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Systems models of the Food–Water–Energy (FWE) nexus face a conceptual difficulty: the systematic integration of local stakeholder perspectives into a coherent framework for analysis. We present a novel procedure to co-produce and systematize the real-life complexity of stakeholder knowledge and forge it into a clear-cut set of challenges. These are clustered into the Pressure–State–Response (PSIR) framework, which ultimately guides the development of a conceptual systems model closely attuned to the needs of local stakeholders. We apply this approach to the case of the emerging megacity Pune and the Bhima basin in India. Through stakeholder workshops, involving 75 resource users and experts, we identified 22 individual challenges. They include exogenous pressures, such as climate change and urbanization, and endogenous pressures, such as agricultural groundwater over-abstraction and land use change. These pressures alter the Bhima basin’s system state, characterized by inefficient water and energy supply systems and regional scarcity. The consequent impacts on society encompass the inadequate provision with food, water, and energy and livelihood challenges for farmers in the basin. An evaluation of policy responses within the conceptual systems model shows the complex cause–effect interactions between nexus subsystems. One single response action, such as the promotion of solar farming, can affect multiple challenges. The resulting concise picture of the regional FWE system serves resource users, policymakers, and researchers to evaluate long-term policies within the context of the urban FWE system. While the presented results are specific to the case study, the approach can be transferred to any other FWE nexus system.

Systems models of the Food–Water–Energy (FWE) nexus face a conceptual difficulty: the systematic integration of local stakeholder perspectives into a coherent framework for analysis. We present a novel procedure to co-produce and systematize the real-life complexity of stakeholder knowledge and forge it into a clear-cut set of challenges. These are clustered into the Pressure–State–Response (PSIR) framework, which ultimately guides the development of a conceptual systems model closely attuned to the needs of local stakeholders. We apply this approach to the case of the emerging megacity Pune and the Bhima basin in India. Through stakeholder workshops, involving 75 resource users and experts, we identified 22 individual challenges. They include exogenous pressures, such as climate change and urbanization, and endogenous pressures, such as agricultural groundwater over-abstraction and land use change. These pressures alter the Bhima basin’s system state, characterized by inefficient water and energy supply systems and regional scarcity. The consequent impacts on society encompass the inadequate provision with food, water, and energy and livelihood challenges for farmers in the basin. An evaluation of policy responses within the conceptual systems model shows the complex cause–effect interactions between nexus subsystems. One single response action, such as the promotion of solar farming, can affect multiple challenges. The resulting concise picture of the regional FWE system serves resource users, policymakers, and researchers to evaluate long-term policies within the context of the urban FWE system. While the presented results are specific to the case study, the approach can be transferred to any other FWE nexus system.

Leipzig verfügt aktuell über eine Einwohnerzahl von 590.000 (12/2017). Nach Jahren massiver Schrumpfung registriert Leipzig seit 2010 ein jährliches Wachstum von ca. 10.000 Einwohnerinnen und Einwohnern und zählt damit zu den am stärksten wachsenden Großstädten in Deutschland. Das Integrierte Stadtentwicklungskonzept „Leipzig 2030“ geht von einer anhaltenden Zunahme auf ca. 720.000 Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner aus (Stadt Leipzig 2017, S. A-3). Diese Entwicklung hat in vielerlei Hinsicht Auswirkungen auf das Zusammenleben der Bürger/innen und die Funktionsfähigkeit der Stadt. Entsprechend des strategischen Leitbildes „Leipzig wächst nachhaltig“ steht ein qualitätsvolles Wachstum im Zentrum der weiteren Stadtentwicklung (Stadt Leipzig 2014). Ein Schlüsselelement stellt dabei die Bereitstellung bezahlbarer und guter Wohnungen im Einklang mit den erforderlichen Infrastruktureinrichtungen und mit einem erholsamen, insbesondere grünen Wohnumfeld dar. Um dieser Zielstellung gerecht zu werden gilt es, alle Wohnstandorte der Stadt in den Blick zu nehmen und sie hinsichtlich ihrer Zukunftsfähigkeitzu analysieren.Besondere Beachtung verdienen dabei die kleineren Großwohnsiedlungen (GWS). Darunter werden in industrieller Bauweise, mehrheitlich in Plattenbauweise errichtete Gebiete verstanden. Im Stadtentwicklungsplan Wohnungsbau und Stadterneuerung, Teilplan Großsiedlungen (Stadt Leipzigo. J., S. 13) und in den Monitoringberichten Wohnen 2010 (Stadt Leipzig 2011, S. 47) und 2011 (Stadt Leipzig 2012, S. 45) wird aufgeführt, dass sich der Wohnungsbestand der kleineren GWS in 13 Gebieten konzentriert1: 1) Straße des 18. Oktober, 2) Marienbrunn, 3) Lößnig, 4) Dölitz, 5) Großzschocher,6) Möckern, 7) Gohlis-Nord, 8) Mockau-West, 9) Mockau-Ost, 10) Thekla, 11) Schönefeld, 12) Sellerhausenund 13) Paunsdorf einschließlich Kiebitzmark2. Abbildung A zeigt die Lage der einzelnen GWS im Stadtgebiet3. In Bezug auf die dort lebende Bevölkerung variiert ihre Größe erheblich. In der kleinsten b

