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1. Anchoring-and-Adjustment During Affect Inferences

Author: Michelle Yik, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, and Kevin J. Zeng
Subjects: anchoring-and-adjustment, affect inferences, semantic anchors, numerical anchors, time pressure, Psychology, BF1-990
Abstract: People can easily infer the thoughts and feelings of others from brief descriptions of scenarios. But how do they arrive at these inferences? Three studies tested how, through anchoring-and-adjustment, people used semantic and numerical anchors (irrelevant values provided by experimenters) in inferring feelings from scenario descriptions. We showed that in a between-subject design, people’s inference was biased toward anchoring information (Studies 1 and 2). People made fewer adjustments (anchoring increased) under time pressure in the high-anchor condition but not in the low-anchor condition (Study 3). When inferring affect from scenario descriptions, not only did people integrate their inference with the context, they adjusted away from the initial anchors provided by the experimenters. However, time pressure discouraged people from making adequate adjustments.
Published: 2019
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2. Predictable or not? Individuals' risk decisions do not necessarily predict their next ones.

Author: Kin Fai Ellick Wong and Cecilia Cheng
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: This research examines the extent to which people may be free to make choices by testing their consistency in choosing risk options. In two experiments, participants were instructed to make the "same" type of risk decisions repeatedly. Experiment 1 showed that when the information for decision is positively framed in terms of gain, the participant's choice in a particular decision could not be predicted by his or her choice in another decision (R(2)s
Published: 2013
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3. Negative priming under rapid serial visual presentation.

Author: Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Negative priming (NP) was examined under a new paradigm wherein a target and distractors were temporally separated using rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). The results from the two experiments revealed that (a) NP was robust under RSVP, such that the responses to a target were slower when the target served as a distractor in a previous trial than when it did not; (b) NP was found regardless of whether the distractors appeared before or after the targets; and (c) NP was stronger when the distractor was more distinctive. These findings are generally similar to those on NP in the spatial search task. The implications for the processes causing NP under RSVP are discussed in the current paper.
Published: 2012
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4. Coping style and mental health amid the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: a culture-moderated meta-analysis of 44 nations

Author: Cecilia Cheng, Weijun Ying, Omid V. Ebrahimi, and Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology
Published: 2023

5. Meta-Analysis within a Single Paper Using Individual-Participant Data: A Simpler Alternative

Author: Jessica Yuk Yee Kwong and Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: General Medicine
Published: 2022

6. Néel-type skyrmion in WTe2/Fe3GeTe2 van der Waals heterostructure

Author: Caihua Wan, Wei Wang, Xiufeng Han, Kang L. Wang, Jiadong Zang, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Qiming Shao, Gen Yin, Senfu Zhang, Junwei Zhang, Yingying Wu, Xixiang Zhang, Jin Hu, Chi Fang, Zhiqiang Mao, and Yang Lin Zhu
Subjects: Magnetic domain, Lorentz transformation, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, symbols.namesake, Hall effect, Electronic and spintronic devices, Lattice (order), 0103 physical sciences, Electronic devices, 010306 general physics, lcsh:Science, Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Multidisciplinary, Condensed matter physics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Skyrmion, Heterojunction, General Chemistry, Spintronics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Transmission electron microscopy, symbols, lcsh:Q, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, van der Waals force, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: The promise of high-density and low-energy-consumption devices motivates the search for layered structures that stabilize chiral spin textures such as topologically protected skyrmions. At the same time, layered structures provide a new platform for the discovery of new physics and effects. Recently discovered long-range intrinsic magnetic orders in the two-dimensional van der Waals materials offer new opportunities. Here we demonstrate the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and N\'eel-type skyrmions are induced at the WTe2/Fe3GeTe2 interface. Fe3GeTe2 is a ferromagnetic material with strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. We demonstrate that the strong spin orbit interaction in 1T'-WTe2 does induce a large interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction at the interface with Fe3GeTe2 due to the inversion symmetry breaking to stabilize skyrmions. Transport measurements show the topological Hall effect in this heterostructure for temperatures below 100 K. Furthermore, Lorentz transmission electron microscopy is used to directly image N\'eel-type skyrmions along with aligned and stripe-like domain structure. This interfacial coupling induced Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction is estimated to have a large energy of 1.0 mJ/m^2, which can stabilize the N\'eel-type skyrmions in this heterostructure. This work paves a path towards the skyrmionic devices based on van der Waals heterostructures., Comment: 32 pages, 4 figures in the main text
Published: 2020

7. When a growth mindset can backfire and cause escalation of commitment to a troubled information technology project

Author: Mark Keil, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, and Jong Seok Lee
Subjects: It project management, Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, Information technology, Mindset, Public relations, business, Psychology, Escalation of commitment, Software, Information Systems
Published: 2020

8. The Turnover Intention–Behaviour Link: A Culture‐Moderated Meta‐Analysis

Author: Kin Fai Ellick Wong and Cecilia Cheng
Subjects: Strategy and Management, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, Perspective (graphical), Antecedent (grammar), Management of Technology and Innovation, Meta-analysis, Masculinity, 0502 economics and business, Turnover intention, 050211 marketing, Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory, Business and International Management, Psychology, Voluntary turnover, Proxy (statistics), Social psychology, 050203 business & management, media_common
Abstract: Turnover intention is widely regarded as a direct antecedent to and proxy for actual voluntary turnover behaviour. However, previous studies have found the turnover intention‐behaviour link to be highly heterogeneous and not necessarily strong. This study adopts a cross‐cultural perspective, examining how the link varies as a function of Hofstede’s four work‐related cultural dimensions. Data from 152 independent samples were meta‐analysed, representing the testing of 216,093 employees from 18 nations across 9 geographical regions. The multilevel meta‐analytic results reveal significantly stronger turnover intention‐behaviour links for countries higher in power distance, higher in individualism, and lower in masculinity.
Published: 2019

9. High voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy and interface magnetoelectric effect in sputtered multilayers annealed at high temperatures

Author: Shouzhong Peng, Chao Zhao, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Lezhi Wang, Xiang Li, Taisuke Sasaki, Tadakatsu Ohkubo, Kazuhiro Hono, Weisheng Zhao, Guoqiang Yu, and KangLong Wang
Subjects: Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Spintronics, Annealing (metallurgy), Magnetism, Magnetoelectric effect, Ab initio, General Physics and Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, Crystallinity, Magnetic anisotropy, Sputtering, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract: Voltage control of magnetism promises great energy efficiency in writing magnetic memory. Here, using Cr/Mo/CoFeB/MgO multilayers stable under high annealing temperatures up to 590°C, we significantly enhance the interfacial crystallinity, thereby the interface-originated perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA), and interface magnetoelectric (ME) effect. High interfacial PMA of 1.35 mJ/m2, VCMA coefficient of −138 fJ/(V m), and interface ME coefficient, which is 2–3 orders of magnitude larger than ab initio calculation results are simultaneously achieved after annealing at 500°C. These promising results enabled by the industry-applicable sputtering process will pave the way for high-density voltage-controlled spintronic devices.
Published: 2020

10. Chiral symmetry breaking for deterministic switching of perpendicular magnetization by spin-orbit torque

Author: Xiaoqin Li, Haoran He, Kemal Sobotkiewich, David Lujan, Baoshan Cui, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Gregory P. Carman, Kang L. Wang, John Nance, Yuxiang Liu, Seyed Armin Razavi, Bingqian Dai, Di Wu, and Hao Wu
Subjects: FOS: Physical sciences, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Magnetization, Critical point (thermodynamics), 0103 physical sciences, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), Perpendicular, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, General Materials Science, Symmetry breaking, 010306 general physics, Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Magnetic moment, Condensed matter physics, Spin polarization, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Magnetic anisotropy, 0210 nano-technology, Chiral symmetry breaking
Abstract: Symmetry breaking is a characteristic to determine which branch of a bifurcation system follows upon crossing a critical point. Specifically, in spin-orbit torque (SOT) devices, a fundamental question arises: how to break the symmetry of the perpendicular magnetic moment by the in-plane spin polarization? Here, we show that the chiral symmetry breaking by the DMI can induce the deterministic SOT switching of the perpendicular magnetization. By introducing a gradient of saturation magnetization or magnetic anisotropy, non-collinear spin textures are formed by the gradient of effective SOT strength, and thus the chiral symmetry of the SOT-induced spin textures is broken by the DMI, resulting in the deterministic magnetization switching. We introduce a strategy to induce an out-of-plane (z) gradient of magnetic properties, as a practical solution for the wafer-scale manufacture of SOT devices., 16 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2020

11. Deterministic Spin-Orbit Torque Switching by a Light-Metal Insertion

Author: Kang L. Wang, Guoqiang Yu, Chi Fang, Bingqian Dai, Armin Razavi, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Hao Wu, Qiming Shao, and Xiufeng Han
Subjects: Physics, Structural asymmetry, Condensed matter physics, Spintronics, Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Light metal, Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, Magnetization, Physics::Space Physics, Perpendicular, Torque, General Materials Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 0210 nano-technology, Spin orbit torque, AND gate
Abstract: Spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching of magnetization is a promising emerging technology for nonvolatile spintronic memory and logic applications. However, deterministic switching of perpendicular magnetization with SOTs requires an additional symmetry breaking, which is typically provided by an external magnetic field, making it impractical for applications. In this work, we disclose that by the insertion of a slightly asymmetric light-metal layer at the heavy metal-ferromagnet interface of SOT heterostructures, current-induced out-of-plane effective magnetic fields are introduced that enable deterministic switching without an external magnetic field. We obtain uniform perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and switching current density despite the asymmetry of the light-metal layer, and we show the scalability of our approach by studying device sizes that differ by 2 orders of magnitude. Our work provides a practical route for utilization of SOTs for magnetization switching on the wafer scale and paves the way for the practical application of SOT-based technology.
Published: 2020

12. The role of anticipated regret in escalation of commitment

Author: Kin Fai Ellick Wong and Jessica Y.Y. Kwong
Subjects: Psychology and mental health, Social sciences
Abstract: This research tests the general proposition that people are motivated to reduce future regret under escalation situations. This is supported by the findings that (a) escalation of commitment is stronger when the possibility of future regret about withdrawal is high than when this possibility is low (Studies la and lb) and (b) escalation of commitment increases as the net anticipated regret about withdrawal increases (Studies 2a and 2b). Furthermore, the regret effects in the 4 studies were above and beyond the personal responsibility effects on escalation. This research indicates that people in escalation situations are simultaneously influenced by the emotions they expect to experience in the future (e.g., anticipated regret) and by events that have happened in the past (e.g., responsibility for the initiating previous decision). Keywords: escalation of commitment, regret theory, anticipated regret, emotion, decision making
Published: 2007

13. Resolving the Judgment and Decision-Making Paradox Between Adaptive Learning and Escalation of Commitment

Author: Kin Fai Ellick Wong and Jessica Y. Y. Kwong
Subjects: Decision level, Knowledge management, business.industry, Process (engineering), Strategy and Management, 05 social sciences, Management Science and Operations Research, 050105 experimental psychology, Unit (housing), Microeconomics, Action (philosophy), Law of effect, 0502 economics and business, Decision-making paradox, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Adaptive learning, Psychology, business, Escalation of commitment, 050203 business & management
Abstract: A paradox in organizational research on judgment and decision making is that although the law-of-effect in adaptive learning suggests that people’s tendency to take a decision decreases after the decision receives negative consequences, people often exhibit an opposite action pattern of escalation of commitment. To address this paradox, this paper proposes that the unit of law-of-effect can be extended from a decision level to a strategy level (i.e., a group of planned decisions). A strategy organizes decisions from being consistent with the law-of-effect in one extreme to being consistent with escalation of commitment in another extreme. This paper shows that the favorability of the law-of-effect strategy (versus the escalation strategy) is likely to be underestimated at the beginning of a learning process. This underestimation stabilizes over time because negative consequences decrease the likelihood of choosing the law-of-effect strategy in the future. Accordingly, escalation strategy will be preferred more in the learning process, thereby developing a pattern of behaviors that is contradictory to the law-of-effect at the decision level but consistent with the law-of-effect at the strategy level. This learning pattern was demonstrated in three simulations with different combinations that were specified to capture different aspects of escalation of commitment. This learning perspective offers a novel explanation of escalation, suggesting that escalation may occur without distorted motivation or cognition. Data and the supplementary material are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2686 . This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
Published: 2018

