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1. Landing on Mars: A Cross-Institutional Research-Based Seminar Series

Author

Kinch, Kjartan, Sølberg, Jan, Horgan, Briony, Adler, Jacob, Hayes, Alexander, Hurowitz, Joel, and Rice, Melissa

Abstract

Engaging students in research can take many forms and such research-based learning is widely perceived as beneficial for student engagement and learning outcomes. Here, we report on our experience with organizing a cross-institutional seminar series dedicated to the question of where on Mars to land a coming NASA Mars mission. The seminar series was connected with the professional process for answering the same question and was organized through teleconferences and an internet site together with local discussions at seven participating institutions. We report on our own reflections as well as student reactions collected through group interviews at five participating institutions. We discuss the results against a model for research-based learning. Coordinating the seminar series across seven institutions and several time zones proved inspiring but challenging. Many specific aspects of how the class was organized could have been improved, but students generally reported high levels of engagement derived from the cutting-edge research nature and current relevance of the subject matter.

Published
2022

3. Mineralogy, Morphology, and Emplacement History of the Maaz Formation on the Jezero Crater Floor From Orbital and Rover Observations

Author

Horgan, Briony, primary, Udry, Arya, additional, Rice, Melissa, additional, Alwmark, Sanna, additional, Amundsen, Hans E. F., additional, Bell, James F., additional, Crumpler, Larry, additional, Garczynski, Brad, additional, Johnson, Jeff, additional, Kinch, Kjartan, additional, Mandon, Lucia, additional, Merusi, Marco, additional, Million, Chase, additional, Núñez, Jorge I., additional, Russell, Patrick, additional, Simon, Justin I., additional, St. Clair, Michael, additional, Stack, Kathryn M., additional, Vaughan, Alicia, additional, Wogsland, Brittan, additional, Annex, Andrew, additional, Bechtold, Andreas, additional, Berger, Tor, additional, Beyssac, Olivier, additional, Brown, Adrian, additional, Cloutis, Ed, additional, Cohen, Barbara A., additional, Fagents, Sarah, additional, Kah, Linda, additional, Farley, Ken, additional, Flannery, David, additional, Gupta, Sanjeev, additional, Hamran, Svein‐Erik, additional, Liu, Yang, additional, Paar, Gerhard, additional, Quantin‐Nataf, Cathy, additional, Randazzo, Nicolas, additional, Ravanis, Eleni, additional, Sholes, Steven, additional, Shuster, David, additional, Sun, Vivian, additional, Tate, Christian, additional, Tosca, Nick, additional, Wadhwa, Meenakshi, additional, and Wiens, Roger C., additional

Published
2023
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5. Overview and Results from the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s First Science Campaign on the Jezero Crater Floor

Author

Sun, Vivian Z., primary, Hand, Kevin P., additional, Stack, Kathryn M., additional, Farley, Ken A., additional, Simon, Justin I., additional, Newman, Claire, additional, Sharma, Sunanda, additional, Liu, Yang, additional, Wiens, Roger C., additional, Williams, Amy J., additional, Tosca, Nicholas, additional, Alwmark, Sanna, additional, Beyssac, Olivier, additional, Brown, Adrian, additional, Calef, Fred, additional, Cardarelli, Emily L., additional, Clavé, Elise, additional, Cohen, Barbara, additional, Corpolongo, Andrea, additional, Czaja, Andrew D., additional, Del Sesto, Tyler, additional, Fairen, Alberto, additional, Fornaro, Teresa, additional, Fouchet, Thierry, additional, Garczynski, Brad, additional, Gupta, Sanjeev, additional, Herd, Chris D. K., additional, Hickman‐Lewis, Keyron, additional, Horgan, Briony, additional, Johnson, Jeffrey, additional, Kinch, Kjartan, additional, Kizovski, Tanya, additional, Kronyak, Rachel, additional, Lange, Robert, additional, Mandon, Lucia, additional, Milkovich, Sarah, additional, Moeller, Robert, additional, Núñez, Jorge, additional, Paar, Gerhard, additional, Pyrzak, Guy, additional, Quantin‐Nataf, Cathy, additional, Shuster, David L., additional, Siljestrom, Sandra, additional, Steele, Andrew, additional, Tice, Michael, additional, Toupet, Olivier, additional, Udry, Arya, additional, Vaughan, Alicia, additional, and Wogsland, Brittan, additional

Published
2023
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6. Overview and Results From the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover's First Science Campaign on the Jezero Crater Floor

Author

Sun, Vivian Z., Hand, Kevin P., Stack, Kathryn M., Farley, Ken A., Simon, Justin I., Newman, Claire, Sharma, Sunanda, Liu, Yang, Wiens, Roger C., Williams, Amy J., Tosca, Nicholas, Alwmark, Sanna, Beyssac, Olivier, Brown, Adrian, Calef, Fred, Cardarelli, Emily L., Clavé, Elise, Cohen, Barbara, Corpolongo, Andrea, Czaja, Andrew D., Del Sesto, Tyler, Fairen, Alberto, Fornaro, Teresa, Fouchet, Thierry, Garczynski, Brad, Gupta, Sanjeev, Herd, Chris D.K., Hickman-Lewis, Keyron, Horgan, Briony, Johnson, Jeffrey, Kinch, Kjartan, Kizovski, Tanya, Kronyak, Rachel, Lange, Robert, Mandon, Lucia, Milkovich, Sarah, Moeller, Robert, Núñez, Jorge, Paar, Gerhard, Pyrzak, Guy, Quantin-Nataf, Cathy, Shuster, David L., Siljestrom, Sandra, Steele, Andrew, Tice, Michael, Toupet, Olivier, Udry, Arya, Vaughan, Alicia, Wogsland, Brittan, Sun, Vivian Z., Hand, Kevin P., Stack, Kathryn M., Farley, Ken A., Simon, Justin I., Newman, Claire, Sharma, Sunanda, Liu, Yang, Wiens, Roger C., Williams, Amy J., Tosca, Nicholas, Alwmark, Sanna, Beyssac, Olivier, Brown, Adrian, Calef, Fred, Cardarelli, Emily L., Clavé, Elise, Cohen, Barbara, Corpolongo, Andrea, Czaja, Andrew D., Del Sesto, Tyler, Fairen, Alberto, Fornaro, Teresa, Fouchet, Thierry, Garczynski, Brad, Gupta, Sanjeev, Herd, Chris D.K., Hickman-Lewis, Keyron, Horgan, Briony, Johnson, Jeffrey, Kinch, Kjartan, Kizovski, Tanya, Kronyak, Rachel, Lange, Robert, Mandon, Lucia, Milkovich, Sarah, Moeller, Robert, Núñez, Jorge, Paar, Gerhard, Pyrzak, Guy, Quantin-Nataf, Cathy, Shuster, David L., Siljestrom, Sandra, Steele, Andrew, Tice, Michael, Toupet, Olivier, Udry, Arya, Vaughan, Alicia, and Wogsland, Brittan

