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High turnover is one of the distinguishing features of the hotel industry and one of its remaining greatest challenges. This study sought to identify the reasons for the high level of turnover intention and examined one in particular—occupational stress. First, this study conducted a principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation to extract occupational stress factors. The principal component factor analysis divided the 23 occupational stress items into six factors: problems related to the home, problems related to task and pay, conflict with job responsibility, unfair treatment, shortage of support, and organizational culture. Next, this study used the regression analysis to ascertain the effect of occupational stresses on turnover intention and to identify the occupational stresses that have a more significant effect on hotel employee's turnover intention. Results indicated that occupational stress factors predict hotel employee's turnover intention. In particular, among the six occupational stresses, unfair treatment contributed most significantly to turnover intention. Hotel managers who familiarize themselves with these study findings will be in a better position to understand the important role of occupational stress in employee turnover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have argued and successfully verified the positive effects of leader-member exchange on organizational citizenship behaviors, using justice theory. However, we argue that accountability theory provides a prospective view of an employee's organizational citizenship behaviors in a given leader-member exchange relationship, while justice theory provides a retrospective view. In addition, we contend that the employee's customer-oriented behaviors should be treated as a type of organizational citizenship behaviors directed to customers. Based on responses from 256 service employees in 54 full-service restaurants in a metropolitan city in Korea, we show the positive effects of two dimensions of leader-member exchange on two types of organizational citizenship behaviors and customer-oriented behaviors, using multivariate analysis of variance. The new approach to understanding the relationship between leader-member exchange and organizational citizenship behaviors provides valuable insights to academic researchers as well as industry practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study is to conduct a comparative investigation into five international convention cities in East Asia, namely Seoul, Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, and Tokyo. A total of 160 questionnaires were collected from 3 countries and used for data analyses. Of the many outcomes of the data analyses, Shanghai scored the highest on 'good image of the host city,' while Beijing scored the lowest on this attribute. In respect to 'safety of a city,' Hong Kong and Seoul were seen as the most favorable destinations. Additionally, respondents considered Hong Kong and Seoul to be better cities to host conventions than the other three. This article provides a useful picture of competitiveness among East Asian convention cities with many insights for practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Honolulu Marathon has a significant economic impact on the state of Hawaii's economy. Some 25,000 runners registered for the 2007 Honolulu Marathon, making it the sixth largest in the world as well as the third largest marathon in the USA, trailing only New York (34,729) and Chicago (32,332). Of the 25,000 Honolulu Marathon runners, over 17,000 were out-of-state runners. This study asked out-of-state participants in the marathon to assess the attractiveness of Honolulu and its marathon compared with that of an ideal marathon. Data used in this study were collected by distributing a research instrument to marathon participants. The instrument consisted of 30 items to represent the destinational attributes for an ideal marathon location city based on an extensive review of the literature on the selection of sport tourism event destinations. Over 473 surveys were collected for this study. Examination and analysis of these results will be very helpful in determining what the marathon runners believe are the ideal attributes of a city to host a marathon. This information will provide marketing guidance to the organizers of the Honolulu Marathon based on a segmented analysis of participants' perceptions of the event as well as give assistance to community and event organizations interested in attracting and marketing similar events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study's main objective is to estimate the economic impact of a mega-convention, including an exhibition that is scheduled to be held in May 2016 in Korea. This study uses the multiplier effect of an input-output model to estimate the economic impact of hosting the convention. To compute the mega-convention's total expenditures, four sources are considered: conference hosts, exhibition host, exhibitors, and foreign attendees. The total expenditures by the four sources generate US$70.2 million. The total convention receipts of US$70.2 million produce US$132.8 million in output, 1,320 full-time-equivalent jobs, US$23.9 million in personal income for residents, US$58.4 million in value added, US$8.1 million in indirect tax, and US$11.1 million in imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Honolulu Marathon has consistently provided a positive economic impact to the state of Hawaii's economy. The purpose of this study was to assess the economic benefits of the 2007 Honolulu Marathon by runners from outside the state of Hawaii and their traveling companions on the city of Honolulu. Another purpose of this study was to compare the service perceptions of Japanese participants with those of English-speaking participants, with a focus on examining opportunities to increase economic contributions from the two groups. The 2007 Honolulu Marathon is the third largest marathon in the USA and six largest in the world, with over 27,000 runners registered. Only the New York City Marathon (34,729) and the Chicago Marathon (32,332) are larger. Of the 27,000 registered participants of the Honolulu Marathon, 19,500 runners are residents from outside the state of Hawaii. The data used in this study were collected by distributing a research instrument to marathon participants. The instrument consisted of 18 questions regarding length of stay, accommodation, and the amount of money spent by the marathon participants for food, lodging, souvenirs and other miscellaneous items while attending the marathon activities in Honolulu. A total of 1,643 participants completed the surveys for this study. Examination and analysis of these results will prove to be very helpful in determining the economic benefit the Honolulu Marathon has on Honolulu and the state of Hawaii. The Honolulu Marathon accounted for an economic impact of $108,890,000 that generated $3.7 million in state taxes. The opportunity for internationally diverse participatory sports events to increase tourism substantially, especially in the state of Hawaii, suggests that further research in this area is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors that made the Hampyeong Butterfly Festival a success and to identify its impacts on the host community. Hitherto, most studies have focused on a festival's economic impact or the level of visitor satisfaction, which was mainly regarded as the overall satisfaction of festival participants. However, this study examines the festival's operational procedures to clarify the successful factors. In addition, this study indicates some problems the festival has experienced, as well as offering solutions through assessing the economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geotourism is one among many types of ecotourism or nature tourism. Cave tourism within geotourism has gained popularity in Korea. The study's objectives include cave tourists' characteristics, segmenting them according to motivation factors, and finally identifying who they are. The sample population for this research consisted of tourists who have visited the Hwansun Cave in Samchuk City. Among a total of 547 questionnaires distributed, 537 questionnaires were used for further data analyses. On the basis of cluster analysis using the motivation factors, cluster 1 was named an “escape-seeking group”, cluster 2 was termed a “knowledge- and novelty-seeking group”, cluster 3 was called a “novelty-seeking group” and cluster 4 was termed a “socialization group”. Differences in socio-demographic variables, beliefs about cave tourism resources, preferred cave tourism products, satisfaction with this tour, willingness to participate in another cave tour and belief in the value of cave tourism resources were found among the four clusters. The study's findings were expected to be helpful in understanding who they are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been few efforts made to identify the positioning of exhibition host countries or cities, even though studies on the positioning of convention host destinations have been popular. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the positioning of exhibition cities as perceived by a sample of exhibitors who participated in exhibitions held in Hong Kong. A total of 304 questionnaires were collected at the PATA Travel Mart 2006, the Hong Kong Jewelry and Watch Fair, Aircraft Interiors Expo ASIA 2006, MIPIM Asia 2006, and Electronic Asia 2006. The results of this study found that there is a strong competition between major exhibition host cities in Asia, including Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Singapore, Seoul and Tokyo. The respondents showed the highest preference for Hong Kong and Singapore as an exhibition host destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]