14. Agency Beliefs Over Time and Across Cultures: Free Will Beliefs Predict Higher Job Satisfaction

Author: Gilad Feldman, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Jiing-Lih Farh, and RS: FPN WSP II
Subjects: INTRINSIC MOTIVATION, Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Male, Social Psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, Taiwan, 050109 social psychology, 050105 experimental psychology, Perceived autonomy, Job Satisfaction, Core self-evaluations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Agency (sociology), Journal Article, Free will, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, PUNISHMENT, BRAIN, METAANALYSIS, media_common, 05 social sciences, SUCCESS, Articles, PERFORMANCE, CHOICE, DISBELIEF, Cross-cultural studies, United States, Large sample, CORE SELF-EVALUATIONS, agency, Personal Autonomy, Positive relationship, Job satisfaction, belief in free will, Female, Psychology, Social psychology, BEHAVIOR
Abstract: In three studies, we examined the relationship between free will beliefs and job satisfaction over time and across cultures. Study 1 examined 252 Taiwanese real-estate agents over a 3-months period. Study 2 examined job satisfaction for 137 American workers on an online labor market over a 6-months period. Study 3 extended to a large sample of 14,062 employees from 16 countries and examined country-level moderators. We found a consistent positive relationship between the belief in free will and job satisfaction. The relationship was above and beyond other agency constructs (Study 2), mediated by perceived autonomy (Studies 2-3), and stronger in countries with a higher national endorsement of the belief in free will (Study 3). We conclude that free-will beliefs predict outcomes over time and across cultures beyond other agency constructs. We call for more cross-cultural and longitudinal studies examining free-will beliefs as predictors of real-life outcomes.
Published: 2017

15. Magnetic memory driven by topological insulators

Author: Takanori Shirokura, Kang L. Wang, Haoran He, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Yinchang Ma, John Nance, Hao Wu, Chenyang Guo, Julian Sasaki, Xiufeng Han, Aitian Chen, Bin Fang, Guoqiang Yu, Yan Wen, Xixiang Zhang, Seyed Armin Razavi, Gregory P. Carman, Peng Zhang, and Pham Nam Hai
Subjects: Materials science, Magnetoresistance, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Affordable and Clean Energy, Electronic and spintronic devices, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, Electronic devices, Topological insulators, Quantum tunnelling, Multidisciplinary, Spintronics, business.industry, Energy conversion efficiency, Magnetic devices, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, Ferromagnetic resonance, Topological insulator, Optoelectronics, business, Current density, Order of magnitude
Abstract: Giant spin-orbit torque (SOT) from topological insulators (TIs) provides an energy efficient writing method for magnetic memory, which, however, is still premature for practical applications due to the challenge of the integration with magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). Here, we demonstrate a functional TI-MTJ device that could become the core element of the future energy-efficient spintronic devices, such as SOT-based magnetic random-access memory (SOT-MRAM). The state-of-the-art tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio of 102% and the ultralow switching current density of 1.2 × 105 A cm−2 have been simultaneously achieved in the TI-MTJ device at room temperature, laying down the foundation for TI-driven SOT-MRAM. The charge-spin conversion efficiency θSH in TIs is quantified by both the SOT-induced shift of the magnetic switching field (θSH = 1.59) and the SOT-induced ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) (θSH = 1.02), which is one order of magnitude larger than that in conventional heavy metals. These results inspire a revolution of SOT-MRAM from classical to quantum materials, with great potential to further reduce the energy consumption., It remains challenging to integrate topological insulators (TI) with magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) for spintronics applications. Here, the authors achieve a large tunneling magnetoresistance ratio and a low switching current density in a TI-MTJ device at room temperature, very promising for TI-driven magnetic memory.
Published: 2021

16. The link between turnover intention and actual turnover behavior: Stronger than it was found!

Author: Jessica Y. Y. Kwong, Roslina Yong, and Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: Continuous variable, Correlation, Dummy variable, Turnover intention, Econometrics, General Medicine, Link (knot theory), Mathematics
Abstract: Organizational researchers has long used point-biserial correlation to examine the strength of relationship between a continuous variable and a binary variable. Although there have been many concer...
Published: 2021

17. Enhancement of spin-to-charge conversion efficiency in topological insulators by interface engineering

Author: Haoran He, Armin Razavi, Lixuan Tai, Kang L. Wang, Yuxiang Liu, Di Wu, Hao Wu, and Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: Spin pumping, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Physics, QC1-999, Energy conversion efficiency, General Engineering, Heterojunction, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Electronegativity, Topological insulator, 0103 physical sciences, Magnetic damping, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Spin (physics), TP248.13-248.65, Biotechnology, Surface states
Abstract: Topological insulator (TI) based heterostructure is a prospective candidate for ultrahigh spin-to-charge conversion efficiency due to its unique surface states. We investigate the spin-to-charge conversion in (Bi,Sb)2Te3 (BST)/CoFeB, BST/Ru/CoFeB, and BST/Ti/CoFeB by spin pumping measurement. We find that the inverse Edelstein effect length (λIEE) increases by 60% with a Ru insertion while remains constant with a Ti insertion. This can be potentially explained by the protection of BST surface states due to the high electronegativity of Ru. Such enhancement is independent of the insertion layer thickness once the thickness of Ru is larger than 0.5 nm, and this result suggests that λIEE is very sensitive to the TI interface. In addition, an effectively perpendicular magnetic anisotropy field and additional magnetic damping are observed in the BST/CoFeB sample, which comes from the interfacial spin–orbit coupling between the BST and the CoFeB. Our work provides a method to enhance λIEE and is useful for the understanding of charge-to-spin conversion in TI-based systems.
Published: 2021

18. Does a Tired Mind Help Avoid a Decision Bias? The Effect of Ego Depletion on Escalation of Commitment

Author: Mark Keil, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, and Jong Seok Lee
Subjects: Ego depletion, 05 social sciences, Decision bias, 050105 experimental psychology, Bounded rationality, Task (project management), Subject Pool, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), 0502 economics and business, Developmental and Educational Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, Escalation of commitment, Social psychology, 050203 business & management, Applied Psychology
Abstract: In this research, we investigated the effect of ego depletion on escalation of commitment. Specifically, we conducted two laboratory experiments and obtained evidence that ego depletion decreases escalation of commitment. In Study 1, we found that individuals were less susceptible to escalation of commitment after completing an ego depletion task. In Study 2, we confirmed the effect observed in Study 1 using a different manipulation of ego depletion and a different subject pool. Contrary to the fundamental assumption of bounded rationality that people have a tendency to make decision errors when mental resources are scarce, the findings of this research show that a tired mind can help reduce escalation bias.
Published: 2017

19. Room-Temperature Spin-Orbit Torque from Topological Surface States

Author: Quanjun Pan, Xiaoyu Che, Bingqian Dai, Peng Zhang, Kang L. Wang, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Xiufeng Han, Qianqian Lan, Peng Deng, Seyed Armin Razavi, Li Huang, and Hao Wu
Subjects: Physics, Fermi level, Dirac point, General Physics and Astronomy, Heavy metals, Topology, Coupling (probability), 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, Topological insulator, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010306 general physics, Spin orbit torque, Order of magnitude, Surface states
Abstract: Spin-momentum locked surface states in topological insulators (TIs) provide a promising route for achieving high spin-orbit torque (SOT) efficiency beyond the bulk spin-orbit coupling in heavy metals (HMs). However, in previous works, there is a huge discrepancy among the quantitative SOTs from TIs in various systems determined by different methods. Here, we systematically study the SOT in the $\mathrm{TI}(\mathrm{HM})/\mathrm{Ti}/\mathrm{CoFeB}/\mathrm{MgO}$ systems by the same method, and make a conclusive assessment of SOT efficiency for TIs and HMs. Our results demonstrate that TIs show more than one order of magnitude higher SOT efficiency than HMs even at room temperature, at the same time the switching current density as low as $5.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{A}\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ is achieved with ${({\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x})}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship between SOT efficiency and the position of Fermi level in ${({\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x})}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$, where the SOT efficiency is significantly enhanced near the Dirac point, with the most insulating bulk and conducting surface states, indicating the dominating SOT contribution from topological surface states. This work unambiguously demonstrates the ultrahigh SOT efficiency from topological surface states.
Published: 2019

20. Predictive Materials Design of Magnetic Random-Access Memory Based on Nanoscale Atomic Structure and Element Distribution

Author: Pedram Khalili Amiri, Farbod Ebrahimi, Chong Bi, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Weigang Wang, Phuong-Vu Ong, Di Wu, Kang L. Wang, Tadakatsu Ohkubo, Xiang Li, Nicholas Kioussis, Guoqiang Yu, Cecile Grezes, Taisuke Sasaki, College of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University (CAU), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California, Peking University [Beijing], Bejing national laboratory of condensed matter Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy [Northridge], and California State University [Northridge] (CSUN)
Subjects: Distribution (number theory), Computer science, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, Materials design, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, General Materials Science, Hardware_ARITHMETICANDLOGICSTRUCTURES, Nanoscopic scale, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Block (data storage), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Hardware_MEMORYSTRUCTURES, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical engineering, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Non-volatile memory, Tunnel magnetoresistance, Element (category theory), 0210 nano-technology, business, AND gate, Hardware_LOGICDESIGN
Abstract: Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) capable of electrical read and write operations have emerged as a canonical building block for nonvolatile memory and logic. However, the cause of the widespread device properties found experimentally in various MTJ stacks, including tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR), perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), and voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA), remains elusive. Here, using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, we found that the MTJ crystallization quality, boron diffusion out of the CoFeB fixed layer, and minimal oxidation of the fixed layer correlate with the TMR. As with the CoFeB free layer, seed layer diffusion into the free layer/MgO interface is negatively correlated with the interfacial PMA, whereas the metal-oxides concentrations in the free layer correlate with the VCMA. Combined with formation enthalpy and thermal diffusion analysis that can explain the evolution of element distribution from MTJ stack designs and annealing temperatures, we further established a predictive materials design framework to guide the complex design space explorations for high-performance MTJs. On the basis of this framework, we demonstrate experimentally high PMA and VCMA values of 1.74 mJ/m
Published: 2019

21. Spin-Orbit Torque Switching of a Nearly Compensated Ferrimagnet by Topological Surface States

Author: Hao Wu, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Xiufeng Han, Qiming Shao, Seyed Armin Razavi, Li Huang, Juan-Carlos Rojas-Sánchez, Peng Deng, Kang L. Wang, Bingqian Dai, Yong Xu, Quanjun Pan, Stéphane Mangin, Guoqiang Yu, University of California, Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bejing national laboratory of condensed matter Physics, IMPACT N4S, and ANR-15-IDEX-0004,LUE,Isite LUE(2015)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, Spintronics, Spin polarization, Magnetic moment, Mechanical Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Topology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Switching time, Magnetization, Ferromagnetism, Mechanics of Materials, Topological insulator, General Materials Science, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, 0210 nano-technology, Spin (physics)
Abstract: International audience; charge-spin conversion and ii) the speed of SOT switching. Generally, SOT in a magnetic layer originates from the spin current injection from the adjacent layer with strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC). The charge-spin conversion efficiency is vital and can be quantified as the θ = / SHE s 3D e 3D J J (dimensionless) or q J J t θ = = / / ICS s 3D e 2D SHE s , where s 3D J represents the 3D spin current density; e 3D J and e 2D J represent the 3D and 2D electric (charge) current density, respectively; and t s represents the effective SOC thickness. In the conventional SOC materials such as HMs, in principle, the θ SHE should be much less than 1, which limits their potential applications in the ultralow power magnetization manipulation. [4] In topological insulators (TIs), SOC from topologically protected surface states, where the spin and orbital angular momenta are locked (spin-momentum locking [5-7]), gives rise to a very large θ SHE [8-12] (or q ICS) and the resulting ultralow switching current density [13-15] at low temperature. Recently, several works have reported the room-temperature SOT switching by TIs, [16-19] which opens the door for the applications of topological insulators. However, there are fundamental limitations of FMs: the low switching speed (≈ns) and the stray-field interaction, which limit the operation speed and the density of magnetic memory, respectively. Antiferromagnets (AFMs) can afford the THz ultrafast spin dynamics; [20] however, AFMs produce zero stray field and zero spin polarization because of the opposite coupled spin lattices from the same element, which makes it difficult to detect the antiferromagnetic order efficiently. [21] Ferrimagnets have two antiferromagnetically coupled spin sublattices, and the contribution of each spin sublattice to their properties can be tuned by the composition or temperature. At the magnetic compensation point, ferrimagnets show similar properties of AFMs, such as ultrafast spin dynamics, [22,23] while the detection is still feasible because of the different responses to the optical or electrical excitations from two spin sublattices. [23-25] Here, we combine TIs [Bi 2 Se 3 and (BiSb) 2 Te 3 ] with nearly compensated ferrimagnets [Gd x (FeCo) 1−x ], and investigate the room-temperature SOT in TI/Gd x (FeCo) 1−x systems. By changing the composition of Gd x (FeCo) 1−x , we can tune the net magnetic moment and the dominated spin sublattice (CoFe-rich and Gd-rich). The robust room-temperature SOT switching Utilizing spin-orbit torque (SOT) to switch a magnetic moment provides a promising route for low-power-dissipation spintronic devices. Here, the SOT switching of a nearly compensated ferrimagnet Gd x (FeCo) 1−x by the topological insulator [Bi 2 Se 3 and (BiSb) 2 Te 3 ] is investigated at room temperature. The switching current density of (BiSb) 2 Te 3 (1.20 × 10 5 A cm −2) is more than one order of magnitude smaller than that in conventional heavy-metal-based structures, which indicates the ultrahigh efficiency of charge-spin conversion (>1) in topological surface states. By tuning the net magnetic moment of Gd x (FeCo) 1−x via changing the composition, the SOT efficiency has a significant enhancement (6.5 times) near the magnetic compensation point, and at the same time the switching speed can be as fast as several picoseconds. Combining the topological surface states and the nearly compensated ferrimagnets provides a promising route for practical energy-efficient and high-speed spintronic devices. Topological Spintronics Spintronic devices have been considered as one of the promising candidates for the next-generation memory and logic devices, and spin-orbit torque (SOT) provides an efficient way to manipulate the magnetic moment by electrical method with ultralow power dissipation and ultrafast operating speed. [1-3] Beyond previous studies of SOT switching based on conventional heavy metal/ferromagnet (HM/FM) heterostructures, two crucial issues need to be resolved: improving: i) the efficiency of
Published: 2019