Abstract

The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater on 18 February 2021. After a 100-sol period of commissioning and the Ingenuity Helicopter technology demonstration, Perseverance began its first science campaign to explore the enigmatic Jezero crater floor, whose igneous or sedimentary origins have been much debated in the scientific community. This paper describes the campaign plan developed to explore the crater floor's Máaz and Séítah formations and summarizes the results of the campaign between sols 100–379. By the end of the campaign, Perseverance had traversed more than 5 km, created seven abrasion patches, and sealed nine samples and a witness tube. Analysis of remote and proximity science observations show that the Máaz and Séítah formations are igneous in origin and composed of five and two geologic members, respectively. The Séítah formation represents the olivine-rich cumulate formed from differentiation of a slowly cooling melt or magma body, and the Máaz formation likely represents a separate series of lava flows emplaced after Séítah. The Máaz and Séítah rocks also preserve evidence of multiple episodes of aqueous alteration in secondary minerals like carbonate, Fe/Mg phyllosilicates, sulfates, and perchlorate, and surficial coatings. Post-emplacement processes tilted the rocks near the Máaz-Séítah contact and substantial erosion modified the crater floor rocks to their present-day expressions. Results from this crater floor campaign, including those obtained upon return of the collected samples, will help to build the geologic history of events that occurred in Jezero crater and provide time constraints on the formation of the Jezero delta., The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater on 18 February 2021. After a 100-sol period of commissioning and the Ingenuity Helicopter technology demonstration, Perseverance began its first science campaign to explore the enigmatic Jezero crater floor, whose igneous or sedimentary origins have been much debated in the scientific community. This paper describes the campaign plan developed to explore the crater floor's Máaz and Séítah formations and summarizes the results of the campaign between sols 100–379. By the end of the campaign, Perseverance had traversed more than 5 km, created seven abrasion patches, and sealed nine samples and a witness tube. Analysis of remote and proximity science observations show that the Máaz and Séítah formations are igneous in origin and composed of five and two geologic members, respectively. The Séítah formation represents the olivine-rich cumulate formed from differentiation of a slowly cooling melt or magma body, and the Máaz formation likely represents a separate series of lava flows emplaced after Séítah. The Máaz and Séítah rocks also preserve evidence of multiple episodes of aqueous alteration in secondary minerals like carbonate, Fe/Mg phyllosilicates, sulfates, and perchlorate, and surficial coatings. Post-emplacement processes tilted the rocks near the Máaz-Séítah contact and substantial erosion modified the crater floor rocks to their present-day expressions. Results from this crater floor campaign, including those obtained upon return of the collected samples, will help to build the geologic history of events that occurred in Jezero crater and provide time constraints on the formation of the Jezero delta.

Published
2023

7. Mineralogy, morphology, and emplacement history of the Maaz formation on the Jezero crater floor from orbital and rover observations

Author

Horgan, Briony, Udry, Arya, Rice, Melissa, Alwmark, Sanna, Amundsen, Hans E. F., Bell, James F., Crumpler, Larry, Garczynski, Brad, Johnson, Jeff, Kinch, Kjartan, Mandon, Lucia, Merusi, Marco, Million, Chase, Núñez, Jorge I., Russell, Patrick, Simon, Justin I., St. Clair, Michael, Stack, Kathryn M., Vaughan, Alicia, Wogsland, Brittan, Annex, Andrew, Bechtold, Andreas, Berger, Tor, Beyssac, Olivier, Brown, Adrian, Cloutis, Ed, Cohen, Barbara A., Fagents, Sarah, Kah, Linda, Farley, Ken, Flannery, David, Gupta, Sanjeev, Hamran, Svein‐erik, Liu, Yang, Paar, Gerhard, Quantin‐nataf, Cathy, Randazzo, Nicolas, Ravanis, Eleni, Sholes, Steven, Shuster, David, Sun, Vivian, Tate, Christian, Tosca, Nick, Wadhwa, Mini, Wiens, Roger C., Horgan, Briony, Udry, Arya, Rice, Melissa, Alwmark, Sanna, Amundsen, Hans E. F., Bell, James F., Crumpler, Larry, Garczynski, Brad, Johnson, Jeff, Kinch, Kjartan, Mandon, Lucia, Merusi, Marco, Million, Chase, Núñez, Jorge I., Russell, Patrick, Simon, Justin I., St. Clair, Michael, Stack, Kathryn M., Vaughan, Alicia, Wogsland, Brittan, Annex, Andrew, Bechtold, Andreas, Berger, Tor, Beyssac, Olivier, Brown, Adrian, Cloutis, Ed, Cohen, Barbara A., Fagents, Sarah, Kah, Linda, Farley, Ken, Flannery, David, Gupta, Sanjeev, Hamran, Svein‐erik, Liu, Yang, Paar, Gerhard, Quantin‐nataf, Cathy, Randazzo, Nicolas, Ravanis, Eleni, Sholes, Steven, Shuster, David, Sun, Vivian, Tate, Christian, Tosca, Nick, Wadhwa, Mini, and Wiens, Roger C.

Abstract

The first samples collected by the Perseverance rover on the Mars 2020 mission were from the Maaz formation, a lava plain that covers most of the floor of Jezero crater. Laboratory analysis of these samples back on Earth would provide important constraints on the petrologic history, aqueous processes, and timing of key events in Jezero crater. However, interpreting these samples requires a detailed understanding of the emplacement and modification history of the Maaz formation. Here we synthesize rover and orbital remote sensing data to link outcrop-scale interpretations to the broader history of the crater, including Mastcam-Z mosaics and multispectral images, SuperCam chemistry and reflectance point spectra, RIMFAX ground penetrating radar, and orbital hyperspectral reflectance and high-resolution images. We show that the Maaz formation is composed of a series of distinct members corresponding to basaltic to basaltic-andesite lava flows. The members exhibit variable spectral signatures dominated by high-Ca pyroxene, Fe-bearing feldspar, and hematite, which can be tied directly to igneous grains and altered matrix in abrasion patches. Spectral variations correlate with morphological variations, from recessive layers that produce a regolith lag in lower Maaz, to weathered polygonally fractured paleosurfaces and crater-retaining massive blocky hummocks in upper Maaz. The Maaz members were likely separated by one or more extended periods of time, and were subjected to variable erosion, burial, exhumation, weathering, and tectonic modification. The two unique samples from the Maaz formation are representative of this diversity, and together will provide an important geochronological framework for the history of Jezero crater.

Published
2023

8. Regolith of the Crater Floor Units, Jezero Crater, Mars:Textures, Composition, and Implications for Provenance

Author

Vaughan, Alicia, Minitti, Michelle E., Cardarelli, Emily L., Johnson, Jeffrey R., Kah, Linda C. C., Pilleri, Paolo, Rice, Melissa S., Sephton, Mark, Horgan, Briony H. N., Wiens, Roger C., Yingst, R. Aileen, Zorzano Mier, Maria-Paz, Anderson, Ryan, Bell, James F., Brown, Adrian J., Cloutis, Edward A., Cousin, Agnes, Herkenhoff, Kenneth E., Hausrath, Elisabeth M., Hayes, Alexander G., Kinch, Kjartan, Merusi, Marco, Million, Chase C., Sullivan, Robert, Siljestrom, Sandra M., St Clair, Michael, Vaughan, Alicia, Minitti, Michelle E., Cardarelli, Emily L., Johnson, Jeffrey R., Kah, Linda C. C., Pilleri, Paolo, Rice, Melissa S., Sephton, Mark, Horgan, Briony H. N., Wiens, Roger C., Yingst, R. Aileen, Zorzano Mier, Maria-Paz, Anderson, Ryan, Bell, James F., Brown, Adrian J., Cloutis, Edward A., Cousin, Agnes, Herkenhoff, Kenneth E., Hausrath, Elisabeth M., Hayes, Alexander G., Kinch, Kjartan, Merusi, Marco, Million, Chase C., Sullivan, Robert, Siljestrom, Sandra M., and St Clair, Michael

Abstract

A multi-instrument study of the regolith of Jezero crater floor units by the Perseverance rover has identified three types of regolith: fine-grained, coarse-grained, and mixed-type. Mastcam-Z, Wide Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering, and SuperCam Remote Micro Imager were used to characterize the regolith texture, particle size, and roundedness where possible. Mastcam-Z multispectral and SuperCam laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data were used to constrain the composition of the regolith types. Fine-grained regolith is found surrounding bedrock and boulders, comprising bedforms, and accumulating on top of rocks in erosional depressions. Spectral and chemical data show it is compositionally consistent with pyroxene and a ferric-oxide phase. Coarse-grained regolith consists of 1-2 mm well-sorted gray grains that are found concentrated around the base of boulders and bedrock, and armoring bedforms. Its chemistry and spectra indicate it is olivine-bearing, and its spatial distribution and roundedness indicate it has been transported, likely by saltation-induced creep. Coarse grains share similarities with the olivine grains observed in the S & eacute;& iacute;tah formation bedrock, making that unit a possible source for these grains. Mixed-type regolith contains fine-and coarse-grained regolith components and larger rock fragments. The rock fragments are texturally and spectrally similar to bedrock within the M & aacute;az and S & eacute;& iacute;tah formations, indicating origins by erosion from those units, although they could also be a lag deposit from erosion of an overlying unit. The fine and coarse-grained types are compared to their counterparts at other landing sites to inform global, regional, and local inputs to regolith formation within Jezero crater. The regolith characterization presented here informs the regolith sampling efforts underway by Perseverance.Plain Language Summary We used multiple instruments on t