Die in der Leipziger Region vorkommenden Arten Elodea canadensis, E. nuttallii, Myriophyllum heterophyllum, M. spicatum und M. verticillatum wurden im Rahmen einer universitären Masterarbeit detailliert untersucht. Anlass für die Studie waren Geländebeobachtungen der letzten Jahre über eine starke Ausbreitung der invasiven E. nuttallii und M. heterophyllum in Nordwestsachsen.  Als Kartierungsraum wurden die das Leipziger Stadtgebiet ein-schließenden Messtischblätter 4639, 4640, 4739 und 4740 gewählt. In diesem Territorium wurden 18 Fließgewässer und 27 Standgewässer auf das Vorkommen von Wasserpest- und Tausendblatt-Arten geprüft. Konnten solche Pflanzen festgestellt werden, wurden Belegmaterial sowie Wasserproben für eine chemische Analyse entnommen. Zur Darstellung der Kartierungsergebnisse wurden Punktverbreitungskarten mit zeitlicher Differenzierung der Nachweise erstellt. Durch diese Methodik lassen sich aus den Karten gut Ausbreitungstendenzen der Arten ableiten. Elodea nuttallii erwies sich als am stärksten invasiv.  Die Untersuchungen der Standorte verdeutlichen eine gewisse Differenzierung der Arten nach Temperatur, pH-Wert und Nährstoffbedürftigkeit. Diese Befunde entsprechen im Wesentlichen den Literaturangaben. Erwähnenswert ist, dass Elodea nuttallii im Vergleich zu E. canadensis an den Leipziger Fundorten in wärmerem und nähr-stoffreicherem Wasser auftrat. Die Geländestudien wurden durch Kulturversuche wie folgt ergänzt: Es wurden die Wasserpest-Arten sowie das Ähren-Tausendblatt unter verschiedenen Lichtbedingungen kultiviert. Dabei erwiesen sich die Arten u.a. als mäßig lichtbedürftig und erheblich wärmetolerant (gutes Wachstum noch bei 28° C). Bei Elodea fielen nach Kultivierung erhebliche Formveränderungen der Laubblätter auf. Diese waren Anlass, in einem weiteren Kulturversuch den Einfluss von Temperatur und Nährstoffmangel auf die Blattform zu untersuchen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass vor allem Elodea canadensis u

Mapping urban structures is a vital prerequisite for urban planners to enhance their database for a liveable city dedicated to sustainable development. Therefore, it is significant to measure urban grey and green structures at the scale of local districts to understand the urban structure and residential needs for urban ecosystem services. For a detailed analysis we exploit digital orthophotos (DOP), LiDAR data, and vital statistics. We use remote sensing techniques to create an Object-based Image Analysis (OBIA) that differentiates grey and green structures with high precision and at refined scale. This spatial information is linked with allocated population and health-related indicators to identify built-up types with highest population densities and local districts with deficits in the provision of different green structures. Our results show the share of built-up structures and the contribution of green structures to urban ecosystem services, human health and well-being at local district level.

We state that land use is under constant pressure, no matter if land-use changes take place in growing or shrinking cities. Land-use changes witness multiple interdependencies between environmental, social and economic factors. In urban areas land is highly exposed to accelerating consumption which makes it a scarce and precious resource. Therefore we need transformative processes to deal with land use in a more sensible and responsible way. We define urban transformations as fundamental, multi-dimensional changes in urban land-use patterns, population developments, infrastructures, governance regimes as well as established values, norms and behaviours. A central focus is on land use and its changes to supply ecosystem services as key driver for quality of life. Most important for us is that transformative processes are highly dynamic and non-linear, thus affecting functions of urban land uses in different ways and with varying consequences. In this sense, governance research is a decisive component to implement our research in practice. With this viewpoint we want to contribute to a debate on land-use changes in alternating growing and shrinking cities to foster appropriate development responses for urban transformations towards sustainability.

