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We propose a predictive model for various sensory textures utilizing machine learning techniques based on the largest rheology and panel-tested sensory texture database ever assembled. In addition to the conventional rheological parameters typically measured in the cosmetics field, rheological parameters obtained from the large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) sequence of physical processes (SPPs) and extensional rheology analyses are employed as feature variables for the predictive model. These feature variables are chosen to mimic real flow conditions during the usage of cosmetics, such as rubbing and tapping, as they are expected to contain more information related to sensory textures. It has been demonstrated that our prediction model, based on the random forest regression algorithm, can effectively predict five sensory textures: spreadability, thickness, softness, adhesiveness, and stickiness. We investigated the rheological characteristics crucial for determining each sensory texture through permutation and feature importance analyses. The important analysis highlighted the close correlation between rheological parameters from LAOS–SPP, extensional analyses, and sensory textures. By using this correlation, we interpret the perception of each sensory texture in the context of rheology.

As a load distributive compression anchor (LDCA) consists of multiple anchor bodies and unbonded tendons, the load applied to the tendon is transmitted to grout and ground by the movement of each anchor body installed along the anchor length. Therefore, the load transfer behavior of LDCA is affected by the interference between adjacent anchor body, and the effect of multiple anchor bodies should be considered in the LDCA design. This study performed a series of pull-out field tests on LDCAs installed in soft rock. LDCAs were designed to have various number and spacing of anchor bodies to investigate the effect of multiple anchor bodies. Furthermore, the test results were compared with the results of pull-out field tests conducted on weathered rock to examine the effect of ground conditions. The load-displacement relationship showed that the grout failure occurred in the LDCA installed in soft rock, and thus the ultimate bearing capacity was smaller than that of the LDCA installed in weathered rock. Additionally, the grout axial load distribution indicated that the LDCA installed in soft rock expressed tensile stress in the grout due to the effect of multiple anchor bodies leading to the tensile failure on the grout. Key words: ground anchor, load distributive compression anchor, load transfer mechanism, interference effect, pull-out field test, Introduction Ground anchors have been used on a variety of construction sites, including deep excavation, retaining wall, tunnels, and slope stabilization. Ground anchors transfer the load applied to the tendon [...]

Rice (Oryza sativa) plays a pivotal role in global food security. Understanding the genetics of rice cultivation is crucial, particularly for traits such as viviparous germination, which significantly influences germination and yield. Our research aimed to elucidate the genetic and molecular mechanisms by which the Sdr4 gene influences viviparous germination and to develop novel molecular markers for this gene to enhance breeding strategies against viviparous germination. In all, 683 rice cultivars and 100 F2 plants were used for viviparous germination and genetic analysis using KASP (Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR) and agarose gel-based markers related to viviparous germination tolerance. We developed and used a polymorphic agarose gel-based marker and a KASP marker targeting the Sdr4 gene. A genetic analysis of field-grown rice cultivars and the F2 population revealed that the two markers on Sdr4 were functional for the genomic selection of SNPs and InDels related to dormancy. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.74, p-value = 3.31 × 10−8) between the Sdr4-IND KASP marker genotype and viviparous germination rate demonstrated a significant positive correlation, supporting the marker's utility for selecting rice varieties with diminished viviparous germination. This insight serves as a critical theoretical foundation for breeding strategies for developing early-maturing rice varieties with enhanced resistance to viviparous germination, addressing pivotal challenges in rice cultivation, and ensuring food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2017 Pohang earthquake [the second largest local magnitude (ML) of 5.4 since 1978] caused significant damage: numerous sand boils and a few building settlements were observed in rice paddies and residential areas, respectively, representing unprecedented case histories of earthquake-triggered liquefaction and cyclic softening. This study evaluated liquefaction triggering and cyclic softening potentials using three in situ tests [standard penetration test (SPT), cone penetration test (CPT), and downhole (DH) test for shear wave velocity (VS)] and laboratory tests (grain size and soil indices) for the observed sand boils and building settlements. We selected six sites, four of which had sand boils (Sites 1, 2, 3, and 4), and two of which had experienced building settlements that may have resulted from cyclic softening (Sites 5 and 6). The SPT, CPT, and VS adequately assessed liquefaction triggering [i.e., factor of safety (FS)<1 or ∼1 ] at Sites 1 through 4 (except for VS at Sites 1 and 2), where sand boils were prevalent. The cyclic softening potential was fairly evaluated from the SPT and CPT (FS<1 or ∼1 at several depths) at Sites 5 and 6, consistent with the building settlement, whereas VS led to FS>2 at all depths. The site-specific cyclic stress ratio through the maximum shear stress ratio computed from site response analysis appropriately evaluated the liquefaction triggering and cyclic softening at the considered sites. The results of the soil index test are consistent with the liquefaction and cyclic softening susceptibility criteria for fine-grained soils. We publicly provide the field and laboratory measurements in this study to enrich case history data on liquefaction and cyclic softening induced by intermediate-size earthquakes (e.g., a moment magnitude, M<6), which might significantly contribute to geotechnical earthquake engineering and engineering geoscience communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for a load distributive compression anchor (LDCA) in construction sites has been increasing, owing to its high bearing capacity and removable steel strands. As an LDCA comprises multiple anchor bodies and unbonded steel strands, the load applied to the strands generates a distributive compressive stress in the grout, preventing high concentration of grout-ground shear stress. Unlike in the conventional anchors, in an LDCA, independent load transfer of each anchor body induces interference effect between adjacent anchor bodies. Therefore, for an efficient design of an LDCA, it is necessary to investigate the load transfer mechanism considering the effect of multiple anchor bodies. In this study, a series of anchor pull-out field tests was conducted for LDCAs consisting of a single anchor body, and double and triple anchor bodies spaced by 1, 2, and 3 m. According to the test results, the LDCA showed a stiffer load-displacement behavior with an increase in the number and spacing of the anchor bodies. The multiple anchor bodies of the LDCA generated an overlapping of the grout axial load and induced its rapid dissipation, increasing the grout-ground shear stress. This interference effect was more clearly observed with a decrease in the anchor body spacing. Key words: ground anchor, load distributive compression anchor, load transfer mechanism, interference effect, pull-out field test. La tendance a utiliser des ancrages de compression a repartition de charge (<< LDCA >>) sur les chantiers de construction s'est accrue, a cause de leur capacite portante elevee et de leurs torons d'acier amovibles. Un LDCA etant compose de plusieurs corps d'ancrage et de torons d'acier non lies, la charge appliquee au torons genere une contrainte de compression distributive dans le coulis, empechant une concentration elevee de la contrainte de cisaillement coulis-sol. Dans un LDCA, contrairement aux ancrages conventionnels, le transfert de charge independant de chaque corps d'ancrage induit un effet d'interference entre les corps d'ancrage adjacents. Ainsi, pour une conception efficace d'un LDCA, il est necessaire d'etudier le mecanisme de transfert de charge en tenant compte de l'effet de plusieurs corps d'ancrage. Au cours de cette etude, une serie d'essais d'arrachement d'ancrage a ete realisee pour des LDCA composes de corps d'ancrage simple, et de corps d'ancrage double et triple espaces de 1, 2 et 3 m. Il ressort des resultats des essais que le LDCA presente un comportement charge-deplacement plus rigide lorsque le nombre et l'espacement des corps d'ancrage augmentent. Les ancrages multiples du LDCA ont genere un chevauchement de la charge axiale du coulis et ont induit sa dissipation rapide, augmentant la contrainte de cisaillement coulis-sol. Cet effet d'interference a ete plus clairement observe avec une diminution de l'espacement des corps d'ancrage. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : ancrage au sol, ancrage de compression a repartition de charge, mecanisme de transfert de charge, effet d'interference, essai d'arrachement sur le terrain., Introduction In construction sites, ground anchors have been widely used to provide lateral or uplift resistance to geotechnical structures, such as retaining walls, slope stabilization systems, and tunnels (Kim 2003; [...]

