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1. Human Cognition and Language Processing with Neural-Lexicon Hypothesis

Author

Cho, Zang-Hee, Paek, Sun-Ha, Kim, Young-Bo, Cho, Taigyoun, Jeong, Hyejin, and Lee, Haigun

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Abstract

Cognition and language seem closely related to the human cognitive process, although they have not been studied and investigated in detail. Our brain is too complex to fully comprehend the structures and connectivity, as well as its functions, with the currently available technology such as electro-encephalography, positron emission tomography, or functional magnetic resonance imaging, and neurobiological data. Therefore, the exploration of neurobiological processes, such as cognition, requires substantially more related evidences, especially from in-vivo human experiments. Cognition and language are of inter-disciplinary nature and additional methodological support is needed from other disciplines, such as deep learning in the field of artificial intelligence, for example. In this paper, we have attempted to explain the neural mechanisms underlying "cognition and language processing" or "cognition or thinking" using a novel neural network model with several newly emerging developments such as neuronal resonance, in-vivo human fiber tractography or connectivity data, Engram and Hebbian hypothesis, human memory formation in the high brain areas, deep learning, and more recently developed neural memory concepts, the neural lexicon. The neural lexicon is developed via language by repeated exposure to the neural system, similar to multilayer signal processing in deep learning. We have derived a neural model to explain how human "cognition and language processing" or "cognition and thinking" works, with a focus on language, a universal medium of the human society. Although the proposed hypothesis is not fully based on experimental evidences, a substantial portion of the observations in this study is directly and indirectly supported by recent experimental findings and the theoretical bases of deep learning research., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, 14 supplementary figures, 1 supplementary table

Published
2022

2. A New Approach to Quantum Computing Multi-Qubit Generation and Development of Quantum Computing Platform with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques

Author

Cho, Zang-Hee, Son, Young-Don, Jeong, Hyejin, Kim, Young-Bo, Paek, Sun Ha, Suk, Dae-Hwan, and Lee, Haigun

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

Explosive increase of interest in quantum computing has resulted in various proposals for generation of quantum bits or qubits, the basic quantum computing unit. The superconducting qubits of Josephson Junction are the most widely accepted and currently used, while the Ion-trap and a similar molecule-based qubits have been proposed more recently. In these methods, each qubit is generated individually with great effort. Here we proposed a new technique using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based qubit generation, by which multiple qubits can be generated. Simultaneously this provides a complete qubit platform for quantum computing. Central to the proposed method is the simultaneous generation of multiple qubits using the 'gradient' concept together with multiple radiofrequency coils, one for all qubits, and others for individual qubits with each small Q-coil. Another key concept is the time-encoded probability amplitude (TEPA) technique, using individual Q-coils together with the spin-echo series in each qubit incorporating readout gating for time-encoding. This MRI-based qubit-generation and qubit-encoding technique allowed us to develop an entirely new class of quantum computing platform. Our newly proposed MRI-based qubits are well-suited to currently available electronics, superconducting and semiconductor technologies, as well as nuclear magnetic resonance and MRI physics and technology., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, 1 supplementary table

Published
2022

3. Finding Cortical Subregions Regarding the Dorsal Language Pathway Based on the Structural Connectivity

Author

Hwang, Young-Eun, Kim, Young-Bo, and Son, Young-Don

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Abstract

Although the language-related fiber pathways in the human brain, such as superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and arcuate fasciculus (AF), are already well-known, understanding more sophisticated cortical regions connected by the fiber tracts is essential to scrutinizing the structural connectivity of language circuits. With the regions of interest that were selected based on the Brainnetome atlas, the fiber orientation distribution estimation method for tractography was used to produce further elaborate connectivity information. The results indicated that both fiber bundles had two distinct connections with the prefrontal corte (PFC). The SLF-II and dorsal AF are mainly connected to the rostrodorsal part of the inferior parietal cortex (IPC) and lateral part of the fusiform gyrus with the inferior frontal junction (IFJ), respectively. In contrast, the SLF-III and ventral AF were primary linked to the anterior part of the supramarginal gyrus and superior part of the temporal cortex with the inferior frontal cortex, including the Broca's area. Moreover, the IFJ in the PFC, which has rarely been emphasized as a language-related subretion, also had the strongest connectivity with the previously known language-related subregions among the PFC; consequently, we proposed that these specific regions are interconnected via the SLF and AF within the PFC, IPC, and temporal cortex as language-related circuitry., Comment: 35 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, 3 supplementary Figures, 5 supplementary tables