Human health and well-being are strongly affected by exposure to airborne pollutants. Urban exposures play an important role because of the high number of people affected and due to traffic and industrial sources of air pollutants. Inner-urban differences of human exposure are often higher than mean differences between cities in a country. Additionally, the majority of cities is characterized by socio-spatial segregation. Therefore, public health in urban environments is strongly related to the location of the urban district in the city and the question of environmental justice.

Environmental quality has a strong influence on the quality of life for human beings. There are direct linkages between primary elements of the environment, such as air, water, and land surface and the quality of life. Our main research refers to the question how residents and their environment interact by assessing the measured and perceived environmental quality and quality of life. Although, this integrated research requires a wide range of data, there is a lack of studies which have attempted to combine qualitative and quantitative data on quality of the environment and subsequently, quality of life. Based on Lawrence's (2011) notion of environmental quality as a complex concept that is neither static nor absolute, we focus on two interrelated sets of components: bio-geophysical, measurable components and subjective susceptibility of the environmental burdens. We do this by a combined qualitative and quantitative analysis to draw out dimensions of environmental quality and subsequently, quality of life.

We propose a framework for simulating the individual-specific exposure as an indicator for the environmental quality of urban regions. Adopting the perspective of a moving individual we combined maps of urban temperature with algorithms simulating human mobility. The former were derived from thermal-scan data gathered with an aeroplane and calibrated with air temperatures observed at 1.5 m height. The agent-based mobility models utilize different forms of random movement and agenda-driven movement and comprise potential field controlled walk (PTW), reference point mobility model (RPM), RPM with a pre-defined daily agenda of targets (RPMA), and truncated Lévy flights (TLF).Defining the distribution of exposure increments (temperature exposure at every time step; in K/min) as an indicator, we studied its dependence on both mobility and urban spatial temperature distribution by help of simulation models. We found that the mobility algorithms PTW and TLF can generate non-ergodic trajectories, i.e., a runner performing many consecutive journeys and an ensemble of walkers have different distributions of exposure increments. Thus, the temperature-exposure of individuals highly depends on their mobility patterns. This result is consistent with a previous benzene-study that generated likewise very different levels of personal exposure depending on the type of mobility. For both maps the PTW algorithm has the potential to generate unique movement patterns that can result in individual-specific exposure.A conclusion is that the temperature recorded by mobile receptors is a suitable indicator for the thermal exposure of people living in an urban region. Heat maps may show significant differences with respect to individual exposure. The cumulative distribution of temperature exposure provides information about the hazard of heat for individuals living in the studied environment. We suggest mobile measurements for an exploration of the urban environment, as they involve

Exposure by airborne pollutants adversely affects human health and well-being. Particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOX, NO2) are two of the most important airborne pollutants in Germany. Epidemiological studies found that these pollutants significantly increase morbidity and mortality by cardiovascular, respiratory and other diseases. Inner-urban differences of human exposure are often higher than mean differences between cities. Therefore it is necessary to investigate the inner-urban spatial distributions of human exposures. Additionally the question arises if the social situation of population is also related to airborne outdoor exposures. On the example of Berlin the spatial distribution of airborne exposures of PM2.5 and NO2 was determined for the 447 Berlin planning areas (PLAs), each characterized by about 7500 inhabitants, rather unique structure of buildings, big roads, and certain social structure. In this study we also investigated the combined exposure by PM2.5 and NO2. Because both types of air pollutants are traffic related, traffic parameters were included into the assessment. In order to investigate the socio-spatial distribution of PM2.5 and NO2 at the planning area level the air pollution was statistically and spatially correlated with the development index of the Berlin Social Urban Development Monitoring and other social indices. Generally, but also in Berlin, there exists a strong tendency that decreasing social indicators are related to increasing human exposures. About 10% of Berlin's population live in PLAs with a very low or low development index and with very high or high air pollution levels and thus are discriminated twice. The lower the development index in a PLA, the higher is the share of population exposed to high air pollution and vice versa.