Published
2023

9. Regolith of the crater floor units, Jezero crater, Mars: Textures, composition and implications for provenance.

Author

Vaughan, Alicia, primary, Minitti, Michelle E., additional, Cardarelli, Emily L., additional, Johnson, Jeffrey R., additional, Kah, Linda C., additional, Pilleri, Paolo, additional, Rice, Melissa S., additional, Sephton, Mark, additional, Horgan, Briony H.N., additional, Wiens, Roger C., additional, Yingst, R. Aileen, additional, Zorzano Mier, Maria‐Paz, additional, Anderson, Ryan, additional, Bell, James F., additional, Brown, Adrian J., additional, Cloutis, Edward A., additional, Cousin, Agnes, additional, Herkenhoff, Kenneth E., additional, Hausrath, Elisabeth M., additional, Hayes, Alexander G., additional, Kinch, Kjartan M., additional, Merusi, Marco, additional, Million, Chase C., additional, Sullivan, Robert, additional, Siljeström, Sandra M., additional, and St. Clair, Michael, additional

Published
2023
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10. Geological, multispectral, and meteorological imaging results from the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover in Jezero crater

Author

Bell, James F., primary, Maki, Justin N., additional, Alwmark, Sanna, additional, Ehlmann, Bethany L., additional, Fagents, Sarah A., additional, Grotzinger, John P., additional, Gupta, Sanjeev, additional, Hayes, Alexander, additional, Herkenhoff, Ken E., additional, Horgan, Briony H. N., additional, Johnson, Jeffrey R., additional, Kinch, Kjartan B., additional, Lemmon, Mark T., additional, Madsen, Morten B., additional, Núñez, Jorge I., additional, Paar, Gerhard, additional, Rice, Melissa, additional, Rice, James W., additional, Schmitz, Nicole, additional, Sullivan, Robert, additional, Vaughan, Alicia, additional, Wolff, Mike J., additional, Bechtold, Andreas, additional, Bosak, Tanja, additional, Duflot, Louise E., additional, Fairén, Alberto G., additional, Garczynski, Brad, additional, Jaumann, Ralf, additional, Merusi, Marco, additional, Million, Chase, additional, Ravanis, Eleni, additional, Shuster, David L., additional, Simon, Justin, additional, St. Clair, Michael, additional, Tate, Christian, additional, Walter, Sebastian, additional, Weiss, Benjamin, additional, Bailey, Alyssa M., additional, Bertrand, Tanguy, additional, Beyssac, Olivier, additional, Brown, Adrian J., additional, Caballo-Perucha, Piluca, additional, Caplinger, Michael A., additional, Caudill, Christy M., additional, Cary, Francesca, additional, Cisneros, Ernest, additional, Cloutis, Edward A., additional, Cluff, Nathan, additional, Corlies, Paul, additional, Crawford, Kelsie, additional, Curtis, Sabrina, additional, Deen, Robert, additional, Dixon, Darian, additional, Donaldson, Christopher, additional, Barrington, Megan, additional, Ficht, Michelle, additional, Fleron, Stephanie, additional, Hansen, Michael, additional, Harker, David, additional, Howson, Rachel, additional, Huggett, Joshua, additional, Jacob, Samantha, additional, Jensen, Elsa, additional, Jensen, Ole B., additional, Jodhpurkar, Mohini, additional, Joseph, Jonathan, additional, Juarez, Christian, additional, Kah, Linda C., additional, Kanine, Oak, additional, Kristensen, Jessica, additional, Kubacki, Tex, additional, Lapo, Kristiana, additional, Magee, Angela, additional, Maimone, Michael, additional, Mehall, Greg L., additional, Mehall, Laura, additional, Mollerup, Jess, additional, Viúdez-Moreiras, Daniel, additional, Paris, Kristen, additional, Powell, Kathryn E., additional, Preusker, Frank, additional, Proton, Jon, additional, Rojas, Corrine, additional, Sallurday, Danny, additional, Saxton, Kim, additional, Scheller, Eva, additional, Seeger, Christiana H., additional, Starr, Mason, additional, Stein, Nathan, additional, Turenne, Nathalie, additional, Van Beek, Jason, additional, Winhold, Andrew G., additional, and Yingling, Rachel, additional

Published
2022
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11. The Mastcam-Z Radiometric Calibration Targets on NASA's Perseverance Rover: Derived Irradiance Time-Series, Dust Deposition, and Performance over the First 350 Sols on Mars.

Author

Merusi, Marco, primary, Kinch, Kjartan Münster, additional, Madsen, Morten Bo, additional, Bell III, James F., additional, Maki, Justin N., additional, Hayes, Alexander G., additional, Joseph, Jonathan, additional, Johnson, Jeffrey R., additional, Rice, Meiissa, additional, Cloutis, Edward, additional, Applin, Daniel, additional, Lemmon, Mark T, additional, Vaughan, Alicia Fallacaro, additional, Núñez, Jorge I., additional, Jensen, Elsa, additional, Kristensen, Jessica Z., additional, Paris, Kristen, additional, Cisneros, Ernest, additional, Kennedy, Megan R, additional, and Gasnault, Olivier, additional

Published
2022
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12. Mineralogy, morphology, and emplacement history of the Maaz formation on the Jezero crater floor from orbital and rover observations

Author

Horgan, Briony Heather Noelle, primary, Udry, Arya, additional, Rice, Meiissa S, additional, Alwmark, Sanna, additional, Amundsen, Hans E. F., additional, Bell III, James F., additional, Crumpler, Larry S., additional, Garczynski, Bradley, additional, Johnson, Jeffrey R., additional, Kinch, Kjartan Münster, additional, Mandon, Lucia, additional, Merusi, Marco, additional, Million, Chase, additional, Núñez, Jorge I., additional, Russell, Patrick S., additional, Simon, Justin I., additional, St. Clair, Michael, additional, Stack Morgan, Kathryn, additional, Vaughan, Alicia Fallacaro, additional, Wogsland, Brittan Valhalla, additional, Annex, Andrew Michael, additional, Bechtold, Andreas, additional, Berger, Tor, additional, Beyssac, Olivier, additional, Brown, Adrian Jon, additional, Cloutis, Edward, additional, Cohen, Barbara A, additional, Fagents, Sarah, additional, Kah, Linda C, additional, Farley, Ken, additional, Flannery, David Timothy, additional, Gupta, Sanjeev, additional, Hamran, Sein-Erik, additional, Liu, Yang, additional, Paar, Gerhard, additional, Quantin-Nataf, Cathy, additional, Randazzo, Nicolas, additional, Ravanis, Eleni Maria, additional, Sholes, Steven F, additional, Shuster, David, additional, Sun, Vivian Zheng, additional, Tate, Christian, additional, Tosca, Nicholas, additional, Wadhwa, Meenakshi, additional, and Wiens, Roger C., additional

Published
2022
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13. Spectral Diversity of Rocks and Soils in Mastcam Observations Along the Curiosity Rover's Traverse in Gale Crater, Mars

Author

Rice, Melissa S., primary, Seeger, Christina, additional, Bell, Jim, additional, Calef, Fred, additional, St. Clair, Michael, additional, Eng, Alivia, additional, Fraeman, Abigail A., additional, Hughes, Cory, additional, Horgan, Briony, additional, Jacob, Samantha, additional, Johnson, Jeff, additional, Kerner, Hannah, additional, Kinch, Kjartan, additional, Lemmon, Mark, additional, Million, Chase, additional, Starr, Mason, additional, and Wellington, Danika, additional

Published
2022
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14. Geological, multispectral, and meteorological imaging results from the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover in Jezero crater