22. Anchoring-and-Adjustment During Affect Inferences

Author: Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Michelle Yik, and Kevin J. Zeng
Subjects: anchoring-and-adjustment, time pressure, affect inferences, semantic anchors, media_common.quotation_subject, lcsh:BF1-990, Inference, Anchoring, Context (language use), Affect (psychology), Time pressure, lcsh:Psychology, Feeling, numerical anchors, Psychology, General Psychology, Original Research, media_common, Cognitive psychology
Abstract: People can easily infer the thoughts and feelings of others from brief descriptions of scenarios. But how do they arrive at these inferences? Three studies tested how, through anchoring-and-adjustment, people used semantic and numerical anchors (irrelevant values provided by experimenters) in inferring feelings from scenario descriptions. We showed that in a between-subject design, people’s inference was biased toward anchoring information (Studies 1 and 2). People made fewer adjustments (anchoring increased) under time pressure in the high-anchor condition but not in the low-anchor condition (Study 3). When inferring affect from scenario descriptions, not only did people integrate their inference with the context, they adjusted away from the initial anchors provided by the experimenters. However, time pressure discouraged people from making adequate adjustments.
Published: 2019

23. Room Temperature Highly Efficient Topological Insulator/Mo/CoFeB Spin-Orbit Torque Memory with Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy

Author: Quanjun Pan, Xiaoyu Che, Kang L. Wang, Lei Pan, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Peng Zhang, Qiming Shao, and Hao Wu
Subjects: Physics, Condensed matter physics, Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Non-volatile memory, Magnetization, Magnetic anisotropy, Topological insulator, 0210 nano-technology, Current density, Spin orbit torque, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: Spin-orbit torque (SOT)-MRAM is a promising candidate for future nonvolatile memory technology. Finding materials that have large SOT efficiency $(\xi_{\text{DL}})$ is critical for developing the SOT-MRAM. Topological insulators (TIs) have been shown to exhibit giant $\xi_{\text{DL}}$ (>1) at room temperature. However, integration of high $\xi_{\text{DL}}$ TIs with CoFeB with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) at room temperature (RT) has not been achieved. In this work, we demonstrate a record-high $\xi_{\text{DL}}$ (∼2.66) in the (BiSb) 2 Te 3 with PMA CoFeB and achieve magnetization switching with TI current density as low as $3\times 10^{9}\mathrm{A}/\mathrm{m}^{2}$ at RT. For the first time, we propose to insert a light metal spacer between TI and CoFeB to achieve resistance matching and thus reduce write energy. We show that without insertion, TI/CoFeB show in-plane magnetic anisotropy but TIs show high $\xi_{\text{DL}}$ , consistent with previous reports. We then insert a Mo spacer to achieve PMA at RT. We accurately determine the $\xi_{\text{DL}}$ using both second harmonic method and MOKE for the first time. We investigate the SOT-driven switching and discover a memristor-like behavior in the TI/Mo/CoFeB.
Published: 2018

24. Electrical and optical characterizations of spin-orbit torque

Author: Armin Razavi, Tian Yu, Kang L. Wang, Hanshen Huang, Bingqian Dai, Quanjun Pan, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Baoshan Cui, Su Kong Chong, Di Wu, and Hao Wu
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Kerr effect, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Condensed matter physics, Insulator (electricity), 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Magnetization, Ferromagnetism, Ferrimagnetism, Hall effect, 0103 physical sciences, Harmonic, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Torque, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: To further reduce the energy consumption in spin–orbit torque devices, it is crucial to precisely quantify the spin–orbit torque (SOT) in different materials and structures. In this work, heavy metal/ferromagnet and heavy metal/ferrimagnet heterostructures are employed as the model systems to compare the electrical and optical methods for the SOT characterization, which are based on the anomalous Hall effect and the magneto-optical Kerr effect, respectively. It is found that both methods yield the consistent SOT strength for the current-driven magnetization switching measurements and the harmonic measurements. Our results suggest that the optical method is a feasible and reliable tool to investigate SOT, which is a powerful way to develop insulator-based magnetic systems in the future.
Published: 2021

25. Bad is freer than good

Author: Gilad Feldman, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Roy F. Baumeister, Section Applied Social Psychology, and RS: FPN WSP II
Subjects: Counterfactual thinking, Adult, Male, INFORMATION, media_common.quotation_subject, Decision Making, Emotions, 050109 social psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, FOLK CONCEPT, Morals, BELIEF, 050105 experimental psychology, PSYCHOLOGY, Young Adult, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Developmental and Educational Psychology, Free will, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Moral responsibility, Accountability, PUNISHMENT, Everyday life, DETERMINISM, media_common, COUNTERFACTUAL THINKING, Self, 05 social sciences, INTUITIONS, Morality, Determinism, Action valence, DISBELIEF, Social Perception, BIAS, Attributions, Personal Autonomy, Female, Outcome valence, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract: Recent findings support the idea that the belief in free will serves as the basis for moral responsibility, thus promoting the punishment of immoral agents. We theorized that free will extends beyond morality to serve as the basis for accountability and the capacity for change more broadly, not only for others but also for the self. Five experiments showed that people attributed higher freedom of will to negative than to positive valence, regardless of morality or intent, for both self and others. In recalling everyday life situations and in classical decision making paradigms, negative actions, negatives outcomes, and negative framing were attributed higher free will than positive ones. Free will attributions were mainly driven by action or outcome valence, but not intent. These findings show consistent support for the idea that free will underlies laypersons' sense-making for accountability and change under negative circumstances.
Published: 2016

26. The freedom to excel: Belief in free will predicts better academic performance

Author: Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Gilad Feldman, Subramanya Prasad Chandrashekar, Section Applied Social Psychology, and RS: FPN WSP II
Subjects: Beliefs, INCREASES, media_common.quotation_subject, 050109 social psychology, Academic achievement, Academic performance, WEAKENING BELIEF, Belief in free will, Task performance, 050105 experimental psychology, Task (project management), PSYCHOLOGY, ACHIEVEMENT, Free will, Personality, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, General Psychology, METAANALYSIS, media_common, PERSONALITY, Self, 05 social sciences, MOTIVATION, Self-control, CHOICE, humanities, SELF-CONTROL, Trait, IMPLICIT THEORIES, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract: Increasing evidence supports the importance of beliefs in predicting positive outcomes in life. We examined the performance implications of the belief in free will as an abstract, philosophical belief that views the self as free from internal and external constraints and capable of choosing and directing one's own path. In Study 1 (N = 116, undergraduates), belief in free will was associated with higher performance on an academic proofreading task. In Study 2 (N = 614, undergraduates), we examined performance in real academic settings, and the belief in free will measured at the beginning of the semester predicted better course and semester grades at the end of the semester. Importantly, we found support for the distinctive contribution of the belief in free will in comparison to well-established predictors of academic performance trait self-control and implicit theories. We conclude that individual differences in the endorsement of the belief in free will are a significant and unique predictor of academic achievement. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2016

27. Spin–orbit torques in structures with asymmetric dusting layers

Author: Di Wu, Hao Wu, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Bingqian Dai, Haoran He, Armin Razavi, Kang L. Wang, and Guoqiang Yu
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Condensed matter physics, Point reflection, Heterojunction, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Magnetic field, Magnetic anisotropy, Magnetization, Ferromagnetism, 0103 physical sciences, Perpendicular, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 0210 nano-technology, Spin-½
Abstract: Current-induced spin–orbit torques (SOTs) in heavy metal/ferromagnet heterostructures have emerged as an efficient method for magnetization switching with applications in nonvolatile magnetic memory and logic devices. However, experimental realization of SOT switching of perpendicular magnetization requires an additional inversion symmetry breaking, calling for modifications of the conventional SOT heterostructures. In this work, we study SOTs and deterministic switching of perpendicular magnetization by inserting different asymmetric dusting layers at the heavy metal/ferromagnet interface. Similar to the previous works with lateral structural asymmetry, we study the emergence of current-induced perpendicular effective magnetic fields (Hzeff). By examining three different material combinations of heavy metal/dusting layers (W/IrMn, Pt/IrMn, and W/Ta), we shed light on the origins of Hzeff; we show that Hzeff is generically created in all the studied asymmetric structures, has a close correlation with the interfacial magnetic anisotropy, and is independent of the signs of spin Hall angles of the materials. Furthermore, we show that the induction of Hzeff enables field-free deterministic SOT switching of perpendicular magnetization. Our results can be used in designing SOT heterostructures for practical applications in nonvolatile technologies.
Published: 2020

28. Enhancement of the spin–orbit torque efficiency in W/Cu/CoFeB heterostructures via interface engineering

Author: Hao Meng, Pei Yang, Qiming Shao, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Yongbing Xu, Xianyang Lu, Guoqiang Yu, Junran Zhang, Liang He, Kang L. Wang, Congli He, and Bo Liu
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Condensed matter physics, Spintronics, Magnetoresistance, Conductance, Heterojunction, 02 engineering and technology, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Ferromagnetic resonance, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, 0103 physical sciences, Spin Hall effect, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, 0210 nano-technology, Spin orbit torque, Spin-½
Abstract: Here, the spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance signal and the spin Hall magnetoresistance induced by the spin Hall effect of W/Cu/CoFeB heterostructures with different Cu layer thicknesses ( t Cu) have been systemically studied. The effective spin mixing conductance g eff ↑ ↓, the interfacial spin transparency T, and the real spin–orbit torque efficiency ( J s J c ) real show a significant increase compared to the W/CoFeB heterostructure. ( J s J c ) real reaches its maximum of ∼0.54, increased up to ∼50% at the optimized t Cu ∼ 0.52 nm according to our theoretical prediction. More importantly, the intrinsic spin Hall angle of W, θ SH int ∼ 0.79 ± 0.20, has also been obtained after the correction of the inverse spin Hall effect and T. This suggests that the Cu insertion improves the interface quality and, therefore, assists the spin transport in the heterostructures, which potentially improves the performance of next-generation spintronic devices.
Published: 2020

29. The Role of Goal Source in Escalation of Commitment

Author: Mark Keil, Jong Seok Lee, Hyung Koo Lee, and Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: Range (mathematics), Risk analysis (engineering), Computer science, General Medicine, Decision problem, Escalation of commitment
Abstract: Escalation of commitment is an important decision problem that occurs across a wide range of decision contexts. Recognizing that escalation situations involve one’s effort to achieve some form of a...
Published: 2020

30. Managers’ and Employees’ Judgment and Decision Making: New Theoretical Developments

Author: Zhiyu Feng, Krishna Savani, Cynthia S. Wang, Yun Bai, Simone Tang, Siran Zhan, and Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: General Medicine
Published: 2020

31. Anomalous Conductivity Switch Observed in Treated Hafnium Diselenide Transistors

Author: Malak Albagami, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Hussam Qasem, Sarah Alodan, Kang L. Wang, Moh. R. Amer, Abrar Alhazmi, Abdullah Alrasheed, Olaiyan Alolaiyan, and Mervat Alharbi
Subjects: Materials science, business.industry, Laser treatment, Transistor, Doping, chemistry.chemical_element, Conductivity, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Hafnium, law.invention, Diselenide, chemistry, law, Optoelectronics, business
Published: 2020