Published
2021

4. Future Prospects of Positron Emission Tomography-Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hybrid Systems and Applications in Psychiatric Disorders

Author

Son, Young-Don, Kim, Young-Bo, Kim, Jong-Hoon, Kim, Jeong-Hee, Kwon, Dae-Hyuk, Lee, Haigun, and Cho, Zang-Hee

Subjects
positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, high resolution, hybrid imaging, psychiatric disorders, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
Abstract

A positron emission tomography (PET)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hybrid system has been developed to improve the accuracy of molecular imaging with structural imaging. However, the mismatch in spatial resolution between the two systems hinders the use of the hybrid system. As the magnetic field of the MRI increased up to 7.0 tesla in the commercial system, the performance of the MRI system largely improved. Several technical attempts in terms of the detector and the software used with the PET were made to improve the performance. As a result, the high resolution of the PET-MRI fusion system enables quantitation of metabolism and molecular information in the small substructures of the brainstem, hippocampus, and thalamus. Many studies on psychiatric disorders, which are difficult to diagnose with medical imaging, have been accomplished using various radioligands, but only a few studies have been conducted using the PET-MRI fusion system. To increase the clinical usefulness of medical imaging in psychiatric disorders, a high-resolution PET-MRI fusion system can play a key role by providing important information on both molecular and structural aspects in the fine structures of the brain. The development of high-resolution PET-MR systems and their potential roles in clinical studies of psychiatric disorders were reviewed as prospective views in future diagnostics.

Published
2022

5. In vivo 3D Reconstruction of the Human Pallidothalamic and Nigrothalamic Pathways With Super-Resolution 7T MR Track Density Imaging and Fiber Tractography

Author

Kwon, Dae-Hyuk, Paek, Sun Ha, Kim, Young-Bo, Lee, Haigun, and Cho, Zang-Hee

Subjects
pallidothalamic tract, H-field, fasciculus thalamicus, fasciculus lenticularis, ansa lenticularis, nigrothalamic tract, substantia nigra pars reticulata, thalamic substructure, Neurosciences, Biological psychology
Abstract

The output network of the basal ganglia plays an important role in motor, associative, and limbic processing and is generally characterized by the pallidothalamic and nigrothalamic pathways. However, these connections in the human brain remain difficult to elucidate because of the resolution limit of current neuroimaging techniques. The present study aimed to investigate the mesoscopic nature of these connections between the thalamus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, and globus pallidus internal segment using 7 Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, track-density imaging (TDI) of the whole human brain was employed to overcome the limitations of observing the pallidothalamic and nigrothalamic tracts. Owing to the super-resolution of the TD images, the substructures of the SN, as well as the associated tracts, were identified. This study demonstrates that 7T MRI and MR tractography can be used to visualize anatomical details, as well as 3D reconstruction, of the output projections of the basal ganglia.

Published
2021

6. Papez Circuit Observed by in vivo Human Brain With 7.0T MRI Super-Resolution Track Density Imaging and Track Tracing

Author

Choi, Sang-Han, Kim, Young-Bo, Paek, Sun-Ha, and Cho, Zang-Hee

Subjects
Papez circuit, perforant path, track density imaging, 7T DTI, fiber tracking, Neurosciences, Biological psychology
Abstract