Author

Bell, James F., Maki, Justin N., Alwmark, Sanna, Ehlmann, Bethany L., Fagents, Sarah A., Grotzinger, John P., Gupta, Sanjeev, Hayes, Alexander, Herkenhoff, Ken E., Horgan, Briony H. N., Johnson, Jeffrey R., Kinch, Kjartan B., Lemmon, Mark T., Madsen, Morten B., Nunez, Jorge, Paar, Gerhard, Rice, Melissa, Rice, James W., Schmitz, Nicole, Sullivan, Robert, Vaughan, Alicia, Wolff, Mike J., Bechtold, Andreas, Bosak, Tanja, Duflot, Louise E., Fairen, Alberto G., Garczynski, Brad, Jaumann, Ralf, Merusi, Marco, Million, Chase, Ravanis, Eleni, Shuster, David L., Simon, Justin, St Clair, Michael, Tate, Christian, Walter, Sebastian, Weiss, Benjamin, Bailey, Alyssa M., Bertrand, Tanguy, Beyssac, Olivier, Brown, Adrian J., Caballo-Perucha, Piluca, Caplinger, Michael A., Caudill, Christy M., Cary, Francesca, Cisneros, Ernest, Cloutis, Edward A., Cluff, Nathan, Corlies, Paul, Crawford, Kelsie, Curtis, Sabrina, Deen, Robert, Dixon, Darian, Donaldson, Christopher, Barrington, Megan, Ficht, Michelle, Fleron, Stephanie, Hansen, Michael, Harker, David, Howson, Rachel, Huggett, Joshua, Jacob, Samantha, Jensen, Elsa, Jensen, Ole B., Jodhpurkar, Mohini, Joseph, Jonathan, Juarez, Christian, Kah, Linda C., Kanine, Oak, Kristensen, Jessica, Kubacki, Tex, Lapo, Kristiana, Magee, Angela, Maimone, Michael, Mehall, Greg L., Mehall, Laura, Mollerup, Jess, Viudez-Moreiras, Daniel, Paris, Kristen, Powell, Kathryn E., Preusker, Frank, Proton, Jon, Rojas, Corrine, Sallurday, Danny, Saxton, Kim, Scheller, Eva, Seeger, Christiana H., Starr, Mason, Stein, Nathan, Turenne, Nathalie, Van Beek, Jason, Winhold, Andrew G., Yingling, Rachel, Bell, James F., Maki, Justin N., Alwmark, Sanna, Ehlmann, Bethany L., Fagents, Sarah A., Grotzinger, John P., Gupta, Sanjeev, Hayes, Alexander, Herkenhoff, Ken E., Horgan, Briony H. N., Johnson, Jeffrey R., Kinch, Kjartan B., Lemmon, Mark T., Madsen, Morten B., Nunez, Jorge, Paar, Gerhard, Rice, Melissa, Rice, James W., Schmitz, Nicole, Sullivan, Robert, Vaughan, Alicia, Wolff, Mike J., Bechtold, Andreas, Bosak, Tanja, Duflot, Louise E., Fairen, Alberto G., Garczynski, Brad, Jaumann, Ralf, Merusi, Marco, Million, Chase, Ravanis, Eleni, Shuster, David L., Simon, Justin, St Clair, Michael, Tate, Christian, Walter, Sebastian, Weiss, Benjamin, Bailey, Alyssa M., Bertrand, Tanguy, Beyssac, Olivier, Brown, Adrian J., Caballo-Perucha, Piluca, Caplinger, Michael A., Caudill, Christy M., Cary, Francesca, Cisneros, Ernest, Cloutis, Edward A., Cluff, Nathan, Corlies, Paul, Crawford, Kelsie, Curtis, Sabrina, Deen, Robert, Dixon, Darian, Donaldson, Christopher, Barrington, Megan, Ficht, Michelle, Fleron, Stephanie, Hansen, Michael, Harker, David, Howson, Rachel, Huggett, Joshua, Jacob, Samantha, Jensen, Elsa, Jensen, Ole B., Jodhpurkar, Mohini, Joseph, Jonathan, Juarez, Christian, Kah, Linda C., Kanine, Oak, Kristensen, Jessica, Kubacki, Tex, Lapo, Kristiana, Magee, Angela, Maimone, Michael, Mehall, Greg L., Mehall, Laura, Mollerup, Jess, Viudez-Moreiras, Daniel, Paris, Kristen, Powell, Kathryn E., Preusker, Frank, Proton, Jon, Rojas, Corrine, Sallurday, Danny, Saxton, Kim, Scheller, Eva, Seeger, Christiana H., Starr, Mason, Stein, Nathan, Turenne, Nathalie, Van Beek, Jason, Winhold, Andrew G., and Yingling, Rachel

Abstract

Perseverance's Mastcam-Z instrument provides high-resolution stereo and multispectral images with a unique combination of spatial resolution, spatial coverage, and wavelength coverage along the rover's traverse in Jezero crater, Mars. Images reveal rocks consistent with an igneous (including volcanic and/or volcaniclastic) and/or impactite origin and limited aqueous alteration, including polygonally fractured rocks with weathered coatings; massive boulder-forming bedrock consisting of mafic silicates, ferric oxides, and/or iron-bearing alteration minerals; and coarsely layered outcrops dominated by olivine. Pyroxene dominates the iron-bearing mineralogy in the finegrained regolith, while olivine dominates the coarse-grained regolith. Solar and atmospheric imaging observations show significant intra- and intersol variations in dust optical depth and water ice clouds, as well as unique examples of boundary layer vortex action from both natural (dust devil) and Ingenuity helicopter-induced dust lifting. High-resolution stereo imaging also provides geologic context for rover operations, other instrument observations, and sample selection, characterization, and confirmation.

Published
2022

15. The Mastcam-Z Radiometric Calibration Targets on NASA's Perseverance Rover: Derived Irradiance Time-Series, Dust Deposition, and Performance Over the First 350 Sols on Mars

Author

Merusi, Marco, Kinch, Kjartan Münster, Madsen, Morten Bo, Bell III, James F., Maki, Justin N., Hayes, Alexander G., Joseph, Jonathan, Johnson, Jeffrey R., Rice, Melissa, Cloutis, Edward A., Applin, Dan, Lemmon, Mark T., Vaughan, Alicia F., Núñez, Jorge I., Jensen, Elsa, Kristensen, Jessica Zimmer, Paris, Kristen, Cisneros, Ernest, Kennedy, Megan R., Gasnault, Olivier, Merusi, Marco, Kinch, Kjartan Münster, Madsen, Morten Bo, Bell III, James F., Maki, Justin N., Hayes, Alexander G., Joseph, Jonathan, Johnson, Jeffrey R., Rice, Melissa, Cloutis, Edward A., Applin, Dan, Lemmon, Mark T., Vaughan, Alicia F., Núñez, Jorge I., Jensen, Elsa, Kristensen, Jessica Zimmer, Paris, Kristen, Cisneros, Ernest, Kennedy, Megan R., and Gasnault, Olivier

Abstract

The Mastcam-Z radiometric calibration targets mounted on the NASA's Perseverance rover proved to be effective in the calibration of Mastcam-Z images to reflectance (I/F) over the first 350 sols on Mars. Mastcam-Z imaged the calibration targets regularly to perform reflectance calibration on multispectral image sets of targets on the Martian surface. For each calibration target image, mean radiance values were extracted for 41 distinct regions of the targets, including patches of color and grayscale materials. Eight strong permanent magnets, placed under the primary target, attracted magnetic dust and repelled it from central surfaces, allowing the extraction of radiance values from eight regions relatively clean from dust. These radiances were combined with reflectances obtained from laboratory measurements, a one-term linear fit model was applied, and the slopes of the fits were retrieved as estimates of the solar irradiance and used to convert Mastcam-Z images from radiance to reflectance. Derived irradiance time series are smoothly varying in line with expectations based on the changing Mars-Sun distance, being only perturbed by a few significant dust events. The deposition of dust on the calibration targets was largely concentrated on the magnets, ensuring a minimal influence of dust on the calibration process. The fraction of sunlight directly hitting the calibration targets was negatively correlated with the atmospheric optical depth, as expected. Further investigation will aim at explaining the origin of a small offset observed in the fit model employed for calibration, and the causes of a yellowing effect affecting one of the calibration targets materials.