32. First Search for Nontensorial Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars

Author: F. Frasconi, R. Flaminio, J.-P. Coulon, S. T. Countryman, Andrew Matas, R. Kirchhoff, B. L. Pearlstone, D. M. Macleod, J. Moore, B. L. Swinkels, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, G. Bergmann, D. Passuello, J. Daw, B. D. Cheeseboro, G. Cerretani, A. Cirone, C. Ferreira, V. Tiwari, Yann Bouffanais, T. Huynh-Dinh, S. R. Morriss, D. Barta, H. Cao, D. J. Vine, L. Willis, J. Calderón Bustillo, Edward K. Porter, John T. Kissel, Marc Favata, M. Perri, Roger Jones, V. J. Roma, A. P. Spencer, Anthony A. Amato, N. van Bakel, V. Kringel, Jacob Broida, F. Garufi, Lucas Guillemot, C. Messenger, D. Bersanetti, Piotr Jaranowski, Tyson Littenberg, Leopoldo Milano, V. Fafone, A. Masserot, J. Owen, Kendall Ackley, R. K. Nayak, K. Kawabe, S. N. Tiwari, S. M. Aston, K. Ueno, A. Strain, Michael W. Coughlin, P. Singer, Odylio D. Aguiar, Bala R. Iyer, Surabhi Sachdev, Christopher J. Moore, M. Scott, S. McCormick, P. Spencer, V. V. Frolov, M. M. Reid, A. Singhal, A. Bizouard, N. Leroy, J. Camp, P. Coulon, Chunnong Zhao, Badri Krishnan, A. Sonnenberg, D. Fiorucci, A. R. Wade, G. Kuehn, F. Magaña-Sandoval, L. Byer, Benoit Sassolas, V. Kondrashov, Stanislav Babak, Arunava Mukherjee, Y. Minenkov, K. Lanza, H. Wittel, S. G. Schwalbe, M. Phelps, R. G. Ormiston, I. Khan, I. Torrie, T. D. Canton, B. Day, C. Aulbert, W. D. Vousden, L. Matone, Haocun Yu, B. Agarwal, B. Bécsy, M. Kasprzack, C. M. Mow-Lowry, Sergey P. Vyatchanin, E. Schreiber, P. J. Sutton, G. Thomas, J. H. Romie, F. J. Raab, M. H. Wimmer, C. Krämer, C. C. Buchanan, P. Popolizio, Koji Arai, E. J. Sanchez, M. Shoemaker, M. Gosselin, E. E. Cowan, Sarah Williams, S. Gaudio, M. Constancio, S. Karki, T. J. Cullen, R. Douglas, N. Mukund, A. K. W. Chung, S. Mastrogiovanni, R. K. Lanza, Sumit Kumar, B. F. Whiting, P. Abbott, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, J. Casanueva Diaz, P. Schale, V. Germain, S. Gomes, A. Huerta, C. Lazzaro, Patricia Schmidt, A. Avila-Alvarez, V. Brisson, K. S. Karvinen, L. R. Cominsky, R. Gustafson, P. Thomas, John A. Clark, Ben Farr, Christophe Collette, C. J. Perez, N. Gehrels, Marek Szczepanczyk, P. Oppermann, K. Gill, Frédérique Marion, Charalampos Markakis, Michael Pürrer, Walter Winkler, A. S. Markosyan, Harald Lück, M. Boer, L. E. Wade, G. Kang, A. Pal-Singh, R. L. Savage, A. S. Bell, J. L. Willis, M. Laxen, C. Van Den Broeck, Sylvia J. Zhu, D. Verkindt, S. Buchner, P. T.H. Pang, R. Tso, Patrick M. Koch, J. A. Taylor, Michele Vallisneri, P. Berry, Ik Siong Heng, M. Fays, J. Page, P. Astone, Larne Pekowsky, W. K. Wong, Serena Vinciguerra, R. Pedurand, Benno Willke, K. W. Tsang, Samuel Deléglise, A. Fernandez-Galiana, Miftar Ganija, D. Huet, J. King, J. Shaffer, S. H. Huttner, J. D. Jones, G. Wu, S. Raja, S. E. Strigin, Roy Williams, Anthony G. A. Brown, Mairi Sakellariadou, C. Vander-Hyde, G. Pillant, Tenglin Li, M. Guidi, I. Kowalska, Marie-Anne Bizouard, C. Cahillane, J. Hennig, A. Khazanov, V. Gayathri, S. Walsh, Miriam Cabero, A. Muniz, A. Di Lieto, M. Saleem, M. Cho, C. Pankow, J. A. Sonnenberg, A. L. Stuver, P. M. Meyers, Jing Wang, Jiayi Qin, A. Singer, László Á. Gergely, M. Harry, S. Banagiri, A. Pele, M. Rakhmanov, E. Mejuto-Villa, T. Etzel, Patrick Weltevrede, B. D. Lackey, I. Magaña Hernandez, Kipp Cannon, M. Steinke, R. Mittleman, Nelson Christensen, Barry C. Barish, Nergis Mavalvala, Jerome Degallaix, A. Hannuksela, C. Casentini, Sebastian Khan, B. C. Stephens, Paul J. Groot, M. Zevin, B. W. Schulte, F. Y. Khalili, S. J. Chamberlin, M. Vasúth, Howard Pan, Aaron Buikema, C. C. Wipf, E. J. King, C. S. Unnikrishnan, G. Gaur, S. C. McGuire, J. F. Read, S. Di Pace, Tomasz Bulik, Richard J. Oram, M. C. Heintze, Andrew Melatos, M. Lorenzini, M. Thomas, M. J. Yap, Alessandra Buonanno, R. Metzdorff, C.-J. Haster, Gabrielle Allen, J.-M. Isac, J. B. Kanner, H. Fong, G. Greco, François Bondu, J. Zweizig, Samuele Cortese, John Veitch, Vladimir B. Braginsky, J. Oram, J. Lehmann, C. Palomba, H. Vahlbruch, K. Riles, Jonathan Cripe, H. Middleton, C. Beer, J. C. Barayoga, Lloyd Paul Aiello, B. C. Pant, N. Indik, W. W. Johnson, D. Aguiar, A. Giazotto, N. Arnaud, Maggie Tse, M. S. Shahriar, M. Bejger, D. B. Tanner, E. L. Merilh, M. J. Cowart, K. E. Ramirez, P. Downes, M. Afrough, F. Jiménez-Forteza, Sourav Ghosh, Imre Bartos, H. Fehrmann, M. Factourovich, S. Cho, C. R. Billman, F. Cleva, S. G. Crowder, N. Kijbunchoo, K. Wessel, F. Carbognani, Sebastian Steinlechner, Vijay Varma, Soumi De, M. Weinert, H. A. G. Gabbard, M. MacInnis, F. Fidecaro, G. M. Guidi, Sibilla Di Pace, P. Ross, E. A. Houston, P. Shawhan, I. Ferrante, J. McIver, P. Puppo, A. W. Muir, P. Charlton, Kejia Lee, I. Maksimovic, S. Mitra, D. V. Voss, R. L. Ward, Otto A. Hannuksela, Lu Zhang, Rana X. Adhikari, M. Korobko, B. U. Gadre, Sebastien Biscans, G. Hemming, G. McIntyre, T. B. Edo, M. Pichot, Maximiliano Isi, Leo Singer, N. Letendre, P. Drever, Abhirup Ghosh, M. Aston, H. Ogin, H. N. Isa, M. Nery, B. Machenschalk, F. Donovan, S. A. Usman, Roman Schnabel, J. E. Brau, Karsten Danzmann, A. A. van Veggel, Javier Sánchez, Hua Wang, B. Tanner, P. Rapagnani, Andreas Freise, Vincenzo Pierro, Paul D. Lasky, Matthew Pitkin, R. K.L. Lo, E. A. Huerta, M. Granata, Ettore Majorana, R. Goetz, Tarun Souradeep, M. Fries, C. L. Romel, E. Katsavounidis, V. Quetschke, M. Was, S. M. Koehlenbeck, H. Vocca, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, L. Rolland, Fabrizio Barone, M. Mohan, N. Man, K. Haughian, A. Quintero, Martin M. Fejer, J. R. Smith, R. Bork, S. Ghonge, K. AultONeal, M. Punturo, J. Betzwieser, Q. Chu, Slawomir Gras, John Miller, Matthew Ross, Lionel Martellini, M. E. N. Normandin, H. Shoemaker, S. Areeda, Madeline Wade, P. Leaci, A. Colla, L. Mansell, Y. Khalili, D. Nolting, Ryan Magee, J. W. W. Pratt, Gregory M. Harry, M. Ast, R. Kennedy, Efim A. Khazanov, G. Ballardin, K. Porter, Antoine Heidmann, Geoffrey Lovelace, H. Lai, P. A. Altin, Alvin J. K. Chua, D. Barker, Denis Martynov, Marco Bazzan, K. H. Lai, A. A. Shah, Minchuan Zhou, J. Haster, D. J. McManus, Vuk Mandic, Peter Fritschel, M. Masso-Reid, D. Töyrä, H. Radkins, H. Overmier, A. Bozzi, C. Baune, D. Sellers, Alessandro Ridolfi, M. Hu, C. F. Da Silva Costa, M. Neri, D. Lumaca, J. A. Giaime, J. Meidam, L. Pinard, Aaron Viets, Sung-Po Chao, R. De Rosa, M. C. Tringali, Peter Weßels, Zifan Zhou, I. A. Bilenko, David J. Ottaway, A. Paoli, M. Gaebel, D. Talukder, S. Rabeling, David A. Williams, D. C. Vander-Hyde, I. W. Harry, H. Qi, L. Magaña Zertuche, I. Nardecchia, Carlos Cepeda, M. Branchesi, J. C. Batch, A. Gennai, Rahul Kumar, Harald P. Pfeiffer, M. Farr, K. Mason, J. Mcmanus, J. Devenson, D. Hall, A. Chiummo, H.-B. Eggenstein, Luca Gammaitoni, J. Zhu, P. T. Baker, R. Robie, P. Ehrens, Paul M. Ricker, M. Brinkmann, Anders Nielsen, S. Kaufer, Rainer Weiss, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, F. Ricci, Alessandro Corongiu, Y. M. Kim, Hsiao-Wen Chen, Federico Ferrini, Lijing Shao, G. Vajente, S. M. Gaebel, T. Prestegard, K. K.Y. Ng, Riccardo Sturani, Robert J. McCarthy, Linqing Wen, A. Sheperd, E. C. Ferreira, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, M. Sampson, Ryan Shannon, Z. Tornasi, I. Di Palma, M. Rizzo, V. Predoi, I. W. Martin, David E. McClelland, S. Appert, P. B. Covas, Edward Seidel, F. Clara, Tristan Briant, O. E. S. Sauter, J. Feicht, B. Sandeen, M. C. Edwards, L. Naticchioni, Salvatore Vitale, S. Sathyaprakash, Joey Shapiro Key, Yu Zhang, S. Ascenzi, Kip S. Thorne, J. R. Sanders, Gang Wang, Alessandro Bertolini, J. C. Driggers, R. W. P. Drever, David Coward, E. Schmidt, Sheon Chua, B. Braginsky, R. Bonnand, J. Woehler, A. K. Zadrożny, T. Derosa, M. van Beuzekom, B. Rei, David A. Nichols, J. Raab, E. M. Fries, Britton D. Smith, A. L. Urban, A. Usman, A. Giaime, L. Sun, A. C. Green, S. Chung, L. Danilishin, Evan Ochsner, W. Z. Korth, D. Hoak, Stefan L. Danilishin, D. Sentenac, A. J. Weinstein, Patrick Brady, J. S. Areeda, L. Trozzo, Priscilla Canizares, L. Swinkels, T. Sadecki, Laleh Sadeghian, R. C. Walet, V. P. Mitrofanov, M. Coward, H. J. Bulten, L. Glover, Fausto Acernese, Albert Lazzarini, M. Bitossi, T. Di Girolamo, M. C. Araya, A. G. Clark, V. Boschi, S. Penn, D. Schuette, A. Ananyeva, M. Landry, M. K. M. Bader, Mi Zhang, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, T. J. Shaffer, O. J. Piccinni, K. Wette, John J. Oh, Timothy Evans, L. Di Fiore, Xavier Siemens, Jochen Schmidt, S. Grunewald, C. Celestino Silva, W. Del Pozzo, P. F. Cohadon, H. Heitmann, A. Bilenko, C. Affeldt, M. Bawaj, M. Mantovani, P. Mohapatra, R. C. Devine, Christopher M. Biwer, M. Newport, Samaya Nissanke, R. Taylor, S. Frasca, G. L. Mansell, A. Houston, George Hobbs, M. Barsuglia, Enrico Calloni, G. Traylor, V. Dattilo, Edwin J. Son, P. Aufmuth, Thomas Corbitt, M. Lee, Olivier Minazzoli, Chandra Kant Mishra, S. Koley, Amanda J. Page, David Blair, Laura Sampson, J. Perez, R. Bhandare, M. Razzano, Lee McCuller, N. Mazumder, R. T. DeRosa, A. Grant, David Jones, L. Salconi, C. A. Costa, Marco Cavaglia, A. Viceré, Stefan Hild, D. Pascucci, Tiantian Zhang, Y. Ma, A. Possenti, Riccardo Ciolfi, Yi Chen, Athol J. Kemball, Roger Smith, James G. Bartlett, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, Adam A. Libson, Robinjeet Singh, A. Brillet, J. Roma, L. Conti, J. Slagmolen, F. Martelli, Karan Jani, C. Bradaschia, M. Gonzalez Castro, A. Thorne, F. Mezzani, L. Savage, Frank Ohme, M. Tonelli, Ismaël Cognard, Paulo C. C. Freire, Sau Lan Wu, James Healy, L. Pearlstone, S. Bae, B. Mours, P. Mitrofanov, C. Adams, R. M. Blair, D. Sigg, M. Vardaro, A. Post, M. Leonardi, Alessandro Costa, F. Robinet, S. Márka, M. Yvert, T. D. Abbott, O. Puncken, Zoheyr Doctor, Stephen Fairhurst, Carl Blair, E. Coccia, M. E. Zucker, C. Graef, B. A. Weaver, Laura Cadonati, L. Rei, J. G. Rollins, L.-W. Wei, Gijs Nelemans, E. D. Hall, Jolien D. E. Creighton, A. W. Heptonstall, Vivien Raymond, Peter R. Saulson, Archana Pai, P. Brockill, F. Paoletti, G. Vedovato, William Yam, L. Wallace, D. B. Kozak, S. J. Kimbrell, L. Kleybolte, J. Ottaway, P. Ruggi, L. Cerboni Baiardi, M. Kim, Terry G. McRae, S. S. Forsyth, A. Mullavey, T. J. N. Nelson, Kenneth A. Strain, Jimin George, M. Sieniawska, S. W. Ballmer, Gregory Ashton, K. Holt, Chunglee Kim, V. Sandberg, A. Perreca, Fabio Marchesoni, C. Vorvick, Daniel R. George, Kris Ryan, E. A. Quintero, Andrew Lundgren, Susan M. Scott, Y. Wang, A. Królak, R. Frey, Duncan Meacher, M. Macleod, Xiaohui Fan, W. S. Kim, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, E. A. Muñiz, T. Denker, Christopher P. L. Berry, A. D. Silva, S. Brunett, Michelle E. Walker, B. Shapiro, Debarati Chatterjee, J. K. Nelson, C. E. Cirelli, Daniele Trifirò, Chad Hanna, T. A. Callister, N. M. Brown, D. S. Rabeling, M. Di Giovanni, K. E. Gushwa, Reinhard Prix, M. Haney, J. Oberling, Rocco Romano, John D. Scott, A. Boom, B. O'Reilly, P. Gruning, Jade Powell, V. Mangano, H-P Cheng, Eric Oelker, R. A. Mercer, J. Jonker, Jinsook Kim, G. Moreno, C. Pant, David H. Reitze, D. N. Brown, Yi-Ming Hu, A. Bisht, A. Staley, F. Nocera, A. Moggi, J. Ming, Michael L. Gorodetsky, T. Westphal, Ryan Lynch, C. Cannon, C. Coyne, G. Stratta, C. C. Yancey, A. Ain, Alicia M. Sintes, W. Tsang, Swetha Bhagwat, Thibaut Jacqmin, Jesper Munch, J. Vine, D. Buskulic, B. Pang, Achamveedu Gopakumar, A. Callister, S. Jawahar, M. De Laurentis, W. G. Anderson, G. Cella, Dwayne D. Giardina, C. I. Torrie, A. K. Lenon, D. C. Coyne, G. Arun, D. Rosińska, Patrice Hello, C-H. Lee, Matthew Evans, Z. Korth, Giacomo Ciani, Richard J. Abbott, K. Izumi, Hartmut Grote, T. Hardwick, D. Steinmeyer, A. F. Brooks, D. R. Ingram, M. Oliver, Douglas Davis, H. Fair, G. Losurdo, B. P. Abbott, M. Mow-Lowry, E. K. Gustafson, Andrea Taracchini, J. V. van Heijningen, G. Cagnoli, O. Bock, Neil J. Cornish, Eric Thrane, T. D. Creighton, P. Lundgren, S. Vass, S. Privitera, F. Travasso, C. Michel, M. Koehlenbeck, Lionel London, Sarah Caudill, R. Inta, S. Karvinen, R. Coyne, V. Loriette, Fabrice Matichard, S. Klimenko, R. Quitzow-James, V. B. Adya, Francesco Salemi, A. Prodi, A. Effler, A. K. Y. Li, G. Gemme, M. Drago, V. Dolique, I. Dorrington, J. Duncan, Steven Reyes, E. K. Wessel, S. D'Antonio, D. Ugolini, Collin D. Capano, P. Pfeiffer, Guenakh Mitselmakher, B. Adya, B. A. Boom, A. M. Sergeev, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, M. Lormand, J. Massinger, M. Prijatelj, J. Warner, S. B. Coughlin, Jessica Steinlechner, H. Rew, R. Passaquieti, Alexander H. Nitz, C. Rajan, A. Neunzert, J. Bulten, Debnandini Mukherjee, T. Chmiel, M. Heurs, J-Y. Vinet, Reed Essick, G. A. Prodi, R. DeSalvo, S. Kandhasamy, B. Sorazu, D Shoemaker, O. V. Palashov, Sean T. McWilliams, F. Piergiovanni, S. Doravari, L. Lo, J. Cullen, A. Kutynia, T. T. Nguyen, Andrea Chincarini, T. Z. Summerscales, Innocenzo M. Pinto, M. Davier, P. G. Murray, B. Kozak, B. K. Berger, Fabien Kéfélian, J. H. Hough, P. W. F. Forsyth, J. R. Palamos, Michele Zanolin, T. J. Massinger, T. Vo, V. Kalogera, G. D. Hammond, L. Sammut, L. Kuo, H. Yamamoto, E. Capocasa, A. Schönbeck, J. Prasad, Steven Bloemen, Jonathan R. Gair, L. M. Perri, N. A. Lockerbie, Blake Moore, Carlos O. Lousto, Kishora Nayak, Thomas Dent, P. Corban, Vladimir Dergachev, C. Barish, James Whelan, P. Ajith, Andrew Lyne, M. Gabel, Zhihui Du, S. S. Eikenberry, Rosa Poggiani, V. Frey, S. Farinon, P. Raffai, J. Hanks, J. D. Lough, Soma Mukherjee, A. Mercer, H. R. Paris, A. Eisenstein, P. Kumar, B. R. Hall, A. Shaddock, R. Cavalieri, A. K. Srivastava, A. E. Pace, E. G. Thomas, A. Basti, Ryan N. Lang, Jens Birch, Z. Frei, V. Sequino, S. Caride, J.