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Migratory birds often have tightly scheduled annual cycles, in which a delay in one event can have carry-over effects on the timing of later events, which may ultimately impact reproductive output. We utilize a large-scale study system to investigate carry-over effects in timing: the variation in annual schedules of individual Arctic SkuasStercorarius parasiticusat 12 breeding sites between East Greenland and West Siberia in relation to their use of seven widely divergent wintering areas across the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean. We studied whether migration schedules differ among breeding populations as a function of their choice of wintering areas, and predicted that migrations over larger distances, with tighter schedules, would provide less room for compensating delays. Breeding at higher latitudes led not only to later timing of reproduction and migration, but also to different allocation of time to different phases, with faster spring migration and shorter time between return to the breeding area and clutch initiation. In contrast, breeding latitude had no effect on the duration of autumn migration and wintering period. Wintering area was consistent within individuals among years and had an additive effect on annual schedules, with more distant areas associated with more time spent on migration and less time spent in the wintering areas. Tracked skuas were able to adjust the period spent in the non-breeding area, regardless of the distance from the colony, which generally buffered the variation in timing of autumn migration. Despite individual variation in migration distances of thousands of km, skuas from the same population arrived largely synchronously at their breeding area. The lack of a consistent effect of migration distance on timing of return to the breeding grounds indicates that individuals synchronize their arrival with others in their population despite extensive individual differences in migration strategies.

Lienee hyvinkin selvää, että Venäjän toiminnassa helmikuusta 2022 lähtien toteutuu kansainvälisoikeudellisesti määritelty, YK:n peruskirjan vastainen hyökkäysrikos. Venäjä ei ole edes yrittänyt väittää, että sillä olisi hyökkäyssotaan oikeutus, jollei sellaisena pidetä täysin epämääräisiä väitteitä siitä, että Itä-Ukrainassa toteutettiin venäläisväestöön kohdistuvaa kansanmurhaa. Rikosvastuun toteuttaminen tästä hyökkäysrikoksesta tulee kuitenkin olemaan vaikeaa ja epätodennäköistä, jollei Venäjällä valta ensin vaihdu. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan kansainvälisen rikosoikeuden kehitystä ja merkitystä sekä Venäjän oikeusvaltiollisuuden alamäkeä. Non

European Union (EU) law is known for its strong emphasis on effectivity and more generally for its instrumental character. This is not foreign even to European criminal law, a feature which creates some tension between the EU criminal law and criminal law in the national setting. EU Framework Decisions and Directives often require the Member States to criminalize certain forms of conduct with sanctions that are ‘Effective, Dissuasive and Proportionate’. In this article, I try to show that it would be timely to look at EU criminal law from an alternative point of view, as a more mature law. I call this a legitimacy-based approach. Such a reading would ease some of these tensions. It would also be helpful in developing a criminal policy for the EU, a policy which would be realistic and pragmatic. And it would be easier to look at EU criminal law from the point of view of justice. In order to get there, we need to see where the (current) narrow deterrence argument gets is wrong or one-sided. Some social theory is needed in order to make the point.

BackgroundPopulations living in fragmented habitats may suffer from loss of genetic variation and reduced between-patch dispersal, which are processes that can result in genetic differentiation. This occurs frequently in species with reduced mobility, whereas genetic differentiation is less common among mobile species such as migratory birds. The high dispersal capacity in the latter species usually allows for gene flow even in fragmented landscapes. However, strongly philopatric behaviour can reinforce relative isolation and the degree of genetic differentiation. The Southern Dunlin (Calidris alpina schinzii) is a philopatric, long-distance migratory shorebird and shows reduced dispersal between isolated breeding patches. The endangered population of the Southern Dunlin breeding at the Baltic Sea has suffered from habitat deterioration and fragmentation of coastal meadows. We sampled DNA across the entire population and used 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci to examine whether the environmental changes have resulted in genetic structuring and loss of variation.ResultsWe found a pattern of isolation-by-distance across the whole Baltic population and genetic differentiation between local populations, even within the southern Baltic. Observed heterozygosity was lower than expected throughout the range and internal relatedness values were positive indicating inbreeding.ConclusionsOur results provide long-term, empirical evidence for the theoretically expected links between habitat fragmentation, population subdivision, and gene flow. They also demonstrate a rare case of genetic differentiation between populations of a long-distance migratory species. The Baltic Southern Dunlin differs from many related shorebird species that show near panmixia, reflecting its philopatric life history and the reduced connectivity of its breeding patches. The results have important implications as they suggest that reduced connectivity of breeding habitats can threaten even long-distance migrants if they show strong philopatry during breeding. The Baltic Southern Dunlin warrants urgent conservation efforts that increase functional connectivity and gene flow between breeding areas.

The arctic skua (Stercorarius parasiticus) is one of the most long‐lived bird species. In 2010, we captured in Finland an adult, female arctic skua which had been ringed as a nestling in 1987. We tagged it also with a color ring. The bird has last been seen in July 2020 at the age of 33 years, making it most likely the oldest known arctic skua of the world. In 2010–2011 the bird carried a light‐level measuring geolocator, the data of which revealed that the bird had spent the nonbreeding season in the Canary Current area on the west coast of Africa. Breeding populations of arctic skuas have declined recently especially in British Isles, thus it is useful to get longevity data of this species with a high breeding site fidelity., Arctic skuas (Stercorarius parasiticus) are one of the most long‐lived bird species. In Satakunta, Finland is breeding a female that was ringed as a nestling in 1987, meaning that it is now 33 years old. In 2010–2011 the bird carried a light‐level measuring geolocator, so we know that it spends the non‐breeding season in the Canary Current area by the west coast of Africa.

