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While the two types of intransitive verbs, i.e. unergative and unaccusative, are hypothesised to be syntactically represented, many have proposed a semantic account where abstract properties related to agentivity and telicity, often conceptualised as binary properties, determine the classification. Here we explore the extent to which graded, embodied features rooted in neurobiological systems contribute to the distinction, representing verb meanings as continuous human ratings over various experiential dimensions. Unlike prior studies that classified verbs based on categorical intuition, we assessed the degree of unaccusativity by acceptability of the prenominal past participle construction, one of the unaccusativity diagnostics. Five models were constructed to explain these data: categorical syntactic/semantic, feature-based event-semantic, experiential, and distributional models. The experiential model best explained the diagnostic test data, suggesting that the unaccusative/unergative distinction may be an emergent phenomenon related to differences in underlying experiential content. The experiential model's advantages, including interpretability and scalability, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we have directly investigated a 2 delta L as the diffusion length in a‐IGZO TFT using a scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) technique at the cross section of TFTs instead of indirect normal transmission line method (TLM). Moreover, we revealed that the difference of 2 delta L leads the variation of total parastic capacitance in devices, which play a key role in the properites of EL currents in case of display devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gene homologous to rpoS was cloned from a fatal human pathogen, Vibrio vulnificus. The functional role of rpoS in V. vulnificus was accessed by using an rpoS knockout mutant strain. This mutant was impaired in terms of the ability to survive under oxidative stress, nutrient starvation, UV irradiation, or acidic conditions. The increased susceptibility of the V. vulnificus mutant in the exponential phase to [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] was attributed to the reduced activity of hydroperoxidase I (HPI). Although [[sigma].sup.s] synthesis was induced and HPI activity reached the maximal level in the stationary phase, the mutant in the stationary phase showed the same susceptibility to [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] as the wild-type strain in the stationary phase. In addition, HPII activity, which is known to be controlled by [[sigma].sup.s] in Escherichia coli, was not detectable in V. vulnificus strains under the conditions tested. The mutant in the exponential phase complemented with multiple copies of either the rpoS or katG gene of V. vulnificus recovered both resistance to [H.sub.2] [O.sub.2] and HPI activity compared with the control strain. Expression of the katG gene encoding HPI in V. vulnificus was monitored by using a katG::luxAB transcriptional fusion. The expression of this gene was significantly reduced by deletion of [[sigma].sup.s] in both the early exponential and late stationary phases. Thus, [[sigma].sup.s] is necessary for increased synthesis and activity of HPI, and [[sigma].sup.s] is required for exponentially growing V. vulnificus to develop the ability to survive in the presence of [H.sub.2][O.sub.2].

Abstract Background Helicobacter pylori causes acute and chronic gastric inflammation induced by proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines secreted by cells of the gastric mucosa, including gastric epithelial cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that the bacterial arginase, RocF, is involved in inhibiting T cell proliferation and CD3ζ expression, suggesting that arginase could be involved in a more general dampening of the immune response, perhaps by down-regulation of certain pro-inflammatory mediators. Results Global transcriptome analysis was performed on AGS gastric epithelial cells infected for 16 hours with a wild type Helicobacter pylori strain 26695, an arginase mutant (rocF-) or a rocF+ complemented strain. H. pylori infection triggered altered host gene expression in genes involved in cell movement, death/growth/proliferation, and cellular function and maintenance. While the wild type strain stimulates host inflammatory pathways, the rocF- mutant induced significantly more expression of IL-8. The results of the microarray were verified using real-time PCR, and the differential levels of protein expression were confirmed by ELISA and Bioplex analysis. MIP-1B was also significantly secreted by AGS cells after H. pylori rocF- mutant infection, as determined by Bioplex. Even though not explored in this manuscript, the impact that the results presented here may have on the development of gastritis, warrant further research to understand the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between H. pylori RocF and IL-8 induction. Conclusions We conclude that H. pylori arginase modulates multiple host signaling and metabolic pathways of infected gastric epithelial cells. Arginase may play a critical role in anti-inflammatory host responses that could contribute to the ability of H. pylori to establish chronic infections.

In semitransparent perovskite solar cells with n–i–p configuration, thermal evaporation is the common method to deposit the sputter buffer material, such as molybdenum oxide and tungsten oxide. Buffer layers are especially necessary when using organic hole transporting layers, as they are more susceptible to get damaged when sputtering the top transparent conducting oxide. However, there is a limited selection of possible materials and limited control of the materials properties by thermal evaporation, which leads to inefficient protection against sputtering and poor air stability. While there have been well‐established buffer layers by atomic layer deposition, including tin oxide, for p–i–n structured semitransparent perovskite solar cells, this is not the case for n–i–p structured devices. Here, copper oxide is demonstrated by pulsed‐chemical vapor deposition incorporated into perovskite solar cells for the sputter buffer layer, which result in stable encapsulated semitransparent devices maintaining over 95% of the maximum efficiency under AM 1.5 G at maximum power point tracking for 150 h without any temperature control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]