-D. Fournier, Philip F. Hopkins, I. Fiori, J. P. Henry, P. Vyatchanin, M. F. Carney, John Worden, P. Couvares, Archisman Ghosh, Jan Harms, A. S. Sengupta, Satyanarayan Ray Pitambar Mohapatra, Sascha Husa, Matthew Kerr, G. Venugopalan, Meng Wang, D.B. DeBra, Evan Goetz, Aniello Grado, J. M. Newport, T. Theeg, E. Cuoco, A. Gupta, S. Meshkov, Seog Oh, K. G. Arun, X. Guo, K. Siellez, A. Vo, P. Bacon, Daniel E. Holz, P. J. Veitch, B. Patricelli, D. S. Wu, Margaret Millhouse, S. G. Gaonkar, P. Cheng, Haixing Miao, G. Bogaert, L. Wright, K. L. Dooley, Lisa Barsotti, Anirban Dasgupta, K. Venkateswara, P. Zendri, Yuri Levin, Robert Stone, R. J. G. Jonker, M. Isac, A. R. Williamson, A. Cumming, F. Di Renzo, Albrecht Rüdiger, Xing-Jiang Zhu, E. Genin, R. A. Eisenstein, B. J. J. Slagmolen, Hee-Suk Cho, Benjamin Stappers, G. D. Meadors, T. Zelenova, Riccardo Bassiri, Magnus Manske, S. Qiu, E. Maros, A. Lockerbie, F. Baldaccini, L. F. Ortega, M. J. Hart, J. K. Blackburn, A. Sawadsky, E. Chassande-Mottin, Sheila Rowan, S. Kwang, Todd Adams, Felice Sorrentino, D. Moraru, Giuseppe Intini, A. Allocca, F. Vetrano, S. Antier, M. Dovale Álvarez, H. Reitze, S. E. Dwyer, David Keitel, S. J. Cooper, A. Lartaux-Vollard, Suvadeep Bose, R. Gouaty, Z. Márka, Andrew Robertson, B. Lantz, L. Romel, W. Katzman, L. van der Schaaf, S. A. Pai, Cody Messick, C. Whittle, Milan Gupta, C. Kent, G. Mendell, J. Trinastic, M. Ducrot, M. Merzougui, Rebecca Fisher, J. Eichholz, G. P. Newton, A. Bohe, M. Fyffe, Gabriela Gonzalez, K. R. Corley, L. Ward, A.M. Taylor, J. Junker, I. Belahcene, Tania Regimbau, M. M. Hanke, W. Parker, S. B. Anderson, C. Devine, Zachariah B. Etienne, Jennifer Watchi, J. Son, C. Buy, C. Essick, T. P. Downes, P. H. Fisher, M. Pedraza, E. Cesarini, M. Chan, Maria Alessandra Papa, F. Cavalier, N. Bode, Ian P. Jones, J. L. Wright, Alessandra Corsi, J. E. Lord, E. J. Daw, Maurizio Canepa, Paolo Addesso, K. D. Giardina, J. K. Wofford, M. A. Page, Francesco Pannarale, J. S. Lange, A. Rocchi, N. A. Robertson, C. Cocchieri, R. Birney, R. M. S. Schofield, Márton Tápai, David Jonathan Hofman, S. Kissel, Liam Cunningham, A. Noack, Jonathan Blackman, Benjamin J. Owen, G.A. Blair, J. F. J. van den Brand, K. Toland, D. Tuyenbayev, S. Sunil, M. Tacca, Martin Hendry, M. C. Díaz, J. H. Howell, K. V. Tokmakov, Maria Ilaria Del Principe, M. Agathos, C. Horst, Antonios Kontos, Alberto Vecchio, S. Kim, L. Prokhorov, Will M. Farr, Junwei Cao, M. Montani, Nancy Aggarwal, Zahoor Ali Khan, A. Papa, C. Stephens, S. Thorne, L. Dooley, I. Dave, H. Lee, Graham Woan, Robert L. Byer, M. Fletcher, B. Hughey, Stuart Reid, G. Valdes, A. Samajdar, S. Rieger, S. Unnikrishnan, Jacob Scheuer, J. Piccinni, Phil D. C. King, M. Pinto, J.-P. Zendri, Bernard F. Schutz, S. E. Gossan, L. Merilh, Li Ju, Daniel A. Shaddock, C. V. Kalaghatgi, J. Hanson, K. Napier, Guido Mueller, A. Miller, Hang Yu, Michael J. I. Brown, P. Fulda, S. E. Barclay, Ofek Birnholtz, K. Gustafson, Eric Howell, S. Leavey, M. Katolik, L. K. Nuttall, G. Billingsley, S. Macfoy, B. B. Miller, Z. Summerscales, Jong H. Chow, J. Liu, A. Pasqualetti, LIGO, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) (AEI), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Department of Physics, Columbia University [New York], Dipartimento di Physica E. Firmi, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik ( Albert-Einstein-Institut ) (AEI), Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences (CAMK), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (ACTA), Instituut voor Sterrenkunde [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), LAboratoire de REcherche en Géodésie [Paris] (LAREG), Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l'Information Géographique (LaSTIG), École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux (ARTEMIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - 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Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Science and Engineering Research Board, Royal Society, Australian Research Council, Narodowe Centrum Nauki, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, National Science Foundation, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Conselleria d’Economia i Competitivitat and Conselleria d’Educació, Cultura i Universitats of the Govern de les Illes Balears, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Lyon Institute of Origins, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Kavli Foundation, Research Corporation for Science Advancement, European Commission, Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, National Research Foundation of Korea, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Leverhulme Trust, Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Scottish Funding Council, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Országos Tudományos Kutatási Alapprogramok, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Les instituts techniques agricoles (Acta), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI), Mairie de Paris, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), Albert Einstein Institute, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), APC - Cosmologie, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), APC - THEORIE, Institut für theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg (UHH)-Universität Hamburg (UHH)-AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC), Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adams, T., Addesso, P., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Afrough, M., Agarwal, B., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Allen, G., Allocca, A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Antier, S., Appert, S., Arai, K., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arnaud, N., Arun, K. G., Ascenzi, S., Ashton, G., Ast, M., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Aufmuth, P., Aulbert, C., Aultoneal, K., Avila-Alvarez, A., Babak, S., Bacon, P., Bader, M. K. M., Bae, S., Baker, P. T., Baldaccini, F., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Banagiri, S., Barayoga, J. C., Barclay, S. E., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Batch, J. C., Baune, C., Bawaj, M., Bazzan, M., Bécsy, B., Beer, C., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Bell, A. S., Berger, B. K., Bergmann, G., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bhagwat, S., Bhandare, R., Bilenko, I. A., Billingsley, G., Billman, C. R., Birch, J., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Bisht, A., Bitossi, M., Biwer, C., Bizouard, M. A., Blackburn, J. K., Blackman, J., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bloemen, S., Bock, O., Bode, N., Boer, M., Bogaert, G., Bohe, A., Bondu, F., Bonnand, R., Boom, B. A., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, S., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Braginsky, V. B., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Briant, T., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brockill, P., Broida, J. E., Brooks, A. F., Brown, D. A., Brown, D. D., Brown, N. M., Brunett, S., Buchanan, C. C., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. L., Cabero, M., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Cahillane, C., Calderón Bustillo, J., Callister, T. A., Calloni, E., Camp, J. B., Canepa, M., Canizares, P., Cannon, K. C., Cao, H., Cao, J., Capano, C. D., Capocasa, E., Carbognani, F., Caride, S., Carney, M. F., Casanueva Diaz, J., Casentini, C., Caudill, S., Cavaglià, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Cella, G., Cepeda, C. B., Cerboni Baiardi, L., Cerretani, G., Cesarini, E., Chamberlin, S. J., Chan, M., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chassande-Mottin, E., Chatterjee, D., Cheeseboro, B. D., Chen, H. Y., Chen, Y., Cheng, H. -P., Chincarini, A., Chiummo, A., Chmiel, T., Cho, H. S., Cho, M., Chow, J. H., Christensen, N., Chu, Q., Chua, A. J. K., Chua, S., Chung, A. K. W., Chung, S., Ciani, G., Ciolfi, R., Cirelli, C. E., Cirone, A., Clara, F., Clark, J. A., Cleva, F., Cocchieri, C., Coccia, E., Cohadon, P. -F., Colla, A., Collette, C. G., Cominsky, L. R., Constancio, M., Conti, L., Cooper, S. J., Corban, P., Corbitt, T. R., Corley, K. R., Cornish, N., Corsi, A., Cortese, S., Costa, C. A., Coughlin, M. W., Coughlin, S. B., Coulon, J. -P., Countryman, S. T., Couvares, P., Covas, P. B., Cowan, E. E., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M. J., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Creighton, J. D. E., Creighton, T. D., Cripe, J., Crowder, S. G., Cullen, T. J., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Canton, T. Dal, Danilishin, S. L., D'Antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Dasgupta, A., Da Silva Costa, C. F., Dattilo, V., Dave, I., Davier, M., Davis, D., Daw, E. J., Day, B., De, S., Debra, D., Degallaix, J., De Laurentis, M., Deléglise, S., Del Pozzo, W., Denker, T., Dent, T., Dergachev, V., De Rosa, Rosario., Derosa, R. T., Desalvo, R., Devenson, J., Devine, R. C., Dhurandhar, S., Díaz, M. C., Di Fiore, L., Di Giovanni, M., Di Girolamo, T., Di Lieto, A., Di Pace, S., Di Palma, I., Di Renzo, F., Doctor, Z., Dolique, V., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Dorrington, I., Douglas, R., Dovale Álvarez, M., Downes, T. P., Drago, M., Drever, R. W. P., Driggers, J. C., Du, Z., Ducrot, M., Duncan, J., Dwyer, S. E., Edo, T. B., Edwards, M. C., Effler, A., Eggenstein, H. -B., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Eisenstein, R. A., Essick, R. C., Etienne, Z. B., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. M., Factourovich, M., Fafone, V., Fair, H., Fairhurst, S., Fan, X., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Fauchon-Jones, E. J., Favata, M., Fays, M., Fehrmann, H., Feicht, J., Fejer, M. M., Fernandez-Galiana, A., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, E. C., Ferrini, F., Fidecaro, F., Fiori, I., Fiorucci, D., Fisher, R. P., Flaminio, R., Fletcher, M., Fong, H., Forsyth, P. W. F., Forsyth, S. S., Fournier, J. -D., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Frey, V., Fries, E. M., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gabbard, H., Gabel, M., Gadre, B. U., Gaebel, S. M., Gair, J. R., Gammaitoni, L., Ganija, M. R., Gaonkar, S. G., Garufi, F., Gaudio, S., Gaur, G., Gayathri, V., Gehrels, N., Gemme, G., Genin, E., Gennai, A., George, D., George, J., Gergely, L., Germain, V., Ghonge, S., Ghosh, Abhirup, Ghosh, Archisman, Ghosh, S., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Giazotto, A., Gill, K., Glover, L., Goetz, E., Goetz, R., Gomes, S., González, G., Gonzalez