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This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro performance in detecting caries around composite restorations in permanent posterior teeth and the impact of treatment decisions of two visual criteria: International Dental Federation (FDI) criteria and the Caries Associated with Restorations and Sealants (CARS) system. The correlation among secondary caries and the presence of gap measured with a three-dimensional (3D) intraoral scanner was also aimed. One hundred sixteen teeth were assessed by a trained and calibrated examiner according to the FDI criteria or CARS system. A second examiner measured the gap on the 3D models using specific software. The reference standard was the histological examination performed by a third examiner blind to the other evaluations. Other 30 extracted permanent teeth were used only to assess the reproducibility of the methods. The same random sample was selected for re-examination by all three methods, and there were seven days between the examinations. Unweighted and weighted kappa tests were conducted to assess intra-examiner reproducibility. Spearman’s correlation coefficient (Rho) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated between the histological examination and scores obtained with FDI criteria, CARS system and treatment decisions. Spearman correlation between the visual and scanner evaluation with the reference standard was performed. Spearman’s rank correlation analyses were conducted independently between the gap evaluated and measured by the visual inspection with the gap assessed using the scanner. The reproducibility of the visual score systems reached high values. Spearman’s correlation coefficients (Rho; 95%CI) between the following variables versus histology were: FDI presence of caries (0.65; 0.53 to 0.74); CARS scores (0.65; 0.52 to 0.74); FDI treatment decision (0.46; 0.31 to 0.59); and CARS treatment decision (0.62; 0.49 to 0.72). Rho (95%CI) between histology and the gap assessment by the visual inspection was 0.59 (0.45 to 0.70), with the gap measurement by the visual inspection was 0.49 (0.33 to 0.62), and the gap measured by the scanner was 0.37 (0.18 to 0.53). Both visual criteria present similar performance in detecting caries. The correlation among treatment decisions is moderate for the FDI and CARS criteria, and both are moderately correlated with lesion depth, with a slight CARS superiority. However, visual examination presents better performance than the 3D intraoral scanner on gap size assessment

Item does not contain fulltext This is a delayed-type cross-sectional prospective accuracy study nested in a randomized clinical trial. The aim was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of two visual criteria for caries lesions detection around restorations in primary teeth: the International Dental Federation (FDI) criteria, considering adaptation, staining, and the presence of caries, and the Caries Associated with Restorations and Sealants (CARS) system. For this, one examiner made the diagnosis and subsequent treatment decision using visual assessment in 163 children (3-10 years old) with both FDI and CARS criteria. The order of criteria used was defined by randomization. The reference standard was composed of two approaches: (1) the presence of carious tissue after restoration removal and (2) the presence of caries lesions after 6 and 12 months of follow-up. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy parameters were calculated at the dentin threshold. Poisson multilevel regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of the diagnostic methods and other explanatory variables with the outcomes. Of the 651 restorations included, 480 were evaluated by the reference standard methods and were analyzed. The CARS system presented higher accuracy (0.721) than those obtained with FDI recurrence of caries (0.702), FDI marginal adaptation (0.700), and FDI marginal staining criteria (0.681). The FDI marginal staining showed the study's lowest sensitivity (0.280) and accuracy (0.681) values. The specificity values of FDI recurrence of caries and FDI marginal adaptation were lower than the CARS system. Restorations assessed after the follow-up period resulted in lower sensitivity but higher specificity than those replaced after initial evaluation. In conclusion, the CARS system is more accurate in detecting caries around restorations in primary teeth than the FDI system, in general. However, the FDI recurrence of caries and FDI marginal adaptation present similar performance to the CARS system when the dentin threshold is considered. On the other hand, marginal staining is not an accurate parameter to evaluate caries around restorations.

