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We present wide-field multiband photometry of globular cluster (GC) systems in NGC 1399, NGC 1404, and NGC 1387 located at the central region of the Fornax galaxy cluster. Observation was carried out through U, B, V, and I bands, which marks one of the widest and deepest U-band studies on extragalactic GC systems. The present U-band photometry enables us to significantly reduce the contamination by a factor of two for faint sources (Vo~23.5). The main results based on some 2000 GC candidates around NGC 1399, NGC 1404, and NGC 1387 are as follows: (1) the GC system in each galaxy exhibits bimodal color distributions in all colors examined, but the shape of color histograms varies systematically depending on colors; (2) NGC 1399 shows that the mean colors of both blue and red GCs become bluer with increasing galactocentric radius; (3) NGC 1399 shows overabundance of GCs in the directions of NGC 1404 and NGC 1387, indicating their ongoing interactions; and (4) NGC 1399 also exhibits a ~0.5' offset between the center of the inner GC distribution and the galaxy's optical center, suggesting that NGC 1399 is not yet dynamically relaxed and may be undergoing merger events., Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures, 6 Tables, published in ApJ January 2013

To understand the effects of the initial rotation on the evolution of the tidally limited clusters with mass spectrum, we have performed N-body simulations of the clusters with different initial rotations and compared the results with those of the Fokker-Planck (FP) simulations. We confirmed that the cluster evolution is accelerated by not only the initial rotation but also the mass spectrum. For the slowly rotating models, the time evolutions of mass, energy and angular momentum show good agreements between N-body and FP simulations. On the other hand, for the rapidly rotating models, there are significant differences between these two approaches at the early stage of the evolutions because of the development of bar instability in N-body simulations. The shape of the cluster for N-body simulations becomes tri-axial or even prolate, which cannot be produced by the 2-dimensional FP simulations. The total angular momentum and the total mass of the cluster decrease rapidly while bar-like structure persists. After the rotational energy becomes smaller than the critical value for the bar instability, the shape of the cluster becomes nearly axisymmetric again, and follows the evolutionary track predicted by the FP equation. We have confirmed again that the energy equipartiton is not completely achieved when M2/M1(m2>/m1)^(3/2) > 0.16. By examining the angular momentum at each mass component, we found that the exchange of angular momentum between different mass components occurs, similar to the energy exchange leading to the equipartition., Comment: 14 pages 21 figures 5 tables

We present a wide field survey of satellite galaxies in M106 (NGC 4258) covering a $1.7\degr \times 2\degr$ field around M106 using Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope/MegaCam. We find 16 satellite galaxy candidates of M106. Eight of these galaxies are found to be dwarf galaxies that are much smaller and fainter than the remaining galaxies. Four of these galaxies are new findings. Surface brightness profiles of 15 out of 16 satellite galaxies can be represented well by an exponential disk profile with varying scale length. We derive the surface number density distribution of these satellite galaxies. The central number density profile (d $<100$ kpc) is well fitted by a power-law with a power index of $-2.1\pm0.5$, similar to the expected power index of isothermal distribution. The luminosity function of these satellites is represented well by the Schechter function with a faint end slope of $-1.19^{+0.03}_{-0.06}$. Integrated photometric properties (total luminosity, total colour, and disk scale length) and the spatial distribution of these satellite galaxies are found to be roughly similar to those of the Milky Way and M31., Comment: Accepted by MNRAS

We estimate the reddening and distance of the nearest starburst galaxy IC 10 using deep near infrared $JHK_{S}$ photometry obtained with the Multi-Object InfraRed Camera and Spectrograph (MOIRCS) on the Subaru telescope. We estimate the foreground reddening toward IC 10 using $UBV$ photometry of IC 10 from the Local Group Survey, obtaining $E(B-V)=0.52\pm 0.04$ mag. We derive the total reddening including the internal reddening, $E(B-V)=0.98\pm 0.06$ mag, using $UBV$ photometry of early-type stars in IC 10 and comparing $JHK_{S}$ photometry of red giant branch stars in IC 10 and the SMC. Using the 2MASS point source catalog of 20 Galactic globular clusters, we derive a relation between the metallicity [Fe/H]$_{CG97}$ and the slope of the red giant branch in the $K_{S}- (J-K_{S})$ color-magnitude diagram. The mean metallicity of the red giant branch stars in IC 10 is estimated to be [Fe/H]$_{CG97}=-1.08\pm0.28$. The magnitude of the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) of IC 10 in the $K_{S}$ band is measured to be $K_{S,TRGB}=18.28\pm0.01$. Based on the TRGB method, we estimate the distance modulus of IC 10 to be $(m-M)_{0}=24.27\pm0.03{\rm (random)}\pm0.18{\rm (systematic)}$, corresponding to the distance of $d=715\pm10\pm60$ kpc. This confirms that IC 10 is a member of the Local Group., Comment: 35 pages, 11 figures, To appear in the Astrophysical Journal, 2009