Castro, J. M., Gopakumar, A., Gorodetsky, M. L., Gossan, S. E., Gosselin, M., Gouaty, R., Grado, A., Graef, C., Granata, M., Grant, A., Gras, S., Gray, C., Greco, G., Green, A. C., Groot, P., Grote, H., Grunewald, S., Gruning, P., Guidi, G. M., Guo, X., Gupta, A., Gupta, M. K., Gushwa, K. E., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Hall, B. R., Hall, E. D., Hammond, G., Haney, M., Hanke, M. M., Hanks, J., Hanna, C., Hannuksela, O. A., Hanson, J., Hardwick, T., Harms, J., Harry, G. M., Harry, I. W., Hart, M. J., Haster, C. -J., Haughian, K., Healy, J., Heidmann, A., Heintze, M. C., Heitmann, H., Hello, P., Hemming, G., Hendry, M., Heng, I. S., Hennig, J., Henry, J., Heptonstall, A. W., Heurs, M., Hild, S., Hoak, D., Hofman, D., Holt, K., Holz, D. E., Hopkins, P., Horst, C., Hough, J., Houston, E. A., Howell, E. J., Hu, Y. M., Huerta, E. A., Huet, D., Hughey, B., Husa, S., Huttner, S. H., Huynh-Dinh, T., Indik, N., Ingram, D. R., Inta, R., Intini, G., Isa, H. N., Isac, J. -M., Isi, M., Iyer, B. R., Izumi, K., Jacqmin, T., Jani, K., Jaranowski, P., Jawahar, S., Jiménez-Forteza, F., Johnson, W. W., Jones, D. I., Jones, R., Jonker, R. J. G., Ju, L., Junker, J., Kalaghatgi, C. V., Kalogera, V., Kandhasamy, S., Kang, G., Kanner, J. B., Karki, S., Karvinen, K. S., Kasprzack, M., Katolik, M., Katsavounidis, E., Katzman, W., Kaufer, S., Kawabe, K., Kéfélian, F., Keitel, D., Kemball, A. J., Kennedy, R., Kent, C., Key, J. S., Khalili, F. Y., Khan, I., Khan, S., Khan, Z., Khazanov, E. A., Kijbunchoo, N., Kim, Chunglee, Kim, J. C., Kim, W., Kim, W. S., Kim, Y. -M., Kimbrell, S. J., King, E. J., King, P. J., Kirchhoff, R., Kissel, J. S., Kleybolte, L., Klimenko, S., Koch, P., Koehlenbeck, S. M., Koley, S., Kondrashov, V., Kontos, A., Korobko, M., Korth, W. Z., Kowalska, I., Kozak, D. B., Krämer, C., Kringel, V., Krishnan, B., Królak, A., Kuehn, G., Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Kuo, L., Kutynia, A., Kwang, S., Lackey, B. D., Lai, K. H., Landry, M., Lang, R. N., Lange, J., Lantz, B., Lanza, R. K., Lartaux-Vollard, A., Lasky, P. D., Laxen, M., Lazzarini, A., Lazzaro, C., Leaci, P., Leavey, S., Lee, C. H., Lee, H. K., Lee, H. M., Lee, H. W., Lee, K., Lehmann, J., Lenon, A., Leonardi, M., Leroy, N., Letendre, N., Levin, Y., Li, T. G. F., Libson, A., Littenberg, T. B., Liu, J., Lo, R. K. L., Lockerbie, N. A., London, L. T., Lord, J. E., Lorenzini, M., Loriette, V., Lormand, M., Losurdo, G., Lough, J. D., Lousto, C. O., Lovelace, G., Lück, H., Lumaca, D., Lundgren, A. P., Lynch, R., Ma, Y., Macfoy, S., Machenschalk, B., Macinnis, M., Macleod, D. M., Magaña Hernandez, I., Magaña-Sandoval, F., Magaña Zertuche, L., Magee, R. M., Majorana, E., Maksimovic, I., Man, N., Mandic, V., Mangano, V., Mansell, G. L., Manske, M., Mantovani, M., Marchesoni, F., Marion, F., Márka, S., Márka, Z., Markakis, C., Markosyan, A. S., Maros, E., Martelli, F., Martellini, L., Martin, I. W., Martynov, D. V., Mason, K., Masserot, A., Massinger, T. J., Masso-Reid, M., Mastrogiovanni, S., Matas, A., Matichard, F., Matone, L., Mavalvala, N., Mazumder, N., Mccarthy, R., Mcclelland, D. E., Mccormick, S., Mcculler, L., Mcguire, S. C., Mcintyre, G., Mciver, J., Mcmanus, D. J., Mcrae, T., Mcwilliams, S. T., Meacher, D., Meadors, G. D., Meidam, J., Mejuto-Villa, E., Melatos, A., Mendell, G., Mercer, R. A., Merilh, E. L., Merzougui, M., Meshkov, S., Messenger, C., Messick, C., Metzdorff, R., Meyers, P. M., Mezzani, F., Miao, H., Michel, C., Middleton, H., Mikhailov, E. E., Milano, L., Miller, A. L., Miller, A., Miller, B. B., Miller, J., Millhouse, M., Minazzoli, O., Minenkov, Y., Ming, J., Mishra, C., Mitra, S., Mitrofanov, V. P., Mitselmakher, G., Mittleman, R., Moggi, A., Mohan, M., Mohapatra, S. R. P., Montani, M., Moore, B. C., Moore, C. J., Moraru, D., Moreno, G., Morriss, S. R., Mours, B., Mow-Lowry, C. M., Mueller, G., Muir, A. W., Mukherjee, Arunava, Mukherjee, D., Mukherjee, S., Mukund, N., Mullavey, A., Munch, J., Muniz, E. A. M., Murray, P. G., Napier, K., Nardecchia, I., Naticchioni, L., Nayak, R. K., Nelemans, G., Nelson, T. J. N., Neri, M., Nery, M., Neunzert, A., Newport, J. M., Newton, G., Ng, K. K. Y., Nguyen, T. T., Nichols, D., Nielsen, A. B., Nissanke, S., Nitz, A., Noack, A., Nocera, F., Nolting, D., Normandin, M. E. N., Nuttall, L. K., Oberling, J., Ochsner, E., Oelker, E., Ogin, G. H., Oh, J. J., Oh, S. H., Ohme, F., Oliver, M., Oppermann, P., Oram, Richard J., O'Reilly, B., Ormiston, R., Ortega, L. F., O'Shaughnessy, R., Ottaway, D. J., Overmier, H., Owen, B. J., Pace, A. E., Page, J., Page, M. A., Pai, A., Pai, S. A., Palamos, J. R., Palashov, O., Palomba, C., Pal-Singh, A., Pan, H., Pang, B., Pang, P. T. H., Pankow, C., Pannarale, F., Pant, B. C., Paoletti, F., Paoli, A., Papa, M. A., Paris, H. R., Parker, W., Pascucci, D., Pasqualetti, A., Passaquieti, R., Passuello, D., Patricelli, B., Pearlstone, B. L., Pedraza, M., Pedurand, R., Pekowsky, L., Pele, A., Penn, S., Perez, C. J., Perreca, A., Perri, L. M., Pfeiffer, H. P., Phelps, M., Piccinni, O. J., Pichot, M., Piergiovanni, F., Pierro, V., Pillant, G., Pinard, L., Pinto, I. M., Pitkin, M., Poggiani, R., Popolizio, P., Porter, E. K., Post, A., Powell, J., Prasad, J., Pratt, J. W. W., Predoi, V., Prestegard, T., Prijatelj, M., Principe, M., Privitera, S., Prix, R., Prodi, G. A., Prokhorov, L. G., Puncken, O., Punturo, M., Puppo, P., Pürrer, M., Qi, H., Qin, J., Qiu, S., Quetschke, V., Quintero, E. A., Quitzow-James, R., Raab, F. J., Rabeling, D. S., Radkins, H., Raffai, P., Raja, S., Rajan, C., Rakhmanov, M., Ramirez, K. E., Rapagnani, P., Raymond, V., Razzano, M., Read, J., Regimbau, T., Rei, L., Reid, S., Reitze, D. H., Rew, H., Reyes, S. D., Ricci, F., Ricker, P. M., Rieger, S., Riles, K., Rizzo, M., Robertson, N. A., Robie, R., Robinet, F., Rocchi, A., Rolland, L., Rollins, J. G., Roma, V. J., Romano, R., Romel, C. L., Romie, J. H., Rosińska, D., Ross, M. P., Rowan, S., Rüdiger, A., Ruggi, P., Ryan, K., Sachdev, S., Sadecki, T., Sadeghian, L., Sakellariadou, M., Salconi, L., Saleem, M., Salemi, F., Samajdar, A., Sammut, L., Sampson, L. M., Sanchez, E. J., Sandberg, V., Sandeen, B., Sanders, J. R., Sassolas, B., Sathyaprakash, B. S., Saulson, P. R., Sauter, O., Savage, R. L., Sawadsky, A., Schale, P., Scheuer, J., Schmidt, E., Schmidt, J., Schmidt, P., Schnabel, R., Schofield, R. M. S., Schönbeck, A., Schreiber, E., Schuette, D., Schulte, B. W., Schutz, B. F., Schwalbe, S. G., Scott, J., Scott, S. M., Seidel, E., Sellers, D., Sengupta, A. S., Sentenac, D., Sequino, V., Sergeev, A., Shaddock, D. A., Shaffer, T. J., Shah, A. A., Shahriar, M. S., Shao, L., Shapiro, B., Shawhan, P., Sheperd, A., Shoemaker, D. H., Shoemaker, D. M., Siellez, K., Siemens, X., Sieniawska, M., Sigg, D., Silva, A. D., Singer, A., Singer, L. P., Singh, A., Singh, R., Singhal, A., Sintes, A. M., Slagmolen, B. J. J., Smith, B., Smith, J. R., Smith, R. J. E., Son, E. J., Sonnenberg, J. A., Sorazu, B., Sorrentino, F., Souradeep, T., Spencer, A. P., Srivastava, A. K., Staley, A., Steinke, M., Steinlechner, J., Steinlechner, S., Steinmeyer, D., Stephens, B. C., Stone, R., Strain, K. A., Stratta, G., Strigin, S. E., Sturani, R., Stuver, A. L., Summerscales, T. Z., Sun, L., Sunil, S., Sutton, P. J., Swinkels, B. L., Szczepańczyk, M. J., Tacca, M., Talukder, D., Tanner, D. B., Tápai, M., Taracchini, A., Taylor, J. A., Taylor, R., Theeg, T., Thomas, E. G., Thomas, M., Thomas, P., Thorne, K. A., Thorne, K. S., Thrane, E., Tiwari, S., Tiwari, V., Tokmakov, K. V., Toland, K., Tonelli, M., Tornasi, Z., Torrie, C. I., Töyrä, D., Travasso, F., Traylor, G., Trifirò, D., Trinastic, J., Tringali, M. C., Trozzo, L., Tsang, K. W., Tse, M., Tso, R., Tuyenbayev, D., Ueno, K., Ugolini, D., Unnikrishnan, C. S., Urban, A. L., Usman, S. A., Vahlbruch, H., Vajente, G., Valdes, G., Vallisneri, M., Van Bakel, N., Van Beuzekom, M., Van Den Brand, J. F. J., Van Den Broeck, C., Vander-Hyde, D. C., Van Der Schaaf, L., Van Heijningen, J. V., Van Veggel, A. A., Vardaro, M., Varma, V., Vass, S., Vasúth, M., Vecchio, A., Vedovato, G., Veitch, J., Veitch, P. J., Venkateswara, K., Venugopalan, G., Verkindt, D., Vetrano, F., Viceré, A., Viets, A. D., Vinciguerra, S., Vine, D. J., Vinet, J. -Y., Vitale, S., Vo, T., Vocca, H., Vorvick, C., Voss, D. V., Vousden, W. D., Vyatchanin, S. P., Wade, A. R., Wade, L. E., Wade, M., Walet, R., Walker, M., Wallace, L., Walsh, S., Wang, G., Wang, H., Wang, J. Z., Wang, M., Wang, Y. -F., Wang, Y., Ward, R. L., Warner, J., Was, M., Watchi, J., Weaver, B., Wei, L. -W., Weinert, M., Weinstein, A. J., Weiss, R., Wen, L., Wessel, E. K., Weßels, P., Westphal, T., Wette, K., Whelan, J. T., Whiting, B. F., Whittle, C., Williams, D., Williams, R. D., Williamson, A. R., Willis, J. L., Willke, B., Wimmer, M. H., Winkler, W., Wipf, C. C., Wittel, H., Woan, G., Woehler, J., Wofford, J., Wong, K. W. K., Worden, J., Wright, J. L., Wu, D. S., Wu, G., Yam, W., Yamamoto, H., Yancey, C. C., Yap, M. J., Yu, Hang, Yu, Haocun, Yvert, M., Zadrożny, A., Zanolin, M., Zelenova, T., Zendri, J. -P., Zevin, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y. -H., Zhao, C., Zhou, M., Zhou, Z., Zhu, S. J., Zhu, X. J., Zucker, M. E., Zweizig, J., Buchner, S., Cognard, I., Corongiu, A., Freire, P. C. C., Guillemot, L., Hobbs, G. B., Kerr, M., Lyne, A. G., Possenti, A., Ridolfi, A., Shannon, R. M., Stappers, B. W., Weltevrede, P., The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, and (Astro)-Particles Physics
Subjects: Gravitational-wave observatory, Astronomy, Speed of gravity, General Physics and Astronomy, Tensors, stochastic gravitational-wave, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Strain, Gravitational field, gravitational waves, LIGO, Linearized gravity, Directed searches, TOOL, Theory of gravity, QC, QB, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], non-tensorial, Gravitational effects, article, Rotational frequency, Upper limits, Classical mechanics, Gravitational redshift, General Relativity, General relativity, Gravitational waves, pulsars, non-tensorial, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Gravity waves, Gravitational waves, Relativity, Physics and Astronomy (all), 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, Tensor polarization, 010306 general physics, Pulsars, polarization, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, 530 Physik, Nonsymmetric gravitational theory, gravity, Physics and Astronomy, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::530 | Physik, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: We present results from the first directed search for nontensorial gravitational waves. While general relativity allows for tensorial (plus and cross) modes only, a generic metric theory may, in principle, predict waves with up to six different polarizations. This analysis is sensitive to continuous signals of scalar, vector or tensor polarizations, and does not rely on any specific theory of gravity. After searching data from the first observation run of the advanced LIGO detectors for signals at twice the rotational frequency of 200 known pulsars, we find no evidence of gravitational waves of any polarization. We report the first upper limits for scalar and vector strains, finding values comparable in magnitude to previously-published limits for tensor strain. Our results may be translated into constraints on specific alternative theories of gravity., Comment: journal version
Published: 2018