Sparse data is available concerning the distribution of decayed, extracted, filled/decayed, missing, filled tooth surfaces (defs/DMFS) and the impact of influencing risk factors in Moscow. We thus aimed to measure caries experience and to estimate its associations with relevant risk factors in schoolchildren.Data was obtained from 1004 schoolchildren aged 7-17. The clinical examination included the status of dental plaque, gingival bleeding and caries experience; defs/DMFS. The questionnaire was introduced to the children/parents, in order to measure socioeconomic and behavioural variables. The Fisher Exact test and chi-squared test were used to assess statistical significance of the distribution of the variables among groups. Bivariate and general estimating equations (GEE) analyses were applied to estimate the relative effect of the independent variables on the outcomes defined as median defs and median DMFS.The median defs and median DMFS varied among age groups. In the primary dentition, the bivariate analyses showed association between median defs and gender, plaque, toothache, self-satisfaction with the appearance of teeth, and intake of milk with sugar were associated (p0.05). The multivariate analyses revealed that the median defs was lower in girls (OR = 0.9) and children with evidence of no plaque (OR = 0.7)/thin plaque (OR = 0.8), (p ≤ 0.002). In the permanent dentition, the bivariate analyses showed association between median DMFS and plaque, gingival bleeding, healthy dentition, use of toothpicks/dental floss, intake of biscuits etc, soft drinks and jam/honey, and education of the child's mother (p ≤ 0.02). Only gingival bleeding after probing (OR = 1.2) and higher education level of the mothers (OR = 0.9) were associated with the median DMFS in the multivariate analyses (p0.05).Clinical, socioeconomic and behavioural determinants were identified to influence caries in primary and permanent dentition in schoolchildren in Moscow. The findings might provide a reliable basis for improvements and education programmes in oral health promotion for children and adolescents.

To evaluate the clinical performance of impedance spectroscopy, laser fluorescence, and bitewing radiographs in detecting occlusal caries and compare them with visual scores.In 62 adults, one occlusal surface per person was selected and independently examined by two examiners using the visual ICDAS scoring system, CarieScan PRO (ACIS), DIAGNOdent pen (LF-pen), and bitewing radiographs. The procedures were repeated within 1 to 4 weeks. The diagnostic performance was expressed as sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, accuracy, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) using ICDAS as gold standard. Intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility was assessed with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) for numerical results and kappa values for categorical data. Five patients dropped out due to no-shows or restorative care.In total, 54% of the teeth had early or no lesions (ICDAS 0 to 2) while 46% exhibited moderate to extensive lesions (ICDAS 3 to 5). The Spearman correlation coefficients were 0.65, 0.60, and 0.71 for ICDAS vs ACIS, LF-pen, and bitewing radiographs, respectively. ACIS demonstrated high specificity and positive predictive values but low sensitivity, whereas LF-pen had moderate sensitivity and high specificity. Accuracy and DOR was highest for bitewing radiographs. The ICC values ranged between 0.65 and 0.88 for ACIS and 0.89 and 0.94 for LF-pen. The weighted kappa values were 0.81 to 0.91 for ICDAS and 0.90 to 0.92 for bitewing radiographs.All three methods were useful for detecting occlusal caries but bitewing radiography exhibited the best performance when compared with visual scoring. ACIS displayed the highest specificity and positive predictive value but the sensitivity was low and the clinical handling was less convenient. Further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of early caries detection on dental health.

The aim of this study was to investigate the variation in (i) the time (age) of eruption and (ii) the duration of the eruption of first (M1) and second (M2) permanent molar teeth. Finally, the study also provides data about the association between time of eruption of the first of the M1s and the first of the M2s.The study was carried out in Nexö Public Dental Health Service, Denmark. All children who, in a period of 12 months, had the first of their M1s or M2s recorded as erupted and the occlusal surface still partly covered by gingiva formed the study groups (N = 69 and 112 children, respectively). The continued eruption of all four molar teeth was recorded at recall intervals not exceeding 4 months until functional occlusion was obtained.First permanent molars: eruption time--girls: from the age of 5 years and 3 months to 7 years and 8 months (mean 6.1 years); boys: from 5 years and 2 months to 7 years and 10 months (mean 6.3 years). The duration of eruption--girls: from 5 to 32 months (mean 15.4 months); boys: from 7 to 28 months (mean 15.0). Second permanent molars: eruption time--girls: from the age of 8 years and 11 months to 14 years and 4 months (mean 11.3 years); boys: from 9 years and 11 months to 13 years and 11 months (mean 12.0 years). The duration of eruption--girls: from 12 to 44 months (mean 27.1 months); boys: from 9 to 45 months (mean 27.9 months). No correlation was found between the time of eruption and the duration of eruption of M1 or M2. There was a strong positive association between the time of eruption of the M1s and the M2s (r(s) = 0.81).A tremendous variation was found in time of eruption and in duration of eruption of permanent molars. This variation highlights the importance of individualizing caries preventive strategies for children.

