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182 results on '"Kimber, G."'

1. Fatal non-accidental pediatric cranial fracture risk and three-layered cranial architecture development

Author

Boyd, Donna C., Cheek, Kimber G., Boyd, C. Clifford, Boyd, Donna C., Cheek, Kimber G., and Boyd, C. Clifford

Abstract

This study examines the influence of three-layered cranial architecture development upon blunt force trauma (BIT) cranial outcomes associated with pediatric non-accidental injury (NAI). Macroscopic and microscopic metric and morphological comparisons of subadult crania ranging from perinatal to 17years of age chronicle the ontogenetic development and spatial and temporal variability in the emergence of a mature cranial architecture. Cranial vault thickness increases with subadult age, accelerating in the first 2 years of life due to rapid brain growth during this period. Three-layer differentiation of the cranial tables and diplod initiates by 3-6 months but is not consistently observed until 18 months to 2 years; diploe formation is not well developed until after age 4 and does not manifest a mature appearance until after age 8. These results allow topographic documentation of cortical and diploic development and temporal and spatial variability across the growing cranium. The lateral cranial vault is identified as expressing delayed development and reduced expression of the three-layer architecture, a pattern that continues into adulthood. Comparison of fracture locations from known BFT pediatric cases with identified cranial fracture high-risk impact regions shows a concordance and suggests the presence of a higher fracture risk associated with non-accidental BFT in the lateral vault region in subadults below the age of 2. The absence or lesser development of a three-layered architecture in subadults leaves their cranial bones, particularly in the lateral vault, thin and vulnerable to the effects of BFT.

Published
2023

2. Journal of Forensic Sciences

Author

Donna C. Boyd, Kimber G. Cheek, and C. Clifford Boyd

Subjects
three-layer cranial architecture, blunt force trauma, pediatric non-accidental injury, forensic anthropology, fracture risk, Genetics, ontogenetic development, Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Abstract

This study examines the influence of three-layered cranial architecture development upon blunt force trauma (BIT) cranial outcomes associated with pediatric non-accidental injury (NAI). Macroscopic and microscopic metric and morphological comparisons of subadult crania ranging from perinatal to 17years of age chronicle the ontogenetic development and spatial and temporal variability in the emergence of a mature cranial architecture. Cranial vault thickness increases with subadult age, accelerating in the first 2 years of life due to rapid brain growth during this period. Three-layer differentiation of the cranial tables and diplod initiates by 3-6 months but is not consistently observed until 18 months to 2 years; diploe formation is not well developed until after age 4 and does not manifest a mature appearance until after age 8. These results allow topographic documentation of cortical and diploic development and temporal and spatial variability across the growing cranium. The lateral cranial vault is identified as expressing delayed development and reduced expression of the three-layer architecture, a pattern that continues into adulthood. Comparison of fracture locations from known BFT pediatric cases with identified cranial fracture high-risk impact regions shows a concordance and suggests the presence of a higher fracture risk associated with non-accidental BFT in the lateral vault region in subadults below the age of 2. The absence or lesser development of a three-layered architecture in subadults leaves their cranial bones, particularly in the lateral vault, thin and vulnerable to the effects of BFT. Published version

Published
2022

40. Curvilinear fractures in burned remains: an assessment of the relationship between fracture convexity and fire directionality

Author

Cheek, Kimber G

Subjects
Biological anthropology, burned remains, thermal fracture pattern, Biological and Physical Anthropology
Abstract

Burned remains present a challenge for forensic anthropologists due to the variable nature of fires, the unique way fires impact remains, and the impact of heat changes on the analysis of the remains. A topic of extensive study is the fracture patterns seen in burned remains. Curvilinear fractures are one type of fracture that was originally discussed in the context of studying the preburned state of remains (Baby, 1954; Binford, 1963; Buikstra and Swegle, 1989). These fractures are thought to be created through the kinetic energy generated as muscles shrink and pull on the periosteum, fracturing the bone below (Symes et al., 2008). The convexity of the curvilinear fracture has been theorized to indicate the direction heat moved along bone and, more specifically, points towards the direction of the heat source (Pope, 2007; Symes et al., 2008). To assess the relationship between fracture convexity and fire directionality, the limbs of four sheep were burned in pairs with the dorsal side down and the caudal end away from the origin of the fire. During the burns, video footage was recorded and observation notes were taken. Qualitative observations were summarized using the burn notes, videos, and recovered bones. These observations documented the pattern of limb destruction and movement, color and uniformity of the burn pattern per bone, and all instances of curvilinear fractures and the direction of these fractures. A total of 18 curvilinear fractures were seen on 17 of the 56 bones examined. Of these 18 fractures, 14 were convex distally which was the predicted direction and four were convex proximally. An a posteriori power analysis was conducted and found that a sample size of 32 would be needed for a repetition of this study to have high power and effect size. In this preliminary study, conclusions suggest that curvilinear fractures are not related to fire directionality but likely indicate how heat moves along a bone. With a larger sample size, there are many avenues to further assess how curvilinear fractures are created and what information they can contribute to the anthropological analysis of burned remains.

Published
2022

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