The Papez circuit has been considered as an important anatomical substrate involved in emotional experience. However, the circuit remains difficult to elucidate in the human brain due to the resolution limit of current neuroimaging modalities. In this article, for the first time, we report the direct visualization of the Papez circuit with 7-Tesla super-resolution magnetic resonance tractography. Two healthy, young male subjects (aged 30 and 35 years) were recruited as volunteers following the guidelines of the institutional review board (IRB). Track density imaging (TDI) generation with track tracing was performed using MRtrix software package. With these tools, we were able to visualize the entire Papez circuit. We believe this is the first study to visualize the complete loop of the Papez circuit, including the perforant path (PP), thalamocortical fibers of the anterior nucleus (AN), and mammillothalamic tract (MTT), which were hitherto difficult to visualize by conventional imaging techniques.

Published
2019

10. A Newly Identified Frontal Path from Fornix in Septum Pellucidum with 7.0T MRI Track Density Imaging (TDI) – The Septum Pellucidum Tract (SPT)

Author

Cho, Zang-Hee, Chi, Je-Geun, Choi, Sang-Han, Oh, Se-Hong, Park, Sung-Yeon, Paek, Sun Ha, Park, Chan-Woong, Calamante, Fernando, and Kim, Young-Bo

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Psychology, Biomedical Imaging, Clinical Research, 7.0T MRI, track density imaging, septum pellucidum tract, fornix, fiber tracking, tractography, diffusion MRI, Neurosciences, Biological psychology
Abstract

The high anatomical contrast achieved with the newly emerging MRI tractographic technique of super-resolution track density imaging (TDI) encouraged us to search for a new fiber tract in the septum pellucidum. Although this septum pellucidum tract (SPT) has been observed previously, its connections were unclear due to ambiguity and limited resolution of conventional MRI images. It is now possible to identify detailed parts of SPT with the increased resolution of TDI, which involves diffusion MRI imaging, whole-brain tractography, and voxel subdivision using the track-count information. Four healthy male subjects were included in the study. The experiment was performed with 7.0T MRI, following the guidelines of the institute's institutional review board. Data were processed with the super-resolution TDI technique to generate a tractographic map with 0.18 mm isotropic resolution. The SPT was identified in all subjects. Based on additional seed tracking method with inter-axis correlation search, we have succeeded in identifying a new frontal lobe pathway in the SPT. We hypothesize that the tract is connected as a superior dorsal branch of the fornix that leads to the prefrontal cortex.

Published
2015

11. Neural substrates of Hanja (Logogram) and Hangul (Phonogram) character readings by functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Author

Cho, Zang-Hee, Kim, Nambeom, Bae, Sungbong, Chi, Je-Geun, Park, Chan-Woong, Ogawa, Seiji, and Kim, Young-Bo

Subjects
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Functional Neuroimaging, Hanja and Hangul, Neural Substrates of Language, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Brain Waves, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neurolinguistic Programming, Recognition, Psychology, Writing
Abstract

The two basic scripts of the Korean writing system, Hanja (the logography of the traditional Korean character) and Hangul (the more newer Korean alphabet), have been used together since the 14th century. While Hanja character has its own morphemic base, Hangul being purely phonemic without morphemic base. These two, therefore, have substantially different outcomes as a language as well as different neural responses. Based on these linguistic differences between Hanja and Hangul, we have launched two studies; first was to find differences in cortical activation when it is stimulated by Hanja and Hangul reading to support the much discussed dual-route hypothesis of logographic and phonological routes in the brain by fMRI (Experiment 1). The second objective was to evaluate how Hanja and Hangul affect comprehension, therefore, recognition memory, specifically the effects of semantic transparency and morphemic clarity on memory consolidation and then related cortical activations, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (Experiment 2). The first fMRI experiment indicated relatively large areas of the brain are activated by Hanja reading compared to Hangul reading. The second experiment, the recognition memory study, revealed two findings, that is there is only a small difference in recognition memory for semantic transparency, while for the morphemic clarity was much larger between Hanja and Hangul. That is the morphemic clarity has significantly more effect than semantic transparency on recognition memory when studies by fMRI in correlation with behavioral study.