33. Electric-Field-Controlled Magnetoelectric RAM: Progress, Challenges, and Scaling

Author: Cecile Grezes, Juan G. Alzate, Mustafa Akyol, Berthold Ocker, Xiang Li, Qi Hu, Hochul Lee, Pedram Khalili Amiri, Jordan A. Katine, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Jürgen Langer, Kang L. Wang, Farbod Ebrahimi, Guoqiang Yu, Qiming Shao, and Xue Qing Cai
Subjects: Physics, Magnetoresistance, business.industry, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Non-volatile memory, Magnetic anisotropy, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Electric field, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Crossbar switch, business, Scaling, Quantum tunnelling, Voltage
Abstract: We review the recent progress in the development of magnetoelectric RAM (MeRAM) based on electric-field-controlled writing in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). MeRAM uses the tunneling magnetoresistance effect for readout in a two-terminal memory element, similar to other types of magnetic RAM. However, the writing of information is performed by voltage control of magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) at the interface of an MgO tunnel barrier and the CoFeB-based free layer, as opposed to current-controlled (e.g., spin-transfer torque or spin-orbit torque) mechanisms. We present results on voltage-induced switching of MTJs in both resonant (precessional) and thermally activated regimes, which demonstrate fast ( $\sim 1.5{-}2~{\rm V}$ . We also discuss the implications of the VCMA-based write mechanism on memory array design, highlighting the possibility of crossbar implementation for high bit density. Results are presented from a 1 kbit MeRAM test array. Endurance and voltage scaling data are presented. The scaling behavior is analyzed, and material-level requirements are discussed for the translation of MeRAM into mainstream memory applications.
Published: 2015

34. Efficient Excitation of High-Frequency Exchange-Dominated Spin Waves in Periodic Ferromagnetic Structures

Author: Mohsen Yazdani, Kang L. Wang, Mohammad Montazeri, Abdon E. Sepulveda, Aryan Navabi, Qi Hu, Anthony Barra, Cai Chen, Guoqiang Yu, Pedram Khalili Amiri, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Mohammed Aldosary, Junxue Li, Jing Shi, and Gregory P. Carman
Subjects: Physics, Condensed matter physics, Spin polarization, Electromagnet, General Physics and Astronomy, Resonance, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Ferromagnetic resonance, law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Ferromagnetism, Spin wave, law, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Excitation
Abstract: Ferromagnetic resonance and spin waves have been used in miniaturized devices for rf and microwave applications, but large magnetic bias fields are required for the high frequencies at which most satellites operate, for example. Exploiting perpendicular standing spin waves in an innovative way, the authors excite spin-wave resonance at frequencies above 20 GHz with bias fields below 100 Oe, which can be realized with small, lightweight permanent magnets, or electromagnets with current sources that would not require cooling.
Published: 2017

35. Write Error Rate and Read Disturbance in Electric-Field-Controlled Magnetic Random-Access Memory

Author: Kang L. Wang, Jordan A. Katine, Pedram Khalili Amiri, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Cecile Grezes, Farbod Ebrahimi, Shaodi Wang, Jürgen Langer, Xiang Li, Hochul Lee, Berthold Ocker, Albert Lee, Puneet Gupta, University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), and University of California
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], business.industry, Electrical engineering, Process (computing), Word error rate, Kilobit, 02 engineering and technology, Function (mathematics), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Amplitude, CMOS, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, 0210 nano-technology, business, Pulse-width modulation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: We report experimental results on write error rate and read disturbance as a function of read/write pulse width and amplitude in electric-field-controlled magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). Results are shown for 50 nm perpendicular MTJs. We also design and simulate the performance of a 256 kilobit (Kbit) magneto-electric random-access memory (MeRAM) macro in a 28 nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, based on the measured MTJ device data. The results show that existing electric-field-controlled MTJs are capable of delivering write error rates below $10^{{-9}}$ for 10 ns total write and verify time and read disturbance below $10^{{-16}}$ for 2 ns read time in a 256 Kbit MeRAM array.
Published: 2017

36. The Effect of Goal Difficulty on Escalation of Commitment

Author: Jong Seok Lee, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, and Mark Keil
Subjects: Expectancy theory, Sociology and Political Science, Goal orientation, Strategy and Management, General Decision Sciences, Goal commitment, Goal attainment, Course of action, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Behavioral decision making, Valence (psychology), Psychology, Escalation of commitment, Social psychology, Applied Psychology
Abstract: Escalation of commitment to a failing course of action is a problem in behavioral decision making that occurs across a wide range of social contexts. In this research, we show that examining escalation of commitment from a goal setting theory perspective provides fresh insights into how goal difficulty influences escalation of commitment. Specifically, through a series of two experiments, we found a curvilinear relationship between goal difficulty and post-feedback goal commitment, which was mediated by valence and expectancy associated with goal attainment. In turn, it is commitment to goals that leads individuals to continue a previous course of action despite negative feedback.
Published: 2014

37. Free will is about choosing

Author: Gilad Feldman, Roy F. Baumeister, and Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: Volition (psychology), Freedom, Sociology and Political Science, Social Psychology, Free will, media_common.quotation_subject, Social reality, Choice, Perception, Link (knot theory), Psychology, Social psychology, media_common
Abstract: Expert opinions have yielded a wide and controversial assortment of conceptions of free will, but laypersons seem to associate free will more simply with making choices. We found that the more strongly people believed in free will, the more they liked making choices, the higher they rated their ability to make decisions (Study 1), the less difficult they perceived making decisions, and the more satisfied they were with their decisions (Study 2). High free will belief was also associated with more spontaneous associating of choice with freedom, and with the perception of actions as choices. Recalling choices (Study 3) and making choices (Study 4) led to a stronger endorsement of the belief in free will, with an additional effect for the level of choice involved. These findings suggest that the everyday social reality of beliefs about free will is a matter of how people think and feel about choice. ?? 2014 Elsevier Inc.
Published: 2014

