well as regular eye examinations are essential for managing DR. Therapeutic interventions such as anti-VEGF intravitreal injections, laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy proved to be very effective in DR management. Early intervention with modern therapies, patients education and treatment adherence are main factors in preventing severe outcomes of DR.

Introduction and Purpose: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a prevalent neurological disorder in children, characterized by movement, muscle tone, and posture impairments. This article reviews the clinical and therapeutic management of CP, focusing on spasticity, musculoskeletal disorders, and holistic rehabilitation. It examines evidence-based interventions, including onabotulinumtoxinA, intrathecal baclofen pumps, and surgical options for orthopedic deformities. Key rehabilitation techniques such as neurodevelopmental therapies, gait training, and speech therapy are discussed to enhance motor skills and cognitive development. Additionally, the management of associated conditions like epilepsy and intellectual challenges is addressed, emphasizing psychological support for patients and families. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the management of cerebral palsy. Material and Methods: We utilized English databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and PubMed Central, selecting articles based on keywords like cerebral palsy, spasticity, physical therapy, and rehabilitation. State of Knowledge: Effective CP management requires a multidisciplinary approach to tackle motor impairments, spasticity, deformities, and psychosocial challenges. Therapeutic interventions, including pharmacological treatments, surgical options, and innovative rehabilitation techniques, are essential for improving mobility and quality of life. Summary: Comprehensive care for children with CP is crucial. Evidence supports combining multiple therapeutic approaches tailored to each child’s needs and involving family preferences to optimize development and well-being.

Introduction Eosinophilic fasciitis (EF) is a rare inflammatory disorder marked by elevated eosinophils in tissues and blood. Patients typically present with symptoms such as skin swelling, pain, and induration, which can be mistaken for other connective tissue diseases. The pathogenesis of EF is not fully understood, though immune and autoimmune mechanisms appear to play significant roles. Diagnosis often involves biopsies, lab analyses, and imaging techniques. Current treatment mainly consists of corticosteroids, but further research is needed to assess various therapeutic strategies. Understanding EF is essential for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Purpose The purpose of this article is to enhance knowledge of eosinophilic fasciitis by examining its pathogenesis, immune mechanisms, and diagnostic challenges, as well as evaluating current diagnostic criteria and treatments. Given the rarity and complexity of EF, the study also seeks to clarify its differentiation from similar diseases and offer insights into effective therapies for early diagnosis and improved treatment outcomes. Conclusion EF is a rare disease, and its complexity, due to diverse etiologies and variable treatment efficacy, poses significant challenges in clinical practice. In the near future, the publication of new cases and the initiation of clinical trials should contribute to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies and an effective treatment algorithm. Materials and methods: Our review is based on an analysis of material collected in 'Pubmed', 'Google Scholar' and other scientific articles using the keywords: Eosinophilic fasciitis, Shulman, fibrosis, hypergammaglobulinemia, eosinophilia.

Introduction: COVID-19 manifests with symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including respiratory and cardiovascular complications. Severe cases are often marked by a cytokine storm, causing pulmonary damage and multi-organ dysfunction. Current treatments lack a specific antiviral, though several pharmacological options, including immunomodulatory and antiviral drugs, are under investigation. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to provide an evaluation of the efficacy and safety of baricitinib, a JAK inhibitor, combined with standard care for hospitalized adults with COVID-19. By reviewing recent literature, it aims to assess baricitinib's effectiveness in improving patient outcomes. Material and methods: A systematic review of clinical trials and case studies was conducted to analyze baricitinib’s impact on COVID-19 mortality. Data includes treatment-emergent adverse events and patient outcomes in moderate to severe cases. Discussion: Baricitinib has demonstrated potential in managing hyperinflammation in severe COVID-19 by inhibiting multiple proinflammatory cytokines and enhancing immune response. Clinical trials show that baricitinib, particularly in combination with corticosteroids, reduces mortality and serious infections compared to standard care alone. Due to potential adverse events, continuous monitoring of hematological and lipid levels is essential. These findings highlight baricitinib's dual role as an immunomodulatory and antiviral agent, suggesting its importance in treating severe COVID-19. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment regimens and further exploring the long-term implications of baricitinib therapy.