Published
2014

12. A Case Report of Preoperative and Postoperative 7.0T Brain MRI in a Patient with a Small Cell Glioblastoma

Author

Paek, Sun Ha, Hwang, Jae Ha, Kim, Dong Gyu, Choi, Seung Hong, Sohn, Chul-Ho, Park, Sung Hye, Son, Young Don, Kim, Young Bo, and Cho, Zang-Hee

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Neurosciences, Cancer, Clinical Research, Brain Disorders, Biomedical Imaging, Brain Cancer, Rare Diseases, Neurological, Brain Neoplasms, ErbB Receptors, Female, Frontal Lobe, Glioblastoma, Humans, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Radiography, Pre- and post-operative 7.0T MRI, Small Cell Glioblastoma, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences
Abstract

A 45-yr-old female patient was admitted with one-month history of headache and progressive left hemiparesis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a mass lesion in her right frontal lobe. Her brain tumor was confirmed as a small cell glioblastoma. Her follow-up brain MRI, taken at 8 months after her initial surgery demonstrated tumor recurrence in the right frontal lobe. Contrast-enhanced 7.0T brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was safely performed before surgery and at the time of recurrence. Compared with 1.5T and 3.0T brain MRI, 7.0T MRI showed sharpened images of the brain tumor contexture with detailed anatomical information. The fused images of 7.0T and 1.5T brain MRI taken at the time of recurrence demonstrated no significant discrepancy in the positions of the anterior and the posterior commissures. It is suggested that 7.0T MRI can be safely utilized for better images of the maligant gliomas before and after surgery.