Published
2022

16. Spectral Diversity of Rocks and Soils in Mastcam Observations Along the Curiosity Rover's Traverse in Gale Crater, Mars

Author

Rice, Melissa S., Seeger, Christina, Bell, Jim, Calef, Fred, St Clair, Michael, Eng, Alivia, Fraeman, Abigail A., Hughes, Cory, Horgan, Briony, Jacob, Samantha, Johnson, Jeff, Kerner, Hannah, Kinch, Kjartan, Lemmon, Mark, Million, Chase, Starr, Mason, Wellington, Danika, Rice, Melissa S., Seeger, Christina, Bell, Jim, Calef, Fred, St Clair, Michael, Eng, Alivia, Fraeman, Abigail A., Hughes, Cory, Horgan, Briony, Jacob, Samantha, Johnson, Jeff, Kerner, Hannah, Kinch, Kjartan, Lemmon, Mark, Million, Chase, Starr, Mason, and Wellington, Danika

Abstract

The Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover has explored over 400 m of vertical stratigraphy within Gale crater to date. These fluvio-deltaic, lacustrine, and aeolian strata have been well-documented by Curiosity's in situ and remote science instruments, including the Mast Camera (Mastcam) pair of multispectral imagers. Mastcam visible to near-infrared spectra can broadly distinguish between iron phases and oxidation states, and in combination with chemical data from other instruments, Mastcam spectra can help constrain mineralogy, depositional origin, and diagenesis. However, no traverse-scale analysis of Mastcam multispectral data has yet been performed. We compiled a database of Mastcam spectra from >600 multispectral observations and quantified spectral variations across Curiosity's traverse through Vera Rubin ridge (sols 0-2302). From principal component analysis and an examination of spectral parameters, we identified nine rock spectral classes and five soil spectral classes. Rock classes are dominated by spectral differences attributed to hematite and other oxides (due to variations in grain size, composition, and abundance) and are mostly confined to specific stratigraphic members. Soil classes fall along a mixing line between soil spectra dominated by fine-grained Fe-oxides and those dominated by olivine-bearing sands. By comparing trends in soil versus rock spectra, we find that locally derived sediments are not significantly contributing to the spectra of soils. Rather, varying contributions of dark, mafic sands from the active Bagnold Dune field is the primary spectral characteristic of soils. These spectral classes and their trends with stratigraphy provide a basis for comparison in Curiosity's ongoing exploration of Gale crater.

Published
2022

17. Landing on Mars:A Cross-Institutional Research-Based Seminar Series

Author

Kinch, Kjartan, Sølberg, Jan, Horgan, Briony, Adler, Jacob, Hayes, Alexander, Hurowitz, Joel, Rice, Melissa S., Kinch, Kjartan, Sølberg, Jan, Horgan, Briony, Adler, Jacob, Hayes, Alexander, Hurowitz, Joel, and Rice, Melissa S.

Abstract

Engaging students in research can take many forms and such research-based learning is widely perceived as beneficial for student engagement and learning outcomes. Here, we report on our experience with organizing a cross-institutional seminar series dedicated to the question of where on Mars to land a coming NASA Mars mission. The seminar series was connected with the professional process for answering the same question and was organized through teleconferences and an internet site together with local discussions at seven participating institutions. We report on our own reflections as well as student reactions collected through group interviews at five participating institutions. We discuss the results against a model for research-based learning. Coordinating the seminar series across seven institutions and several time zones proved inspiring but challenging. Many specific aspects of how the class was organized could have been improved, but students generally reported high levels of engagement derived from the cutting-edge research nature and current relevance of the subject matter.

Published
2022

18. Spectral diversity of rocks and soils in Mastcam observations along the Curiosity rover’s traverse in Gale crater, Mars

Author

Rice, Melissa, primary, Seeger, Christina, additional, Bell, Jim, additional, Calef, Fred, additional, St. Clair, Michael, additional, Eng, Alivia, additional, Fraeman, Abigail, additional, Hughes, Cory, additional, Horgan, Briony, additional, Jacob, Samantha, additional, Johnson, Jeff, additional, Kerner, Hannah, additional, Kinch, Kjartan, additional, Lemmon, Mark, additional, Million, Chase, additional, Starr, Mason, additional, and Wellington, Danika, additional

Published
2022
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20. Indication of drier periods on Mars from the chemistry and mineralogy of atmospheric dust

Author

Goetz, Walter, Bertelsen, Preben, Binau, Charlotte S., Gunnlaugsson, Haraldur P., Hviid, Stubbe F., Kinch, Kjartan M., Madsen, Daniel E., Madsen, Morten B., Olsen, Malte, Gellert, Ralf, Klingelhofer, Gostar, Ming, Douglas W., Morris, Richard V., Rieder, Rudolf, Rodionov, Daniel S., de Souza, Jr, Paulo A., Schroder, Christian, Squyres, Steve W., Wdowiak, Tom, and Yen, Albert

Subjects
Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): Walter Goetz (corresponding author) [1]; Preben Bertelsen [2]; Charlotte S. Binau [2]; Haraldur P. Gunnlaugsson [3]; Stubbe F. Hviid [1]; Kjartan M. Kinch [3]; Daniel E. Madsen [2]; Morten [...]

Published
2005
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21. An Instrument Anomaly in the Mars Exploration Rover Pancam 1,009-nm Filter (R7):Characterization, Simulation, Correction, and Preliminary Verification

Author

Jakobsen, Simone J., Kinch, Kjartan M., Madsen, Morten Bo, Bell, James F., Wellington, Danika, Dajose, Lorinda, Alizai, Khaled, Jakobsen, Simone J., Kinch, Kjartan M., Madsen, Morten Bo, Bell, James F., Wellington, Danika, Dajose, Lorinda, and Alizai, Khaled

Abstract

During pre-flight calibration of the panoramic camera (Pancam) instrument on board the Mars Exploration Rovers MER A (Spirit) and MER B (Opportunity), a discrepancy was noted between 11-band spectra extracted from Pancam images of the camera's radiometric calibration target and reflectance spectra obtained with a spectrometer. This discrepancy was observed in the longest-wavelength filter of the camera (the longpass R7 filter with system λ eff = 1,009 nm) and consisted of a reduction in contrast between bright and dark regions. Here we describe and characterize this effect. We propose that the effect arises because long-wavelength photons close to the silicon band-gap at 1,100 nm are allowed through the R7 filter, pass through the bulk charge-coupled device, scatter from the backside, pass through the charge-coupled device again, and are registered in a pixel other than the pixel through which they originally entered. Based on this hypothesis we develop a model capable of accurately simulating the effect, and correct for it. We present preliminary results from testing this correction on preflight, as well as in-flight, images. The effect is small, but in some specific cases in small regions of high contrast, the effect is significant. In in-flight images of Martian terrain we observed the signal in dark shadows to be artificially inflated by up to ∼ 33% and analysis of early-mission calibration target images indicated that the reduced contrast due to the artifact is equivalent to >100 DN (full well = 4095 DN) for a hypothetical perfectly dark pixel.

Published
2019

23. Crater Statistics on the Dark-Toned, Mafic Floor Unit in Jezero Crater, Mars

Author

Shahrzad, Stephanie, Kinch, Kjartan M., Goudge, Timothy A., Fassett, Caleb I., Needham, Debra H., Quantin-Nataf, Cathy, Knudsen, Cecillie P., Shahrzad, Stephanie, Kinch, Kjartan M., Goudge, Timothy A., Fassett, Caleb I., Needham, Debra H., Quantin-Nataf, Cathy, and Knudsen, Cecillie P.

Published
2019

24. An Instrument Anomaly in the Mars Exploration Rover Panoramic Camera (Pancam) 1009 nm Filter (R7): Characterisation, Simulation, Correction and Preliminary Verification

Author

Jakobsen, S. J., Kinch, Kjartan M., Madsen, Morten Bo, Bell, James F., Wellington, Danika, Dajose, Lorinda, and Alizai, Khaled

Subjects
Multispectral, Calibration, CCD
Abstract

During pre‐flight calibration of the Panoramic Camera (Pancam) instrument on board the Mars Exploration Rovers MER A (Spirit) and MER B (Opportunity), a discrepancy was noted between 11‐band spectra extracted from Pancam images of the camera's radiometric calibration target and reflectance spectra obtained with a spectrometer. This discrepancy was observed in the longest‐wavelength filter of the camera (the longpass R7 filter with system λeff = 1009 nm), and consisted of a reduction in contrast between bright and dark regions. Here, we describe and characterise this effect. We propose that the effect arises because long‐wavelength photons close to the silicon band‐gap at 1100 nm, are allowed through the R7 filter, pass through the bulk CCD, scatter from the backside, pass through the CCD again, and are registered in a pixel other than the pixel through which they originally entered. Based on this hypothesis we develop a model capable of accurately simulating the effect, and correct for it. We present preliminary results from testing this correction on pre‐flight, as well as in‐flight, images. The effect is small, but in some specific cases in small regions of high contrast, the effect is significant. In in‐flight images of martian terrain we observed the signal in dark shadows to be artificially inflated by up to ∼33% and analysis of early‐mission cal target images indicated that the reduced contrast due to the artifact is equivalent to >100 DN (full well = 4095 DN) for a hypothetical perfectly dark pixel.