This study compared a visual ranked scoring system and a radiographic ranked scoring system for occlusal caries detection with the level of infection of dentin. Seventy-five third-molars, designated for extraction, were professionally cleaned. Caries was scored according to a visual ranked scoring system at a selected site in the groove-fossa system. Radiographs of the teeth were available and caries was recorded along a five-point ranked scoring system. Each tooth was extracted and hemi-sectioned through the investigation site under aseptic conditions. A burful of dentin was removed from the EDJ of one of the section faces and these samples were processed to establish the level of dentin infection. The depth of the lesion was assessed on the other section face using a five-point ranked histological scoring system. A strong relationship was observed between the histological lesion depth and visual score (r(s)=0.93) while a moderate relationship was seen between lesion depth and radiographic scores (r(s)=0.77). The dentin from teeth with cavities exposing dentin was heavily infected. The dentin from teeth with microcavities or grey discoloration of the dentin was less infected than the lesions with frank cavitation (score 4) (p0.05, t-test), but more infected than the initial lesions (p0.05, t-test). The latter lesions showed minimal infection. A similar tendency was seen with respect to increasing radiographic scores and the level of infection of the dentin.

Atualmente, acredita-se que detecção de lesões de cárie desde os estágios mais iniciais e a avaliação da atividade de cárie poderiam guiar a escolha da melhor opção de tratamento para o paciente e consequentemente, minimizar custos adicionais em curto e longo prazo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar como a detecção de lesões de cárie em todos os estágios e a avaliação da atividade de cárie impactam em termos de 1) tempo, custo e desconforto reportado pelo paciente durante o exame das lesões cárie; 2) mudanças esperadas no planejamento do tratamento frente a essa estratégia e 3) necessidades de reintervenção operatória (desfecho primário), impacto na qualidade de vida do paciente e satisfação dos responsáveis. Para este estudo clínico controlado randomizado com grupos paralelos (CARDEC-02, NCT02473107) foram examinadas crianças de 3-6 anos com dentição decídua completa, que buscaram atendimento, em Barueri-SP, exceto as que não podiam ser seguidas ou consentimento/assentimento não foram obtidos. As crianças foram randomizadas, em bloco, por uma sequência gerada de acordo com a estratégia de diagnóstico: GA (detecção apenas das lesões moderadas e avançadas (escores ICDAS 3 a 6), sem avaliação da atividade) e GB (detecção e avaliação da atividade de lesões em todos os estágios de severidade (escores ICDAS 1 a 6)). O plano de tratamento de cada criança foi elaborado e realizado conforme a estratégia. As crianças foram seguidas por 6 e 12 meses. Para o objetivo 1, registrou-se o tempo gasto e os materiais consumidos em cada sessão de diagnóstico de cárie. Para o objetivo 2, as crianças do GA foram examinadas duas vezes (n=130), levando ou não em conta as lesões iniciais e o status de atividade. O tratamento planejado por cada estratégia foi, então, comparado. O impacto no custo do tratamento (por criança) foi estimado, em reais, considerando valores publicados (Schwendicke et al.,2015). Para o objetivo 3, o desfecho primário foi o número de superfícies com necessidades de tratamento operatório (presença de lesões de cárie cavitadas em dentina, substituição de restaurações, tratamento endodôntico e/ou exodontia) durante o acompanhamento de 12 meses. Tempo e custo dos procedimentos, qualidade de vida e satisfação também foram coletados durante o seguimento. Foram incluídos 260 pacientes (idade:4,5±0,9anos, ceo-s:3,8±6,5). 