Published
2014

28. List of Contributors

Author

Abbas, Ghulam, primary, Adamowicz, Piotr, additional, Adan, Ana, additional, Agay, Nirit, additional, Al-Halabí, S., additional, Altun, Hatice, additional, Amini, Maryam, additional, Andersen, Monica L., additional, Andreassen, Cecilie Schou, additional, Anthony, James C., additional, Ardakani, Yalda Hosseinzadeh, additional, Aromatario, Mariarosaria, additional, Arun, Priti, additional, Atik, Anzari, additional, Atti, Anna Rita, additional, Baird, Alison L., additional, Balconi, Michela, additional, Ballóková, Anna Lukačišinová, additional, Bascarán, M.T., additional, Battagliese, Gemma, additional, Benaiges, Irina, additional, Bergen-Cico, Dessa, additional, Berrettini, Wade H., additional, Berro, Laís F., additional, Bertol, Elisabetta, additional, Bian, Jin-Song, additional, Bobes-Bascarán, M.T., additional, Bobes, J., additional, Bocarsly, Miriam E., additional, Bocca, Marie-Laure, additional, Bonafede, Roberta, additional, Borroto-Escuela, Dasiel O., additional, Bottoni, Edoardo, additional, Bousoño, M., additional, Bowen, Michael T., additional, Bramanti, Placido, additional, Buck, Kari J., additional, Buisman-Pijlman, Femke T.A., additional, Büttner, Andreas, additional, Calabrò, Rocco S., additional, Çamsari, Ulaş M., additional, Cappelletti, Simone, additional, Carbo-Gas, María, additional, Casadio, Paola, additional, Casadó-Anguera, Verònica, additional, Casadó, Vicent, additional, Ceccanti, Mauro, additional, Chang, Yong-Yuan, additional, Chang, Young-Tae, additional, Chiu, Meng-Chun, additional, Chiu, Nan-Ying, additional, Cho, Zang-Hee, additional, Chung, Yemina, additional, Ciallella, Costantino, additional, Cinosi, Eduardo, additional, Conigrave, Katherine M., additional, Coogan, Andrew N., additional, Coppola, Maurizio, additional, Cortés, Antoni, additional, Costa, Giulia, additional, Cox, Stephen, additional, Dafny, Nachum, additional, Das, Subhash, additional, Davis, Jonathan M., additional, De Matteo, Robert, additional, Demetrovics, Zsolt, additional, Demirkol, Apo, additional, Denovan-Wright, Eileen M., additional, di Giannantonio, Massimo, additional, Edgunlu, Tuba, additional, Elliott, Simon, additional, Enman, Nicole M., additional, Ensafi, Ali A., additional, Faccini, Marco, additional, Falls, Brian A., additional, Fang, Chiu-Ping, additional, Fan, Lir-Wan, additional, Farooq, Ahsana Dar, additional, Feingold, Daniel, additional, Ferraro, Luca, additional, Fialová, Daniela, additional, Filip, Malgorzata, additional, Findikli, Ebru, additional, Finocchiaro, Roberta, additional, Fiore, Paola A., additional, Font-Mayolas, Sílvia, additional, Fox, Jonah, additional, Fragou, Domniki, additional, Fu, Qiang, additional, Fuxe, Kjell, additional, Gahr, Maximilian, additional, García-Portilla, M.P., additional, George, Preeta, additional, Gil-Miravet, Isis, additional, Gorwood, Philip, additional, Gras, Maria Eugènia, additional, Gravielle, María Clara, additional, Griffiths, Mark D., additional, Haber, Paul S., additional, Hadad, Natalie A., additional, Hall, F. Scott, additional, Han, Doug Hyun, additional, Harding, Richard, additional, Hashmi, Rida, additional, Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hossein, additional, Hernández-Serrano, Olga, additional, Herrmann, Evan S., additional, Herzog, Thaddeus A., additional, Heydari-Bafrooei, Esmaeil, additional, Hirota, Kiichi, additional, Ho, Ming-Chou, additional, Howell, Leonard L., additional, Hsu, Wen-Yu, additional, Huang, Chieh-Liang, additional, Hughes, Robert N., additional, Hymel, Kristen A., additional, Hyun, Gi Jung, additional, Inoue, Koichi, additional, Islam, M. Mofizul, additional, Jamali, Bardia, additional, Jerzemowska, Grażyna, additional, Job, Martin O., additional, Johannessen, Jan Olav, additional, Johansen, Helen J., additional, Johnson, Matthew W., additional, Johnson, Patrick S., additional, Kang, Chang-Ki, additional, Karakaş-Çelik, Sevim, additional, Kharas, Natasha, additional, Kim, Young-Bo, additional, Knackstedt, Lori A., additional, Kokki, Hannu, additional, Kokki, Merja, additional, Konopka, Anna, additional, Kopcza, Kathleen, additional, Kouvelas, Dimitrios, additional, Kovatsi, Leda, additional, Kruse, Lauren C., additional, Lai, Chien-Wen, additional, Lapeyre-Mestre, Maryse, additional, Lauterbach, Edward C., additional, Le