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This research examines how new aesthetics have been used to share cultural values across different eras in Western and Eastern cultures, including the ancient, medieval, modern capitalist, and Marxist communist periods. Three aesthetic approaches--aesthetic concepts, state of mind, and aesthetic objects--are used to analyze evidence of new aesthetic experiences through architecture, visual arts, and literature with the support of philosophies to argue that new aesthetics are as integral to the organic completion of the human condition in societies as changes in idealism. To present evidence of the aesthetics, in the ancient period, this research uses the "Odyssey" epic by Homer. In the medieval period, Gothic and Hindu architecture show how two religious contexts, influenced by different ideologies, created new aesthetic influences. The art of the Tang Dynasty in China and "The Tale of Genji" in Japan complement the philosophical discussion on how the new aesthetics in the East arose. "Hadji Murat," a literary work by Leo Tolstoy, presents new aesthetic heroism contexts. In the modern period, artworks by Edvard Munch and Pablo Picasso represent the individual's right to free speech and reflect capitalist contexts. Meanwhile, artworks by the Russian Soviet and Chinese artists Kliment Redko and Luo Zhongli represent Marxist aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A change in cultural values is partly dependent on economic, science, and technology developments. This article examines how the local cultural values of Italy (15th-18th centuries), France (19th-20th centuries), and the global world cultural values (20th-21st centuries) have left significant imprints on the transformation of traditional values in the visual arts and architecture. Employing Rokeach's theory of human values and Schwartz's theory of basic human values and by using qualitative methods and an ethnographic approach, this research references artworks to argue that these three periods in history represent value changes among different social groups. In Italy, where natural philosophy and science clashed with religion, the bourgeois class determined cultural value transformation via educational institutions. In France, economic and political reforms resulted in new social classes, and the dominance of labor and social democracy led to changes in values. In the global local cultures of the twenty-first century, technologies are playing a vital part in changing local cultures, contributing to changes in geopolitical alignments and leading to local social collective actions due to migration. In the context of globalization, this article explains how global cultural values become part of national values and how cultural transmission establishes global cultural values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how multiple splendid architectural forms and art treasures no longer exist because great cultures are disappearing from our world. The number of extinct local cultures is increasing worldwide. This research investigates what causes local cultures to undergo crises and become extinct. Using qualitative methods and an ethnographic approach, this research examines how architectural and art styles represent cultural development and analyses how the strength and weakness of religious leadership can determine a culture's stability and contribute to its traumatic periods in history. A case study is presented of the now extinct Cham culture. The case study examines how religious sculptures and temple buildings, as cultural symbols and spirits, reveal how the Cham religious political leadership determined their cultural development. Between the second century and the fourteenth century (1306), the Champa Empire developed in quite stable affluence; it was during this period that the Empire was in its own environment. However, after the fourteenth century, the environment changed as a result of the influence of multiculturalism, and the Cham Brahman-Hindu religious political leaders (kings) were not able to support their citizens in the new cultural settings. This article argues that religious leadership roles in the context of religion impact on how a local culture develops, particularly in a multicultural environment. The research question is, "What causes a local cultural crisis, and how do art and architectural forms expose a local cultural extinction?". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]