Recent developments in legal and social theory have rendered it necessary to define what we mean by justice and rule of law. Marcelo Neves has contributed to the theory of a rule of law state, for instance, by assessing the merits of Habermasian thought using, a. o., tools of the social systems theory. In this article I will discuss the problem, identified by Neves, that a rule of law state does not always emerge naturally. He talks about the deficiences known in 'peripheric modernity'. As regards development studies, legal issues have made their way onto the agendas since rule of law, democracy and human rights are relevant for realizing almost any social development goal. I will discuss the recent developments on a global level by using materials also from law and development studies. Even more than the Rawlsian or Habermasian concept of justice, the work of Amartya Sen has been influential in these debates. Sen has presented his pragmatic and comparative view about justice as an alternative to the comprehensive theoretical models which cannot be met in the context of the developing countries. The role of rule of law and justice in the development of the societies is further underlined when taken into account of the grand challenges of today. In this article we discuss the role of rule of law as part of UN Sustainable Development Goals (Agenda 2030) and also present the work done by the so-called Venice Commission in this area. One important observation is that the rule of law needs to be embedded in the culture of the society. We face a paradox: in order for the law to work properly, we need to develop a non-instrumental approach towards it

Nordic criminal justice systems are based on shared histories and traditions, common model of society (Nordic Welfare State), as well as over 50-year co-operation in legal issues. For some periods, Finland, however, has followed its own paths, as a result of severe political crises in first part of the 20th century. This period was followed by a profound revisions of criminal law and a dramatic decrease in the use of imprisonment in 1960–1990s from over 150–60 prisoners/100,000 population. These experiences are worthwhile to study when most countries are still experiencing increasing incarceration rates. And so are the underlying principles of Nordic penal policy, which still rest on the values of Nordic Welfare State and the idea that social policy is the best criminal policy.

China is increasingly aware of the role and potential it can have to influence the world development. This has led it to reconsider and develop foreign policies, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) being a new flagship of them. The economic tone in China’s foreign policy has given it a soft flavor.

Supernormal clutches are found across bird species. Such clutches often result from more than one female laying eggs in the same nest and can reflect different behaviours from parasitism to laying mistakes. Enlarged clutches are readily visible among waders due to a maximum maternal clutch size of four eggs, yet surprisingly little is known about this phenomenon. Since supernormal clutches are rare, large sample sizes are required to reliably quantify their natural frequencies. We used a large dataset to estimate the frequency of supernormal clutches in the polygamous Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii and the monogamous Southern Dunlin C. alpina schinzii, and examine the timing of supernormal clutches in relation to the general distribution of nest initiation dates. While supernormal clutches were very rare, they were over four times more common in the Temminck's Stint (0.50%, n = 1594) than in the Southern Dunlin (0.11%, n = 2766). Dunlin show among the lowest frequency of supernormal clutches reported for waders. In the Temminck's Stint, supernormal clutches were found in the middle of the season, while in the Southern Dunlin such clutches occurred in late season replacement nests. The higher rate and timing of enlarged clutches in Temminck's Stints probably relates to the lspecies' breeding system, which can include simultaneous courtship of multiple partners, but more work is needed to assess the relative influence of different factors. We argue that intraspecific nest parasitism is unlikely to be a primary reproductive tactic in small sandpipers.

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In the article, the author describes the history of the formation of constitutional legislation in Finland and, in particular, notes the key events and participants in the process of constitutionalism in the country. The author describes the Finnish arrangement for monitoring that the adopted laws comply with the Finnish constitution and its provisions of fundamental rights as well as the human rights obligations of Finland. Of particular importance in the article is the description of the development of the institution of fundamental human rights and freedoms, their form of consolidation in the legislation, as well as the shrinking role of customary law. The author emphasizes the important role of the provisions of the Constitution not only in guaranteeing the realization of rights and freedoms, but also in providing guidance for the subsequent development of legislative regulation on various fields of law, including the rights and duties relating to providing of a healthy environment.

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Since incidents of terrorism have escalated around the world, the international community has become increasingly focused on ensuring that national criminal justice systems are well-equipped to deal with the issues raised. Despite the great willingness and growing consensus among states to reform and further develop the legal strategies of their respective criminal justice systems, this process has confronted many challenges. The author examines international and regional efforts to harmonize rules addressing terrorism at international, regional and national levels.

In December 2017, readers of the largest and maybe also the most esteemed Finnish newspaper, Helsingin Sanomat, were surprised to find an article which, among others, showed excerpts of classified, red-labelled documents. The long article described the operations of a special center, part of the military intelligence, called Viestikoekeskus, which was specialized in military signal intelligence. Very little was publicly known about the workings of that center situated in a faraway resort. More than five years later, on January 27th, 2023, the Helsinki District Court found both of the journalists guilty of criminal disclosure charges. It took, however, the special circumstances of the case into account. The key journalist was sentenced to a 50 day-fine units only, even though the Penal Code provided an imprisonment sentence of not less than four months. The assistant journalist went unpunished. The superior person was considered not guilty. Both parties have appealed so that the decision is not final yet. Non

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