Strat, Yann, additional, Lee, Chen-Yi, additional, Lejoyeux, Michel, additional, Leone, Roberto, additional, Lev-Ran, Shaul, additional, Li, Ren-Hau, additional, Liang, Willmann, additional, Liu, Jiajun, additional, Liu, Ling-Jun, additional, Liu, Liwei, additional, Liu, Sheng-Wen, additional, Liu, Yu-Li, additional, Li, Zia, additional, Lobo, Daniela S.S., additional, Lou, Jingsheng, additional, Luigi Picci, Rocco, additional, Lupi, Matteo, additional, Lutz, Brianna M., additional, MacClurg, Kendra, additional, Magro, Lara, additional, Manchia, Mirko, additional, Maraz, Aniko, additional, Martin-Fardon, Rémi, additional, Martinotti, Giovanni, additional, Matzeu, Alessandra, additional, McLaughlin, Jay P., additional, McRae, Ian S., additional, Meyerhoff, Dieter J., additional, Miquel, Marta, additional, Mondola, Raffaella, additional, Moore, Robert, additional, Morelli, Micaela, additional, Moreno, Estefanía, additional, Mori, Tomohisa, additional, Murnion, Bridin, additional, Murphy, Kelle L., additional, Nagpure, Bhushan Vijay, additional, Naro, Antonino, additional, Neutel, C. Ineke, additional, Nielsen, Suzanne, additional, Nomura, Motoo, additional, Oliva, Francesco, additional, Olive, M. Foster, additional, Olivoni, Deanna, additional, Ouyang, Qin, additional, Pallesen, Ståle, additional, Palmaro, Aurore, additional, Papazisis, Georgios, additional, Paris, Jason J., additional, Park, Chan-A, additional, Park, Jeong Ha, additional, Pełka Wysiecka, Justyna, additional, Pearson-Dennett, Verity, additional, Phillips, Daniel E., additional, Pinna, Martina, additional, Plener, Paul L., additional, Ramoz, Nicolas, additional, Renshaw, Perry F., additional, Reyes, Beverly A.S., additional, Rivera, Alicia, additional, Robinson, Susan E., additional, Romolo, Francesco S., additional, Roohbakhsh, Ali, additional, Rouini, Mohammadreza, additional, Roussin, Anne, additional, Roussotte, Florence F., additional, Saiz, P.A., additional, Samochowiec, J., additional, Sanchis-Segura, Carla, additional, Santacroce, Rita, additional, Sato-Bigbee, Carmen, additional, Sayin, H. Umit, additional, Searles Quick, Veronica B., additional, Şenormanci, Ömer, additional, Seseña, Emmanuel, additional, Shamsizadeh, Ali, additional, Sheikholeslami, Behjat, additional, Shen, Bin, additional, Shibasaki, Masahiro, additional, Shillcutt, Samuel D., additional, Simola, Nicola, additional, Singh, Rachana, additional, Soraisham, Amuchou Singh, additional, Soto, Enrique, additional, Soyka, Michael, additional, Stepens, Ainars, additional, Sullman, Mark J.M., additional, Sun, Linlin, additional, Suzuki, Tsutomu, additional, Szabo, Attila, additional, Taba, Pille, additional, Tang, Hong Chai, additional, Tang, Tze-Chun, additional, Tao, Yuan-Xiang, additional, ten Velden Hegelstad, Wenche, additional, Thome, Johannes, additional, Thompson, Paul M., additional, Tien, Lu-Tai, additional, Tietz, Elizabeth I., additional, Todd, Gabrielle, additional, Tolcos, Mary, additional, Torkamanian, Meshkat, additional, Tsung, Jieh-Hen, additional, Tufik, Sergio, additional, Ullah, Mafaz, additional, Vaiano, Fabio, additional, Van Bockstaele, Elisabeth J., additional, Vandrey, Ryan, additional, Vazquez-Sanroman, Dolores, additional, Vega, Rosario, additional, Vitali, Mario, additional, Wai, Maria S.M., additional, Wang, Junmei, additional, Wang, Lirong, additional, Wang, Sheng-Chang, additional, Weibell, Melissa A., additional, Weinstein, Aviv, additional, White, Jason M., additional, Wilcox, Robert A., additional, Wilson, Hester, additional, Wouldes, Trecia A., additional, Wydra, Karolina, additional, Xie, Xiang-Qun, additional, Xie, Zhaojun, additional, Xi, Zheng-Xiong, additional, Xu, Wang, additional, Yang, Hai-Yu, additional, Yang, Peng, additional, Yechiam, Eldad, additional, Yew, David T., additional, Yong, Andrew W.S., additional, Zamani, Nasim, additional, Zoellner, Hans, additional, and Zuba, Dariusz, additional

Published
2016
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49. Does work time limit for resident physician affect short-term treatment outcome and hospital length of stay in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage?: a two-year experience at a single training hospital in South Korea

Author

Heo, Rojin, primary, Park, Cheol Wan, additional, You, Chan Jong, additional, Choi, Dae Han, additional, Park, Kwangwoo, additional, Kim, Young Bo, additional, Kim, Woo Kyung, additional, Yee, Gi-Taek, additional, Kim, Myeong-Jin, additional, and Oh, Jin-Hwan, additional

Published
2020
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