An assessment of personal exposure to airborne chemical contaminants demands for individual-specific registration of their concentrations, a procedure which is expensive and difficult to implement. An alternative approach is the calculation of a spatial concentration field in high resolution where exposure can be assigned to individuals according to their dwelling locations. Self-organizing maps (SOM) and Bayesian Hierarchical Models (BHM) were applied to model the spatial concentrations of benzene, an airborne volatile organic compound (VOC), in the urban area of Leipzig, Germany. Different performance measures (mean absolute error, coefficient of determination, etc.) were adopted to evaluate and compare the performance of SOM and BHM. Relevant input factors related to VOC dispersion were stepwise selected with the BHM. Both modeling techniques identified seasonal as well as spatial variations of benzene, with the highest concentrations occurring in winter and the lowest in summer. SOM and BHM showed that high concentrations of benzene are correlated with low distances to the city center and with the major traffic routes. Both SOM and BHM were suitable to model the spatial distribution of benzene concentrations, with the latter yielding a better overall performance using input factors selected by BHM. Beyond this specific application the suggested approaches have potential for statistical spatiotemporal modeling of other environmental parameters, an issue that is currently under rapid development.

This chapter focuses on flood risk analysis and risk prevention in Santiago de Chile. It presents a conceptual framework for flood risk analysis in urban areas and demonstrates the utility of a mixed set of methods, including remote sensing and GIS techniques, to improve the methodological basis for flood risk assessment and risk prevention. Population growth and land-use changes are analysed as key elements of urban development and indicators of flood risk production. A conceptual framework comprising the core elements of exposure, elements at risk and vulnerability serves as a tool for risk analysis and risk assessment, and is applied to the municipalities of La Reina and Peñalolén. The chapter reviews existing institutional responses to land-use and risk management and, based on expert interviews, detects their deficits. As a conclusion, recommendations to improve flood risk prevention in Santiago de Chile are made. The absence of a systemic view of flood risk resulting from complex ecological and social processes is the chief weakness of current risk prevention in Santiago de Chile.

Indicators are helpful tools for land use management; especially in the context of sustainable urban development, they are indispensable information bases for decision making, communication, and awareness rising. For Santiago de Chile, like many other large and dynamic cities, a high complexity of geographical conditions, social and land use pattern, diverging interests, and a high velocity of development are characteristic. In this situation, the Risk Habitat Megacity (RHM) initiative seeks to support local and regional authorities in elaborating indicators applicable in land use and flood risk management. In this article, the indicator approach of the Land Use Management group within the RHM initiative is presented. Based on the analysis of characteristics of and demands on sustainability indicators, existing indicator sets for Santiago de Chile are analysed. Thereafter, the indicator set for sustainable land use management in Santiago de Chile is presented. It was elaborated in a combined bottom-up and top-down approach in discussion with Chilean scientists and stakeholders in order to guarantee its relevancy to practice. The analysis of the already existing indicators in Santiago de Chile shows that the newly developed toolset forms a valuable and complementary addition, mainly for two reasons: the interdisciplinary nature of the set and its reproducibility.

This paper presents an investigation into spatial risk differences over small distances for the Helicobacter pylori infection in the city of Leipzig, Germany and two rural districts. A model, using Bayesian inference, was developed that adjusts the risk for individual-specific factors, and for spatial or individual over-dispersion, respectively. Additionally, the model takes into account conditional spatial autocorrelation. We found a significant positive association to the H. pylori infection risk for: "more than three children live in the household" (OR = 2.4, p = 0.001), "more persons live per sq.m than average" (OR = 1.4, p = 0.03), "home situated at main road" (OR = 1.4, p = 0.04) and "using well water" (OR = 2.3, p = 0.05). A protective effect was identified for "travelled to low prevalence region" (OR = 0.4, p < 0.0001) and "born in Germany" (OR = 0.2, p < 0.0001). Three administrative areas with significantly increased spatial risk were identified: one in the rural district and two in the city of Leipzig. The model explained 24.9% of the total deviance. Contrary to expectations, the largest part of deviance of the data was not explained by the identified significant risk factors, but by individual-specific heterogeneities. We conclude that further - so far not discussed - factors influence the risk and the spatial variation of the H. pylori infection. Furthermore, from the results we speculate about a possible impact of long-time air pollution and surface water.

Urban planning mainly concentrates on the management of cities as an administrative unit. Urban regions, their state and development, constitute the major interaction of urbanization processes. Such regions comprise the urban core and its associated peri-urban and rural areas. Urbanization processes along the rural-urban continuum need to be monitored by a complex set of indicators. In this paper the phenomena of growth and shrinkage patterns are investigated for an inner urban to peri-urban gradient. The area of investigation is a transect covering the eastern part of the urban region of the city of Leipzig, Germany, with its surrounding communes. Selected patterns of spatial processes are analysed for the gradient using Satellite pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) XS data, and additionally, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data where SPOT data were missing. Further statistical information on social, economic and environmental sustainability issues related to land-use changes is analysed. These spatial and statistical analyses are data-driven and reflect a wide range of spatial, socio-economic and ecological development being mutually intertwined. It will be shown how suburban communes and local districts within the city have developed disregarding sustainable planning. By the end of the 1990s peri-urban communes started to be organized in a better coordinated regional development plan, this case study being part of the Grner Ring Leipzig (Green Belt of Leipzig).

