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This study explored types and intensities of students' emotions related to participation in school-based SSI club project related to climate change (CE). Ten high school students participated twice a week for 7 weeks in club activities to model causes/impacts of CE, explore local problems related to CE, and plan and participate in social action. Researchers used the control-value theory to analyze how students' emotions changed over time and found that while some initially reported negative emotions persisted after the club activities concluded (anxiety, fear, guilt, and despair), students also reported more positive emotions (sense of accomplishment, confidence) than before. Students' emotions became more positive when planning and participating in social action and some emotions (guilt, anxiety, and expectation) helped to drive students to action. We discuss implications for club activities as a way to educate students about CE and we raise questions for future research.

Background: The administration of intravenous dexamethasone increases the duration of neuraxial block and improves the quality of analgesia. However, little is known about these effects of dexamethasone on peripheral nerve blocks in children. Aims: In this study, we aimed to investigate the benefit of intravenous dexamethasone for enhancing the effect of pudendal block on postoperative analgesia in children who underwent hypospadias surgery. Methods: In total, 46 children aged 6–36 months who underwent hypospadias surgery were randomly allocated to either a control group (normal saline, group C) or dexamethasone group (0.5 mg/kg, group D). Pudendal block was performed before the surgery using 0.3 mL/kg of 0.225% ropivacaine on both sides. Parents were instructed to press the patient‐controlled analgesia bolus button when their children's pain score was >4 points. The primary outcome measure was the time at which the first patient‐controlled analgesia by proxy bolus dose was administered. The secondary outcome measures were pain score, number of patient‐controlled analgesia administration by proxy bolus attempts, number of rescue analgesics required, total amount of fentanyl administered, and overall parental satisfaction. Results: The time of first patient‐controlled analgesia bolus administration by proxy was not different between the control and dexamethasone groups (5.6 [5.2, 8.8] h versus 6.5 [5.4, 8.1] h, hazard ratio 0.8, 95% confidence intervals 0.43 to 1.47, p =.46). There were no statistically significant differences among the secondary outcomes. Conclusions: Administration of intravenous dexamethasone did not enhance the duration of pudendal nerve block in infants and children aged 6–36 months who underwent hypospadias surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical study has been conducted to investigate the effect of shock waves on the supersonic hydrogen-air jet flame stabilized in a Mach 2.5 circular cross-section combustor. The numerical model utilizes multispecies Navier-Stokes equations with detailed chemical reaction models and employs a k-[omega] shear stress transport model. A wedge is mounted on the side wall of the combustor in order to find the interaction of the oblique shock waves with the hydrogen-air jetlike flame. The interaction between the shock waves and the mixing layer is classified according to the increasing tendency of the growth rate of the mixing layer downstream of the shock waves. It is found that the shock waves create a radially inward/outward airflow to the flame and elongate a flame-holding recirculation zone, and thus fuel-air mixing is enhanced significantly, resulting in improved combustion efficiency. Also, the overall performance is investigated by changing the shock position and considering the mixing/combustion efficiency and total pressure loss in a model scramjet combustor. Because there exists a tradeoff between the enhanced mixing/combustion efficiency and the decreased total pressure recovery, it is suggested that the optimized shock position needs to be determined in order to obtain the maximum overall combustor performance using the overall performance index.