Current cloud computing expects to face huge traffic costs, data loads, and high latency due to the explosion of data from devices as the IoT and 5G technology evolve. Fog computing has emerged to overcome these issues. It deploys small fog servers at the edge of the network to process critical data in real time while sending the remaining secondary tasks to the central cloud, instead of sending massive amounts of data to the cloud. With the rise in fog computing, among traditional security threats, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks have become the major threat to availability. This is especially true for fog computing, where real-time processing is critical; there are many fog servers, and the processing power is relatively low. Distributed reflection denial-of-service (DRDoS), one of the frequently used DDoS attack techniques, is an amplification attack that can be used on a small or large scale. It is widely used in attack tools due to its easy configuration. This study analyzes the characteristics of fog computing, the characteristics of DRDoS attacks, and the advantages and disadvantages of existing countermeasures. Based on these analyses, this study proposes a model that could effectively mitigate attacks even on low-specification fog servers by combining a modified Snort module with reduced functionality, simple pattern matching, and filtering distribution using Anycast. This mitigation algorithm has a simple structure rather than a complex filtering structure. To achieve this goal, this study virtually implemented the corresponding fog IoT environment. In spite of its simple structure, it proved that the fog server could secure availability even under DRDoS attacks by implementing and validating the mitigation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realistic simulation of in-situ stresses is an essential consideration in evaluating the bearing capacities of spread foundations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the uplift behavior of large spread foundations by performing a series of centrifuge tests. A total of 12 centrifuge test models were constructed considering the variation in the foundation width (3.5–6.5 m), embedment depth ratio (0.67–1.39), and relative density of dry silica sandy soil (40%, 80%). The measured load–displacement curves indicated that the uplift bearing capacity and the corresponding uplift displacement increased with the foundation width at a certain embedment depth ratio. Two sets of empirical equations were proposed by adopting genetic programming to estimate the uplift resistance factor and uplift displacement with consideration of field stress conditions. The proposed equations reasonably matched these parameters under various conditions reported in the literature. Furthermore, a simplified empirical influence zone was proposed on the basis of the measurement of the ground surface displacement. The empirical influence zone, which was a straight line with an inclination angle of ~0.9 times the soil friction angle measured from vertical, could be considered a significant reference for predicting the failure surface of the shallow foundation under uplift loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]