Urban remote sensing research and approaches to modelling residential mobility focus predomi-nantly on growth patterns. In this paper, the phenomenon of extreme urban decline, named 'shrinkage', is scrutinised. The different characteristics of urban decline are illuminated using a multi-scale approach. Selected patterns of the spatial growth and shrinkage are first calculated by means of satellite imagery for the City of Leipzig, Germany. Here, Landsat data for 1994 and 2005 provide information regarding different phases of urban land use dynamics, thereby revealing a pattern of spatial expansion into the peri-urban surroundings. In addition, potential drivers of this detected pattern are investigated through analysis of municipal statistical data, at the local district level, providing evidence that urban growth in general and particularly shrinkage are results of population fluxes and migration. Because urban shrinkage can be found in both the central and peripheral parts of Leipzig City, an even more detailed scale, using a very high resolution (VHR) colour-infrared data set has then been integrated with the local district data, in order to achieve detailed information on intra-urban differentiation of both urban structure and fabric. Finally, using predictor variables such as fertility, life expectancy, migration and residential preferences, a proto-type model approach is presented that analyses recent patterns of residential use and the related building vacancies that characterise the housing sector of a shrinking city.

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Urban remote sensing research and model approaches predominantly focus on positive growth patterns. In this paper, the phenomenon of a negative urban growth, in the following named shrinkage, is under investigation. Selected pattern of the spatial process are initially calculated by means of Landsat data for the City of Leipzig, Germany. Satellite imagery taken from Landsat may provide reliable information assessing the different states of urban growth when detecting its spatial expansion into the peri-urban surroundings. For the City of Leipzig two satellite imageries were taken for the years 1994 and 2005 to find out the spatial development within the last decade. As spatial shrinkage is a phenomena that rather occurs in the central parts of the city and on a larger scale a very high resolution colour-infrared data set is integrated for a more detailed inner urban differentiation of urban structure and analysis of buildings. Supplementary, to seek for drivers of the detected pattern, statistical data is investigated as urban growth and shrinkage and decline of population run and interact simultaneously. Using respective predictor variables such as fertility and life expectancy, migration and residential preferences, a prototype model approach is presented to explain urban shrinkage related to the housing sector simulating residential mobility, vacancy and demolition.

Environmental security involves the geo-referenced assessment of health risks. A straightforward estimation of relative risks can be based on aggregated health data, which are often routinely collected in administrative districts and, therefore, cheap and easily available. Disease maps based on raw data can be misleading, however. The value of the maps can be improved by applying a statistical model that, firstly, accounts for the spatial autocorrelation and, secondly, admits the inclusion of exposure data (e.g. from monitoring networks). A third important task is the inclusion of socioeconomic and further individual-specific confounders. The paper presents a hierarchical model that facilitates the mapping of the relative risk and the adjustment for socio-demographic and individual-specific variables (ecological adjustment). While the basis of the model is the conditional autoregressive (CAR) approach, we extend this approach by including a model for the individuals at risk. Bayesian inference is used for the risk estimation. As an example, the statistical model is applied to the analysis of the spatial epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Leipzig, Germany. So far, the epidemiology of this infection is not fully understood. The Helicobacter pylori [13C]urea breath test was offered to all school beginners in the urban area of Leipzig to determine the colonization prevalence and potential transmission pathways of the bacterium. A total of 2888 school-starters participated in the test and their parents completed detailed, self-administered questionnaires. Calculating the spatial distribution of H. pylori among school-starters in the urban area of Leipzig, we present maps of district-wise relative risks and demonstrate the usefulness of the ecological adjustment.

Urban remote sensing research and model approaches predominantly focus on positive growth patterns. In this paper the phenomenon of a negative urban growth is investigated upon. Such a negative development is mainly named as urban shrinkage. Selected driving forces indicating the spatial process are initially calculated by means of Landsat data for the City of Leipzig, Germany. For a more detailed inner urban differentiation and structure analysis VHR and hyperspectral data will be integrated in future investigations. Supplementary statistical information is analysed as land consumption and decline of population run and interact simultaneously. Apart from relevant predictor variables the concept of a rule-based model approach related to urban shrinkage and demolition is presented.