38. Reducing and exaggerating escalation of commitment by option partitioning

Author: Jessica Y. Y. Kwong and Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: Adult, Class (computer programming), Mental accounting, Decision Making, Subjective expected utility, Decision maker, Partition (database), Microeconomics, Course of action, Young Adult, Economics, Humans, Operations management, Escalation of commitment, Priming (psychology), Applied Psychology
Abstract: Options under escalation situations can be presented as a general class (e.g., investing in electronic products) or be partitioned into disjunctive suboptions within that class (e.g., investing in MP3 players, portable TV game consoles, and other electronic products). Drawing from the theoretical bases of partition priming and mental accounting, this research found support from 4 experiments that (a) a decision maker's commitment to a failing course of action is exaggerated when the escalation options are partitioned into multiple suboptions, whereas such commitment is reduced when the alternative options are portioned into suboptions, and (b) these partitioning effects are mediated by the subjective utility, including subjective values and probability, of the escalation option.
Published: 2014

39. Age and Escalation of Commitment: An Adaptive Learning Approach

Author: Jessica Y. Y. Kwong and Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: media_common.quotation_subject, Contradiction, General Medicine, Adaptive learning, Psychology, Escalation of commitment, Social psychology, media_common
Abstract: Escalation of commitment has been understood to be opposite to the general principle of adaptive learning. This contradiction recently was conceptually resolved by Wong and Kwong (2018) with a seri...
Published: 2019

40. The Role of Regret in Institutional Persistence and Change

Author: Gavin M. Schwarz, Jessica Y. Y. Kwong, and Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: Persistence (psychology), Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Conformist, Institutionalisation, Strategy and Management, media_common.quotation_subject, Regret, Silence, Economics, Institution, Institutional theory, Social psychology, Meaning (linguistics), media_common
Abstract: This paper theorizes the impact of regret in institutional persistence and change. We articulate a framework modelling how decision-maker regret influences how organizations respond to institutional pressures. The extent to which individuals anticipate regret or deal with previous regrettable experiences leads to the choice of either isomorphic (i.e. more conformist) or non-isomorphic (i.e. less conformist) institutional outcomes. Identifying differences in this response connects regret to institutional arrangements, bringing the individual back to the institution. Doing so, the paper addresses the acknowledged lack of specific attention to micro-level meaning systems in institutional theory, and tangentially deals with the silence in regret research on broader institutional consequences. We conclude by discussing how regret demonstrates an alternative explanation of how divergent organizational responses can occur in similar institutional contexts.
Published: 2013

41. AGE AND ESCALATION OF COMMITMENT: AN ADAPTIVE LEARNING APPROACH.

Author: KIN FAI ELLICK WONG and KWONG, JESSICA Y. Y.
Published: 2019
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42. Manipulating Surface-Related Ferromagnetism in Modulation-Doped Topological Insulators

Author: Zhikun Xing, Yabin Fan, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Tianxiao Nie, Xufeng Kou, Robert N. Schwartz, Ying Jiang, Liang He, Yong Wang, Murong Lang, Kang L. Wang, Faxian Xiu, Wanjun Jiang, and Pramey Upadhyaya
Subjects: Surface (mathematics), Materials science, Surface Properties, Bioengineering, Selenium, symbols.namesake, Humans, Topological order, General Materials Science, Surface states, Condensed matter physics, Mechanical Engineering, Doping, Fermi level, Heterojunction, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Nanostructures, Ferromagnetism, Topological insulator, Magnets, symbols, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, Tellurium, Crystallization, Bismuth
Abstract: A new class of devices based on topological insulators (TI) can be achieved by the direct engineering of the time-reversal-symmetry (TRS) protected surface states. In the meantime, a variety of interesting phenomena are also expected when additional ferromagnetism is introduced to the original topological order. In this Letter, we report the magnetic responses from the magnetically modulation-doped (Bi(z)Sb(1-z))2Te3/Cr(x)(Bi(y)Sb(1-y))2Te3 bilayer films. By electrically tuning the Fermi level across the Dirac point, we show that the top TI surface carriers can effectively mediate the magnetic impurities and generate robust ferromagnetic order. More importantly, such surface magneto-electric effects can be either enhanced or suppressed, depending on the magnetic interaction range inside the TI heterostructures. The manipulation of surface-related ferromagnetism realized in our modulation-doped TI device is important for the realization of TRS-breaking topological physics, and it may also lead to new applications of TI-based multifunctional heterostructures.
Published: 2013

43. The Effect of Managerial Bias on Employees' Specific Human Capital Investments

Author: Kin Fai Ellick Wong and Heli Wang
Subjects: Labour economics, Public economics, Individual capital, Strategy and Management, Commit, Investment (macroeconomics), Human capital, Capital budgeting, Physical capital, Incentive, Management of Technology and Innovation, Business, Business and International Management, Escalation of commitment
Abstract: Contrary to the conventional belief that escalation of commitment by managers is detrimental, this study argues for its potential benefits. While firm-specific human capital is considered a critical element of knowledge-based resources that have the potential for superior firm performance, factors affecting the incentives for employees to make such investments are often overlooked. In the case of firms taking on risky projects, fear of project termination often reduces employees' incentives to make specific human capital investments. We argue that in this situation, the firms may find it desirable to commit to a lower probability of project termination in order to encourage the development of specific human capital by employees. Managers' escalation of commitment tendency may function as such a commitment mechanism. We find support for the key argument from the results of two experimental studies.
Published: 2012

44. Fair or Not Fair? The Effects of Numerical Framing on the Perceived Justice of Outcomes

Author: Jessica Y. Y. Kwong and Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: Framing (social sciences), Attendance rate, Prospect theory, Strategy and Management, Self, Perceived justice, Psychology, Distributive justice, Social psychology, Finance
Abstract: The authors draw on prospect theory and demonstrate that the perceived justice of an outcome is affected by the way numerical information is presented. Three experimental studies were conducted using five different samples, representing teachers, general employees, and future employees. People generally tend to see a bigger difference in the performance between the self versus another person when their performance components are presented in frames associated with small numbers (e.g., absence rate of 3% vs. 9%) than when they are presented in frames associated with large numbers (e.g., attendance rate of 97% vs. 91%). Despite the same objective performance difference (e.g., 6% in the above example), people expected different fair shares of rewards and evaluated justice of a given outcome differently across the two frames.
Published: 2012

45. Social influence of a coworker: A test of the effect of employee and coworker exchange ideologies on employees’ exchange qualities

Author: Kin Fai Ellick Wong, Seokhwa Yun, and Riki Takeuchi
Subjects: Social comparison theory, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Public relations, Social relation, Social information processing, Social exchange theory, Leadership style, Ideology, Obligation, Psychology, business, Social psychology, Applied Psychology, Social influence, media_common
Abstract: Integrating social comparison and social influence perspective within a social exchange theoretical framework, we examine how the exchange ideologies of employees and their coworkers affect the quality of the employees’ social exchanges. Drawing from social exchange theory, we hypothesize that the exchange ideology of a focal employee has a negative relationship with the quality of his/her social exchange with the organization (i.e., felt obligation) and the quality of his/her social exchange with a leader (i.e., leader–member exchange), both of which are related to task performance. Furthermore, we propose that a coworker close to the employee acts as a social referent and provides cues to exert influence on these relationships. Using data collected from 374 (employee–coworker–manager) triads in Hong Kong, we find support for the aforementioned relationships as well as the moderating roles of a coworker’s exchange ideology.
Published: 2011

46. Cognitive processes in evaluating reference letters

Author: James D. Werbel and Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Search theory, Process (engineering), Negative information, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Selection (linguistics), Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Sample (statistics), Cognition, Psychology, Social psychology, Cognitive psychology
Abstract: This study simultaneously evaluates confirmatory information search theory and dual-process theory in a selection process that uses reference letters as the evaluation tool. Confirmatory information search suggests that evaluators give attention to information that is congruent with first impressions. Dual-processes theory suggests that evaluators give attention to information that is incongruent with first impressions. Using a sample of undergraduate students, in two separate experiments, we found that a poor impression from the resume led to more positive information and less negative information searching in reference letters than did a good impression. These results of both experiments suggest that reference letter evaluators are likely to use cognitive processes associated with dual-process theory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: 2010

47. Erythroleukaemia-associated haemophagocytic syndrome

Author: C.S. Ng, Y. C. Chu, Kin Fai Ellick Wong, and J.K.C. Chan
Subjects: Male, Cytopenia, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell, business.industry, Hepatosplenomegaly, Hematology, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Lymphoma, hemic and lymphatic diseases, medicine, Humans, Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute, medicine.symptom, business, Histiocyte
Abstract: Reactive haemophagocytic syndrome (Chan et al. 1987) is a clinicopathologic entity characterized by systemic proliferation of benign haemophagocytic histiocytes, resulting in fever, hepatosplenomegaly and cytopenia. It has been reported to be associated with a wide variety of diseases, most notably infection and lymphoma. In this paper, we report a unique case of reactive haemophagocytic syndrome diagnosed at the initial presentation of erythroleukaemia.
Published: 2008

48. When Thinking Rationally Increases Biases: The Role of Rational Thinking Style in Escalation of Commitment

Author: Jessica Y. Y. Kwong, Carmen Kaman Ng, and Kin Fai Ellick Wong
Subjects: Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Developmental and Educational Psychology, Rationality, Psychology, Humanities, Social psychology, Escalation of commitment, Applied Psychology, Style (sociolinguistics)
Abstract: This paper reports three studies examining the relationship between the rational thinking style (RTS, i.e. individual differences in relying on a conscious, analytical, and relatively affect-free information processing system) and decision quality in an escalation situation. In contrast to conventional wisdom that rational thinking increases decision quality, but consistent with the predictions derived from the cognitive dissonance theory, results of Studies 1 and 2 revealed that high scorers in Pacini and Epstein's (1999) rationality inventory were more likely to have escalation bias than were low scorers. The results further showed that only the ability component of rationality, not the engagement component, was positively correlated with escalating commitment. Similar patterns of results were obtained for situations when participants were personally responsible for prior decisions (Study 1) and when they were not (Study 2). Results of Study 3 showed that the underlying process responsible for the effect of RTS on the escalating tendency is that RTS increases beliefs in prior decisions, which in turn increases escalation. Implications for our understanding of escalation of commitment, rationality theory, and managerial practices are discussed. Cet article rend compte de 3 etudes examinant la relation entre le style de pensee rationnelle (RTS i.e. les differences individuelles reposent sur un systeme de traitement de l’information consciente, analytique et relativement libre d’affects) et la qualite de la decision dans une situation d’escalade d’engagement. Contrairement a l’opinion communement admise pour laquelle la pensee rationnelle accroit la qualite de la decision, mais consistante avec les predictions decoulant de la theorie de la dissonance cognitive, les resultats des etudes 1 et 2 indiquent que des personnes obtenant un score elevea l’Inventaire Rationnel-Experientiel de Pacini et Esptein (1999) sont plus enclines a tomber dans le piege de l’escalade d’engagement que celles dont le score est bas. D’autres resultats montrent que la capacitea la rationalite, non celle a l’engagement, est positivement correlee avec l’escalade d’engagement. Des resultats semblables sont obtenus lors de situations ou les participants sont personnellement responsables de leurs decisions anterieures (Etude 1) ou non (Etude 2). Les resultats de l’etude 3 montrent que le processus responsable de l’effet du RTS sur la tendance a s’engager est le suivant: il accroit les croyances dans les decisions anterieures qui augmentent a leur tour l’engagement. Ces resultats nous permettent de mieux comprendre l’escalade d’engagement, la theorie rationnelle et les pratiques manageriales.
Published: 2008

49. The role of ratio differences in the framing of numerical information

Author: Kin Fai Ellick Wong and Jessica Y. Y. Kwong
Subjects: Marketing, LOOM, Welfare economics, Loss aversion, Econometrics, Economics, Anchoring, Framing effect, computer, computer.programming_language
Abstract: It is well documented that presentation of qualitatively equivalent information in different frames has considerable impacts on consumer preferences and evaluations. In this research, we demonstrate a type of framing effects that targets numerical information of an attribute. In three experiments, we find that the perceived differences between two options loom larger when equivalent attribute information is expressed in a large ratio frame than when it is expressed in a small ratio frame. Moreover, preferences shift toward an option when its superior attribute is presented in a large rather than a small ratio condition. We also show that this framing effect goes beyond the effects of loss aversion and those of numerical anchoring.
Published: 2006

50. Poster Session-Basic Science Including Genomics and Proteomics

Author: Kin Fai Ellick Wong, ST Fan, and Jmc Luk
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_compound, Hepatology, biology, Stereochemistry, Chemistry, Triptonide, Gastroenterology, Organic chemistry, Tripterygium wilfordii, Triptolide, Mixed lymphocyte reaction, biology.organism_classification
Published: 2006

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