Published
2018
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29. CASTAway:An asteroid main belt tour and survey

Author

Bowles, Neil, Snodgrass, C., Gibbings, Alison, Sanchez, J. A., Arnold, J.A., Eccleston, P., Anderton, T., Probst, A., Naletto, G., Vandaele, A.C., de Leon, J., Nathues, A., Thomas, I.R., Thomas, N., Jorda, Lucia, Da Deppo, V., Haack, H., Green, S.F., Carry, B., Donaldson Hanna, K.L., Jørgensen, J. Leif, Kereszturi, A, DeMeo, F.E., Patel, Manesh R, Davies, John K, Clarke, Francis M, Kinch, Kjartan Münster, Guilbert-Lepoutre, A., Agarwal, J., Rivkin, A.S., Pravec, P., Fornasier, S., Granvik, M., Jones, R.H., Murdoch, N., Joy, K.H., Pascale, E., Tecza, M., Barnes, J.M., Tosh, I., Bowles, Neil, Snodgrass, C., Gibbings, Alison, Sanchez, J. A., Arnold, J.A., Eccleston, P., Anderton, T., Probst, A., Naletto, G., Vandaele, A.C., de Leon, J., Nathues, A., Thomas, I.R., Thomas, N., Jorda, Lucia, Da Deppo, V., Haack, H., Green, S.F., Carry, B., Donaldson Hanna, K.L., Jørgensen, J. Leif, Kereszturi, A, DeMeo, F.E., Patel, Manesh R, Davies, John K, Clarke, Francis M, Kinch, Kjartan Münster, Guilbert-Lepoutre, A., Agarwal, J., Rivkin, A.S., Pravec, P., Fornasier, S., Granvik, M., Jones, R.H., Murdoch, N., Joy, K.H., Pascale, E., Tecza, M., Barnes, J.M., and Tosh, I.

Published
2018

30. Sample Return - at hente en sten på Mars

Author

Kinch, Kjartan Münster and Kinch, Kjartan Münster

Abstract

Lige siden de første rumsonder landede på Mars i 1970'erne har planetforskere drømt om en såkaldt Sample Returnmission. Det vil sige en mission, som skal hente prøver af planetens sten, jord og atmosfære og flyve dem tilbage til Jorden. Med NASAs næste store rover-mission til Mars, som bliver sendt afsted i 2020, vil man tage det første konkrete skridt mod opfyldelsen af denne drøm

Published
2017

34. Visible to near-infrared MSL/Mastcam multispectral imaging:Initial results from select high-interest science targets within Gale Crater, Mars

Author

Wellington, Danika F., Bell, James F., III, Johnson, Jeffrey R., Kinch, Kjartan M., Rice, Melissa S., Godber, Austin, Ehlmann, Bethany L., Fraeman, Abigail, Hardgrove, Craig, Wellington, Danika F., Bell, James F., III, Johnson, Jeffrey R., Kinch, Kjartan M., Rice, Melissa S., Godber, Austin, Ehlmann, Bethany L., Fraeman, Abigail, and Hardgrove, Craig

Published
2017

36. Evidence for indigenous nitrogen in sedimentary and aeolian deposits from the Curiosity rover investigations at Gale crater, Mars

