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Purpose- This study is to investigate the firm risk-taking which influence by managerial of stock option. Methodology- The empirical analysis of multiple regressions with a robustness test of OLS and STATA software were used in this study. In order to make our findings more practically and reliable, more robust tests have been applied, such as Fixed Effect Model with cluster standard error, Propensity Score Matching Model (PSM) and Dummy Effect Model. Findings- stock option processing management has a significant positive impact on firm risk taking, market to book value, firm leverage, block-holder, asset turnover and portfolio have significant positive effects on firm risk taking. Firm size and state ownership have a significant negative impact on firm risk taking. Board does not influence on firm risk. It suggests top managers tend to use their power in managerial operation of stock option to manipulate earnings through employee stock option schemes, which causes companies to face high risk. Last result revealed that state ownership is helping to keep an eye on the corporation operation as a monitoring person. Conclusion- Based on the results, this study delivered essential implication policy for investors, regulators, top manager as well as governance to take action in order to improve equity incentive system more effectively as well as to build healthier security markets in the world.

Background Dengue fever is a major public health concern in Cambodia, with thousands of cases every year in urban, suburban and rural areas of the country. The main vector of dengue fever in Cambodia is Aedes aegypti. The organophosphate larvicide temephos and adulticides belonging to the pyrethroid family have been widely used for decades by public health authorities to fight dengue vectors, but resistance of Ae. aegypti to these insecticides has been previously described for Cambodia. Methods In order to adapt the vector control strategy presently used in Cambodia, we tested 14 adulticides belonging to the carbamate, organochlorine, organophosphate, and pyrethroid insecticide families and three larvicides [temephos, spinosad and Bacillus thuringiensis ser. israelensis (Bti)] belonging to three different insecticide families (organophosphates, spinosyns and entomopathogenic bacteria). The standard procedures used here to test the adults and larvae of an Ae. aegypti population from Phnom Penh followed World Health Organization guidelines. Results For adults, high mortality rates were observed with carbamate, organophosphate and organochlorine (with the exception of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) insecticides (i.e. between 87.6 and 100%), while low mortality rates were observed with all of the tested pyrethroid insecticides (i.e. between 1 and 35%). For larvae, no resistance against Bti was detected [resistance ratio (RR90 90 Conclusions The results of this study indicate that (i) Bti should be considered a serious alternative to temephos for the control of Ae. aegypti larvae; and (ii) the carbamate adulticides propoxur and bendiocarb should be employed instead of the widely used pyrethroid insecticides for the control of adult Ae. aegypti on land under mosaic farming and crop rotation in Cambodia, as the insects were found to be resistant to the latter types of insecticide. Research focusing on insecticide resistance and innovative and effective vector control strategies should be undertaken as a public health priority in Cambodia. Graphical abstract