221 crianças foram reavaliadas após 1 ano. Detectar todas as lesões consumiu maior tempo (39s), entretanto isso não causou diferença no custo dos exames. Em análise antes-e-depois, a detecção de lesões iniciais aumentaria em 35% a necessidade de tratamento não-operatório e a avaliação da atividade pouparia o tratamento operatório em 5% dos pacientes. Após um ano, a necessidades de intervenção operatória foi semelhante entre os grupos (GA 2,7±4,7;GB 2,8±5,1; p=0,861), assim como o custo cumulativo/criança decorrente do tratamento resultante de cada estratégia (GA R$213,11±218,48;GB R$223,64±225,72; p=0,702). Ambas as estratégias tiveram resultados semelhantes quanto ao impacto na qualidade de vida do paciente e na satisfação dos responsáveis. Conclui-se, assim, que da detecção inicial e da avaliação da atividade de lesões de cárie em dentes decíduos causam um impacto mínimo após um ano de acompanhamento. Currently, it is believed that caries detection since the earliest stages and caries activity assessment could guide the best option of treatment for the patient and consequently minimize additional costs in a short and long-term analysis. The objective of this study was to evaluate how detecting of any stage of caries lesions (all severities) and caries activity assessment could impact in terms of 1) time, cost and discomfort reported by the child in caries examination session; 2) expected changes in treatment planning in concerning the diagnostic strategy and 3) the need, after one year, for new operative intervention (primary outcome), impact on child\'s quality of life and their parents\' satisfaction. For this randomized controlled clinical study with parallel groups (CARDEC-02, NCT02473107), children aged 3-6 years with complete primary dentition, who sought for dental care in Barueri-SP, were examined, except those that could not be followed or consent was not obtained. Children were randomized in blocks, by a sequence generated according to the diagnostic strategy: GA (detection of moderate and advanced lesions only (ICDAS scores 3 to 6) without evaluation of activity) and GB (detection and activity assessment of lesions at all severities (ICDAS scores 1 to 6)). The treatment plan for each child was made and carried out according to the strategy. Children were followed for 6 and 12 months. For objective 1, the time spent and the materials used in each caries diagnosis session were recorded. For objective 2, children from the GA group were examined twice (n = 130), considering or not initial lesions and activity status. The treatment planned by each strategy was then compared. The impact on the cost of treatment (per child) was estimated, in Brazilian Real, considering published values (Schwendicke et al., 2015). For objective 3, the primary endpoint was the number of surfaces with operative treatment needs (presence of dentine cavitated lesions, replacement of restorations, endodontic treatment and/or extraction) during the 12-month follow-up. Time and cost of procedures, quality of life and satisfaction were also collected during follow-up. 260 patients (age: 4.5 ± 0.9 years, dmf-s: 3.8 ± 6.5) were included. 221 children were re-evaluated after 1 year. Detecting all lesions consumed longer time (39s), however this did not cause any difference in the cost of exams. In the before-and-after analysis, the detection of initial lesions would increase the need for non-operative treatment in 35% and the activity assessment would save operative treatment in 5% of the patients. After one year, operative intervention requirements were similar between groups (GA 2.7 ± 4.7, GB 2.8 ± 5.1; p = 0.881), as well as the cumulative cost per child from the treatment of each strategy (GA R$ 213.11 ± 218.48, GB R$ 223.64 ± 225.72; p = 0.702). Both strategies had similar results regarding impact on the patient\'s quality of life and satisfaction of their parents. It was concluded, therefore, that the detection of initial lesions and activity assessment in primary teeth cause minimal impact after one year of follow-up.