Author

Stern, Jennifer C., Sutter, Brad, Freissinet, Caroline, Navarro-González, Rafael, McKay, Christopher P., Archer, P. Douglas, Buch, Arnaud, Brunner, Anna E., Coll, Patrice, Eigenbrode, Jennifer L., Fairen, Alberto G., Franz, Heather B., Glavin, Daniel P., Kashyap, Srishti, McAdam, Amy C., Ming, Douglas W., Steele, Andrew, Szopa, Cyril, Wray, James J., Martín-Torres, F. Javier, Zorzano, Maria-Paz, Conrad, Pamela G., Mahaffy, Paul R., Kemppinen, Osku, Bridges, Nathan, Johnson, Jeffrey R., Minitti, Michelle, Cremers, David, Bell, James F., Edgar, Lauren, Farmer, Jack, Godber, Austin, Wadhwa, Meenakshi, Wellington, Danika, McEwan, Ian, Newman, Claire, Richardson, Mark, Charpentier, Antoine, Peret, Laurent, King, Penelope, Blank, Jennifer, Weigle, Gerald, Schmidt, Mariek, Li, Shuai, Milliken, Ralph, Robertson, Kevin, Sun, Vivian, Baker, Michael, Edwards, Christopher, Ehlmann, Bethany, Farley, Kenneth, Griffes, Jennifer, Grotzinger, John, Miller, Hayden, Newcombe, Megan, Pilorget, Cedric, Rice, Melissa, Siebach, Kirsten, Stack, Katie, Stolper, Edward, Brunet, Claude, Hipkin, Victoria, Léveillé, Richard, Marchand, Geneviève, Sánchez, Pablo Sobrón, Favot, Laurent, Cody, George, Flückiger, Lorenzo, Lees, David, Nefian, Ara, Martin, Mildred, Gailhanou, Marc, Westall, Frances, Israël, Guy, Agard, Christophe, Baroukh, Julien, Donny, Christophe, Gaboriaud, Alain, Guillemot, Philippe, Lafaille, Vivian, Lorigny, Eric, Paillet, Alexis, Pérez, René, Saccoccio, Muriel, Yana, Charles, Armiens-Aparicio, Carlos, Rodríguez, Javier Caride, Blázquez, Isaías Carrasco, Gómez, Felipe Gómez, Gómez-Elvira, Javier, Hettrich, Sebastian, Malvitte, Alain Lepinette, Jiménez, Mercedes Marín, Martínez-Frías, Jesús, Martín-Soler, Javier, Torres, F. Javier Martín, Jurado, Antonio Molina, Mora-Sotomayor, Luis, Caro, Guillermo Muñoz, López, Sara Navarro, Peinado-González, Verónica, Pla-García, Jorge, Manfredi, José Antonio Rodriguez, Romeral-Planelló, Julio José, Fuentes, Sara Alejandra Sans, Martinez, Eduardo Sebastian, Redondo, Josefina Torres, Urqui-O'Callaghan, Roser, Mier, María-Paz Zorzano, Chipera, Steve, Lacour, Jean-Luc, Mauchien, Patrick, Sirven, Jean-Baptiste, Manning, Heidi, Fairén, Alberto, Hayes, Alexander, Joseph, Jonathan, Squyres, Steven, Sullivan, Robert, Thomas, Peter, Dupont, Audrey, Lundberg, Angela, Melikechi, Noureddine, Mezzacappa, Alissa, DeMarines, Julia, Grinspoon, David, Reitz, Günther, Prats, Benito, Atlaskin, Evgeny, Genzer, Maria, Harri, Ari-Matti, Haukka, Harri, Kahanpää, Henrik, Kauhanen, Janne, Paton, Mark, Polkko, Jouni, Schmidt, Walter, Siili, Tero, Fabre, Cécile, Wray, James, Wilhelm, Mary Beth, Poitrasson, Franck, Patel, Kiran, Gorevan, Stephen, Indyk, Stephen, Paulsen, Gale, Gupta, Sanjeev, Bish, David, Schieber, Juergen, Gondet, Brigitte, Langevin, Yves, Geffroy, Claude, Baratoux, David, Berger, Gilles, Cros, Alain, d’Uston, Claude, Forni, Olivier, Gasnault, Olivier, Lasue, Jérémie, Lee, Qiu-Mei, Maurice, Sylvestre, Meslin, Pierre-Yves, Pallier, Etienne, Parot, Yann, Pinet, Patrick, Schröder, Susanne, Toplis, Mike, Lewin, Éric, Brunner, Will, Heydari, Ezat, Achilles, Cherie, Oehler, Dorothy, Cabane, Michel, Coscia, David, Dromart, Gilles, Robert, François, Sautter, Violaine, Le Mouélic, Stéphane, Mangold, Nicolas, Nachon, Marion, Stalport, Fabien, François, Pascaline, Raulin, François, Teinturier, Samuel, Cameron, James, Clegg, Sam, Cousin, Agnès, DeLapp, Dorothea, Dingler, Robert, Jackson, Ryan Steele, Johnstone, Stephen, Lanza, Nina, Little, Cynthia, Nelson, Tony, Wiens, Roger C., Williams, Richard B., Jones, Andrea, Kirkland, Laurel, Treiman, Allan, Baker, Burt, Cantor, Bruce, Caplinger, Michael, Davis, Scott, Duston, Brian, Edgett, Kenneth, Fay, Donald, Hardgrove, Craig, Harker, David, Herrera, Paul, Jensen, Elsa, Kennedy, Megan R., Krezoski, Gillian, Krysak, Daniel, Lipkaman, Leslie, Malin, Michael, McCartney, Elaina, McNair, Sean, Nixon, Brian, Posiolova, Liliya, Ravine, Michael, Salamon, Andrew, Saper, Lee, Stoiber, Kevin, Supulver, Kimberley, Van Beek, Jason, Van Beek, Tessa, Zimdar, Robert, French, Katherine Louise, Iagnemma, Karl, Miller, Kristen, Summons, Roger, Goesmann, Fred, Goetz, Walter, Hviid, Stubbe, Johnson, Micah, Lefavor, Matthew, Lyness, Eric, Breves, Elly, Dyar, M. Darby, Fassett, Caleb, Blake, David F., Bristow, Thomas, DesMarais, David, Edwards, Laurence, Haberle, Robert, Hoehler, Tori, Hollingsworth, Jeff, Kahre, Melinda, Keely, Leslie, McKay, Christopher, Bleacher, Lora, Brinckerhoff, William, Choi, David, Conrad, Pamela, Dworkin, Jason P., Eigenbrode, Jennifer, Floyd, Melissa, Garvin, James, Glavin, Daniel, Harpold, Daniel, Mahaffy, Paul, Martin, David K., McAdam, Amy, Pavlov, Alexander, Raaen, Eric, Smith, Michael D., Stern, Jennifer, Tan, Florence, Trainer, Melissa, Meyer, Michael, Posner, Arik, Voytek, Mary, Anderson, Robert C, Aubrey, Andrew, Beegle, Luther W., Behar, Alberto, Blaney, Diana, Brinza, David, Calef, Fred, Christensen, Lance, Crisp, Joy A., DeFlores, Lauren, Feldman, Jason, Feldman, Sabrina, Flesch, Gregory, Hurowitz, Joel, Jun, Insoo, Keymeulen, Didier, Maki, Justin, Mischna, Michael, Morookian, John Michael, Parker, Timothy, Pavri, Betina, Schoppers, Marcel, Sengstacken, Aaron, Simmonds, John J., Spanovich, Nicole, Juarez, Manuel de la Torre, Vasavada, Ashwin R., Webster, Christopher R., Yen, Albert, Archer, Paul Douglas, Cucinotta, Francis, Jones, John H., Ming, Douglas, Morris, Richard V., Niles, Paul, Rampe, Elizabeth, Nolan, Thomas, Fisk, Martin, Radziemski, Leon, Barraclough, Bruce, Bender, Steve, Berman, Daniel, Dobrea, Eldar Noe, Tokar, Robert, Vaniman, David, Williams, Rebecca M. E., Yingst, Aileen, Lewis, Kevin, Leshin, Laurie, Cleghorn, Timothy, Huntress, Wesley, Manhès, Gérard, Hudgins, Judy, Olson, Timothy, Stewart, Noel, Sarrazin, Philippe, Grant, John, Vicenzi, Edward, Wilson, Sharon A., Bullock, Mark, Ehresmann, Bent, Hamilton, Victoria, Hassler, Donald, Peterson, Joseph, Rafkin, Scot, Zeitlin, Cary, Fedosov, Fedor, Golovin, Dmitry, Karpushkina, Natalya, Kozyrev, Alexander, Litvak, Maxim, Malakhov, Alexey, Mitrofanov, Igor, Mokrousov, Maxim, Nikiforov, Sergey, Prokhorov, Vasily, Sanin, Anton, Tretyakov, Vladislav, Varenikov, Alexey, Vostrukhin, Andrey, Kuzmin, Ruslan, Clark, Benton, Wolff, Michael, McLennan, Scott, Botta, Oliver, Drake, Darrell, Bean, Keri, Lemmon, Mark, Schwenzer, Susanne P., Anderson, Ryan B., Herkenhoff, Kenneth, Lee, Ella Mae, Sucharski, Robert, Hernández, Miguel Ángel de Pablo, Ávalos, Juan José Blanco, Ramos, Miguel, Kim, Myung-Hee, Malespin, Charles, Plante, Ianik, Muller, Jan-Peter, Ewing, Ryan, Boynton, William, Downs, Robert, Fitzgibbon, Mike, Harshman, Karl, Morrison, Shaunna, Dietrich, William, Kortmann, Onno, Palucis, Marisa, Sumner, Dawn Y., Williams, Amy, Lugmair, Günter, Wilson, Michael A., Rubin, David, Jakosky, Bruce, Balic-Zunic, Tonci, Frydenvang, Jens, Jensen, Jaqueline Kløvgaard, Kinch, Kjartan, Koefoed, Asmus, Madsen, Morten Bo, Stipp, Susan Louise Svane, Boyd, Nick, Campbell, John L., Gellert, Ralf, Perrett, Glynis, Pradler, Irina, VanBommel, Scott, Jacob, Samantha, Owen, Tobias, Rowland, Scott, Savijärvi, Hannu, Boehm, Eckart, Böttcher, Stephan, Burmeister, Sönke, Guo, Jingnan, Köhler, Jan, García, César Martín, Mueller-Mellin, Reinhold, Wimmer-Schweingruber, Robert, Bridges, John C., McConnochie, Timothy, Benna, Mehdi, Franz, Heather, Bower, Hannah, Brunner, Anna, Blau, Hannah, Boucher, Thomas, Carmosino, Marco, Atreya, Sushil, Elliott, Harvey, Halleaux, Douglas, Rennó, Nilton, Wong, Michael, Pepin, Robert, Elliott, Beverley, Spray, John, Thompson, Lucy, Gordon, Suzanne, Newsom, Horton, Ollila, Ann, Williams, Joshua, Vasconcelos, Paulo, Bentz, Jennifer, Nealson, Kenneth, Popa, Radu, Kah, Linda C., Moersch, Jeffrey, Tate, Christopher, Day, Mackenzie, Kocurek, Gary, Hallet, Bernard, Sletten, Ronald, Francis, Raymond, McCullough, Emily, Cloutis, Ed, ten Kate, Inge Loes, Arvidson, Raymond, Fraeman, Abigail, Scholes, Daniel, Slavney, Susan, Stein, Thomas, Ward, Jennifer, Berger, Jeffrey, Moores, John E., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA, Laboratorio de Química de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios [Mexico], Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, ASU School of Earth and Space Exploration (SESE), Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Astronomy [Ithaca], Cornell University [New York], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology [GSFC] (CRESST), Centre de Recherche Public Henri Tudor [Technoport] (CRP Henri Tudor), Centre de Recherche Public Henri-Tudor [Luxembourg] (CRP Henri-Tudor), Department of Microbiology [Amherst], University of Massachusetts [Amherst] (UMass Amherst), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES), NASA-NASA, Geophysical Laboratory [Carnegie Institution], Carnegie Institution for Science, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (IACT), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de Granada (UGR), Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering [Luleå], Luleå University of Technology (LUT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Universidad de Granada (UGR)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cornell University, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Department of Microbiology, IMPEC - LATMOS, Universidad de Granada (UGR)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR)

Subjects
Martian, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Water on Mars, nitrates, astrobiology, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Mars, Mars Exploration Program, 01 natural sciences, nitrogen, Astrobiology, Curiosity, 13. Climate action, Rocknest, 0103 physical sciences, Sample Analysis at Mars, Physical Sciences, Aeolian processes, Composition of Mars, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Nitrogen cycle, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) investigation on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover has detected oxidized nitrogen-bearing compounds during pyrolysis of scooped aeolian sediments and drilled sedimentary deposits within Gale crater. Total N concentrations ranged from 20 to 250 nmol N per sample. After subtraction of known N sources in SAM, our results support the equivalent of 110–300 ppm of nitrate in the Rocknest (RN) aeolian samples, and 70–260 and 330–1,100 ppm nitrate in John Klein (JK) and Cumberland (CB) mudstone deposits, respectively. Discovery of indigenous martian nitrogen in Mars surface materials has important implications for habitability and, specifically, for the potential evolution of a nitrogen cycle at some point in martian history. The detection of nitrate in both wind-drifted fines (RN) and in mudstone (JK, CB) is likely a result of N2 fixation to nitrate generated by thermal shock from impact or volcanic plume lightning on ancient Mars. Fixed nitrogen could have facilitated the development of a primitive nitrogen cycle on the surface of ancient Mars, potentially providing a biochemically accessible source of nitrogen.

