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The use of elite power and the occurrence of racial discrimination and animosity are the two basic characteristic of the southern political economy that have resulted in low levels of unionization, with North Carolina having the lowest percentage of unionization of the Southern states. Analysis from the models of unionization in 100 counties across North Carolina shows that foreign competition, automation and the lack of organizational facilities are the main inhibitors of southern unionism.

Hemocyanins are the primary oxygen transporting proteins in arthropods. In some species, hemocyanin is produced in glandular tissues and secreted into the hemolymph, while in others, including Limulus polyphemus, specialized cells (cyanocytes) are thought to be responsible for hemocyanin synthesis. Although the structure, composition and functions of L polyphemus hemocyanin has been extensively studied, little is known about the location or origin of the cyanocytes, beyond Fahrenbachs report of cyanocytes in the sinus spaces associated with the compound eyes. In a previous study, clusters of hemocyanin containing cells were identified in the coxal regions of each pair of legs in trilobite larvae (Kimble et al., 200X, in review). In this study, we have begun analyzing staged trilobite larvae to understand the dynamics of hemocyanin synthesis and accumulation in the newly hatched larvae. Preliminary results suggest that hemocyanin synthesis begins at about the time of hatching. Larvae fixed within 24 hrs of hatching have very few cyanocytes and the cells stain only weakly with the anti-hemocyanin antibody. By the fourth day post-hatching, the number of antibody positive cells has increased significantly and the individual cells stain more intensely. These results are consistent with a model in which the accumulation of both cyanocytes and hemocyanin is linked to the molting cycle, as has been observed in other arthropod species.

The overall structure and function of hemocyanins, the primary oxygen transporting proteins in arthropods, is similar in different species, however, the site of protein synthesis varies substantially. In some species, hemocyanin is produced in glandular tissues and secreted into the hemolymph, while in others, including Limulus polyphemus, specialized cells (cyanocytes) are thought to be responsible for hemocyanin synthesis. In these species, the hemocyanin accumulates and assembles into intra-cytoplasmic crystals that eventually fill the extra-nuclear space of the cells. Release of the hemocyanin appears to be accomplished by cell lysis and crystal disassembly. Although the structure, composition and functions of L polyphemus hemocyanin has been extensively studied, little is known about the location or origin of the cyanocytes, beyond Fahrenbachs report of cyanocytes in the sinus spaces associated with the compound eyes. Using a polyclonal anti-hemocyanin antibody, we have identified dusters of cells that stain for hemocyanin in trilobite larvae. The largest dusters are located within the coxal regions of each pair of legs, while smaller clusters of cells are observed adjacent to the foregut. Electron microscopy of the coxal regions of the legs revealed cells containing hemocyanin-like crystals, suggesting that the antibody positive cells are immature cyanoblasts. Supported in part by the USF-RC (MK), and the NSF (PBA) grant #0344360.

Objective: University and college health and counseling centers frequently warn female students about the red zone-a period early in a student's first year at college during which she may be at higher risk for unwanted sexual experiences (UWS). The authors designed this study to assess temporal risk for UWS in 1st- and 2nd-year college women. Participants and Methods: In March 2006, the authors randomly selected 50 first-year and 52 second-year students (representing one-sixth of each class year) to complete a modified Sexual Experiences Survey. Results: First-year women were at higher risk for UWS than were second-year women-particularly, early in the fall semester. The authors observed a significant linear effect during participants' combined first years in school, with more reports of UWS occurring early in the year. Conclusion: This study provides support for a red zone and highlights the need for investigating local norms for UWS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a major public health concern among African American men and women, as well as other minority groups in the United States and abroad. Although the incidence of HIV has decreased across all racial backgrounds, African Americans are disproportionately impacted. Los Angeles County Department of Public Health reports that there is an increase in high-risk sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) living with AIDS in Los Angeles County. Despite available data on the increase incidence of MSM living with AIDS, there is no available data linking this population with the increase incidence of African American women living with HIV/AIDS (CDC, 2006) However, a published review of 24 articles did determine that black MSM are more likely than MSM of other racial or ethnic groups to be bisexually active or identified and compared to white MSM are less likely to disclose their bisexual or homosexual activities to others. (Millet, et al. 2005) As reported, men who have sex with men and women ( MSMW )make up 2% of the overall population of black men. (Millet, et al, 2005) The heterosexual transmission of HIV is a growing problem for women and often women do not know how their partners acquired HIV (Montgomery, et al. 2003). Further, at least one study reports that given the high prevalence of HIV in the black community and the greater likelihood of bisexuality among black men, black women are at increased risk for HIV infection (Millett, et al., 2005). Public health professionals must have a full understanding of the sexual behavior and practices in the African American community to develop and implement appropriate evidence-based interventions at the individual, community, and systems level. The purpose of this article, then, is to educate nurses, particularly public nurses, about the phenomenon- 'down low' so they can design more effective HIV prevention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]