Published
2015
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37. Constraints on iron sulfate and iron oxide mineralogy from ChemCam visible/near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of Mt. Sharp basal units, Gale Crater, Mars

Author

Johnson, Jeffrey R., Bell, James F., III, Bender, Steve, Blaney, Diana, Cloutis, Edward, Ehliviann, Bethany, Fraeman, Abigail, Gasnault, Olivier, Kinch, Kjartan, Le Mouelic, Stephane, Maurice, Sylvestre, Rampe, Elizabeth, Vaniman, David, Wiens, Roger C., Johnson, Jeffrey R., Bell, James F., III, Bender, Steve, Blaney, Diana, Cloutis, Edward, Ehliviann, Bethany, Fraeman, Abigail, Gasnault, Olivier, Kinch, Kjartan, Le Mouelic, Stephane, Maurice, Sylvestre, Rampe, Elizabeth, Vaniman, David, and Wiens, Roger C.

Published
2016

38. Constraints on iron sulfate and iron oxide mineralogy from ChemCam visible/near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of Mt. Sharp basal units, Gale Crater, Mars

Author

Johnson, Jeffrey R., primary, Bell, James F., additional, Bender, Steve, additional, Blaney, Diana, additional, Cloutis, Edward, additional, Ehlmann, Bethany, additional, Fraeman, Abigail, additional, Gasnault, Olivier, additional, Kinch, Kjartan, additional, Le Mouélic, Stéphane, additional, Maurice, Sylvestre, additional, Rampe, Elizabeth, additional, Vaniman, David, additional, and Wiens, Roger C., additional

Published
2016
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44. Overview of the Microscopic Imager Investigation during Spirit's first 450 sols in Gusev crater

Author

Herkenhoff, Ken E., Squyres, Steve W., Anderson, Robert, Archinal, Brent A., Arvidson, Raymond E., Barrett, Janet M., Becker, Kris J., Bell, James F., Budney, Charles, Cabrol, Nathalie A., Chapman, Mary G., Cook, Debbie, Ehlmann, Bethany L., Farmer, Jack, Franklin, Brenda, Gaddis, Lisa R., Galuszka, Donna M., Garcia, Patricia A., Hare, Trent M., Howington-Kraus, Elpitha, Johnson, Jeffrey R., Johnson, Sarah, Kinch, Kjartan, Kirk, Randolph L., Lee, Ella Mae, Leff, Craig, Lemmon, Mark, Madsen, Morten B., Maki, Justin N., Mullins, Kevin F., Redding, Bonnie L., Richter, Lutz, Rosiek, Mark R., Sims, Michael H., Soderblom, Laurence A., Spanovich, Nicole, Springer, Richard, Sucharski, Robert M., Sucharski, Tracie, Sullivan, Rob, Torson, James M., and Yen, Albert

Abstract

The Microscopic Imager (MI) on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit has returned images of Mars with higher resolution than any previous camera system, allowing detailed petrographic and sedimentological studies of the rocks and soils at the Gusev landing site. Designed to simulate a geologist's hand lens, the MI is mounted on Spirit's instrument arm and can resolve objects 0.1 mm in size or larger. This paper provides an overview of MI operations, data calibration, processing, and analysis of MI data returned during the first 450 sols (Mars days) of the Spirit landed mission. The primary goal of this paper is to facilitate further analyses of MI data by summarizing the methods used to acquire and process the data, the radiometric and geometric accuracy of MI data products, and the availability of archival products. In addition, scientific results of the MI investigation are summarized. MI observations show that poorly sorted soils are common in Gusev crater, although aeolian bedforms have well-sorted coarse sand grains on their surfaces. Abraded surfaces of plains rocks show igneous textures, light-toned veins or fracture-filling minerals, and discrete coatings. The rocks in the Columbia Hills have a wide variety of granular textures, consistent with volcaniclastic or impact origins. Case hardening and submillimeter veins observed in the rocks as well as soil crusts and cemented clods imply episodic subsurface aqueous fluid movement, which has altered multiple geologic units in the Columbia Hills. The MI also monitored Spirit's solar panels and the magnets on the rover's deck.

Published
2006
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46. Visible to near-infrared MSL/Mastcam multispectral imaging: Initial results from select high-interest science targets within Gale Crater, Mars.

Author

Wellington, Danika F., Bell III, James F., Johnson, Jeffrey R., Kinch, Kjartan M., Rice, Melissa S., Godber, Austin, Ehlmann, Bethany L., Fraeman, Abigail A., and Hardgrove, Craig

Subjects
GALE Crater (Mars), MULTISPECTRAL imaging, HEMATITE
Abstract

The Mastcam CCD cameras on the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity Rover each use an 8-position filter wheel in acquiring up to 1600 × 1200 pixel images. The filter set includes a broadband near-infrared cutoff filter for RGB Bayer imaging on each camera and 12 narrow-band geology filters distributed between the two cameras, spanning the wavelength range 445-1013 nm. This wavelength region includes the relatively broad charge-transfer and crystal-field absorption bands that are most commonly due to the presence of iron-bearing minerals. To identify such spectral features, sequences of images taken with identical pointings through different filters have been calibrated to relative reflectance using pre-flight calibration coefficients and in-flight measurements of an onboard calibration target. Within the first 1000 sols of the mission, Mastcam observed a spectrally diverse set of materials displaying absorption features consistent with the presence of iron-bearing silicate, iron oxide, and iron sulfate minerals. Dust-coated surfaces as well as soils possess a strong positive reflectance slope in the visible, consistent with the presence of nanophase iron oxides, which have long been considered the dominant visible-wavelength pigmenting agent in weathered martian surface materials. Fresh surfaces, such as tailings produced by the drill tool and the interiors of rocks broken by the rover wheels, are grayer in visible wavelengths than their reddish, dust-coated surfaces but possess reflectance spectra that vary considerably between sites. To understand the mineralogical basis of observed Mastcam reflectance spectra, we focus on a subset of the multispectral data set for which additional constraints on the composition of surface materials are available from other rover instruments, with an emphasis on sample sites for which detailed mineralogy is provided by the results of CheMin X-ray diffraction analyses. We also discuss the results of coordinated observations with the ChemCam instrument, whose passive mode of operation is capable of acquiring reflectance spectra over wavelengths that considerably overlap the range spanned by the Mastcam filter set (). Materials that show a distinct 430 nm band in ChemCam data also are observed to have a strong near-infrared absorption band in Mastcam spectral data, consistent with the presence of a ferric sulfate mineral. Long-distance Mastcam observations targeted toward the flanks of the Gale crater central mound are in agreement with both ChemCam spectra and orbital results, and in particular exhibit the spectral features of a crystalline hematite layer identified in MRO/CRISM data. Variations observed in Mastcam multi-filter images acquired to date have shown that multispectral observations can discriminate between compositionally different materials within Gale Crater and are in qualitative agreement with mineralogies from measured samples and orbital data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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48. Dust and sand transport on Mars

Author

Merrison, Jonathan P., Gunnlaugsson, Haraldur Pall, Jacobsen, T.L., Jensen, Anna Eske, Kinch, Kjartan, Nørnberg, Per, and Rasmussen, Keld Rømer

Published
2005

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