We present a photometric study of the globular clusters in the giant elliptical galaxy M60 in the Virgo cluster, based on deep, relatively wide field Washington CT_1 CCD images. The color-magnitude diagram reveals a significant population of globular clusters in M60, and a large number of young luminous clusters in NGC 4647, a small companion spiral galaxy north-west of M60. The color distribution of the globular clusters in M60 is clearly bimodal, with a blue peak at (C-T_1)=1.37, and a red peak at (C-T_1)=1.87. We derive two new transformation relations between the (C-T_1)_0 color and [Fe/H] using the data for the globular clusters in our Galaxy and M49. Using these relations we derive the metallicity distribution of the globular clusters in M60, which is also bimodal: a dominant metal-poor component with center at [Fe/H]=-1.2, and a weaker metal-rich component with center at [Fe/H]=-0.2. The radial number density profile of the globular clusters is more extended than that of the stellar halo, and the radial number density profile of the blue globular clusters is more extended than that of the red globular clusters. The number density maps of the globular clusters show that the spatial distribution of the blue globular clusters is roughly circular, while that of the red globular cluster is elongated similarly to that of the stellar halo. We estimate the total number of the globular clusters in M60 to be 3600+/-500$,and the specific frequency to be S_N=3.8+/-0.4. The mean color of the bright blue globular clusters gets redder as they get brighter in both the inner and outer region of M60. This blue tilt is seen also in the outer region of M49, the brightest Virgo galaxy. Implications of these results are discussed., Comment: 32 pages, 22 figues, Accepted by ApJ

We have carried out N-body simulations for rotating star clusters with equal mass and compared the results with Fokker-Planck models. These two different approaches are found to produce fairly similar results, although there are some differences with regard to the detailed aspects. We confirmed the acceleration of the core collapse of a cluster due to an initial non-zero angular momentum and found a similar evolutionary trend in the central density and velocity dispersion in both simulations. The degree of acceleration depends on the initial angular momentum. Angular momentum is being lost from the cluster due to the evaporation of stars with a large angular momentum on a relaxation time scale., Comment: 11 pages, 13 eps figures, accepted for the publication of MNRAS

We present new observational results of NGC 7619, an elliptical galaxy with a prominent X-ray tail and a dominant member of the Pegasus group. With Chandra and XMM-Newton observations, we confirm the presence of a long X-ray tail in the SW direction; moreover, we identify for the first time a sharp discontinuity of the X-ray surface brightness in the opposite (NE) side of the galaxy. The density, temperature and pressure jump at the NE discontinuity suggest a Mach number ~1, corresponding to a galaxy velocity of ~500 km s-1, relative to the surrounding hot gas. Spectral analysis of these data shows that the Iron abundance of the hot gaseous medium is much higher (1-2 solar) near the center of NGC 7619 and in the tail extending from the core than in the surrounding regions (< 1/2 solar), indicating that the gas in the tail is originated from the galaxy. The possible origin of the head-tail structure is either on-going ram-pressure stripping or sloshing. The morphology of the structure is more in line with a ram pressure stripping phenomenon, while the position of NGC 7619 at the center of the Pegasus I group, and its dominance, would prefer sloshing., Comment: ApJ accepted to appear in the 2008 December 1 issue; Added discussion on sloshing

We present the Chandra Multiwavelength Project (ChaMP) X-ray point source catalog with ~6,800 X-ray sources detected in 149 Chandra observations covering \~10 deg^2. The full ChaMP catalog sample is seven times larger than the initial published ChaMP catalog. The exposure time of the fields in our sample ranges from 0.9 to 124 ksec, corresponding to a deepest X-ray flux limit of f_{0.5-8.0} = 9 x 10^{-16} erg/cm2/sec. The ChaMP X-ray data have been uniformly reduced and analyzed with ChaMP-specific pipelines, and then carefully validated by visual inspection. The ChaMP catalog includes X-ray photometric data in 8 different energy bands as well as X-ray spectral hardness ratios and colors. To best utilize the ChaMP catalog, we also present the source reliability, detection probability and positional uncertainty. To quantitatively assess those parameters, we performed extensive simulations. In particular, we present a set of empirical equations: the flux limit as a function of effective exposure time, and the positional uncertainty as a function of source counts and off axis angle. The false source detection rate is ~1% of all detected ChaMP sources, while the detection probability is better than ~95% for sources with counts >30 and off axis angle <5 arcmin. The typical positional offset between ChaMP X-ray source and their SDSS optical counterparts is 0.7+-0.4 arcsec, derived from ~900 matched sources., Comment: 60 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in ApJS, Full resolution version is available at http://hea-www.cfa.harvard.edu/CHAMP/RESULTS_PAPERS/ChaMP_xcat.pdf

We have completed a spectroscopic survey of X-ray point sources in eight low-redshift clusters of galaxies (0.0510^{41}) ~ 5%. We stress that additional, lower-luminosity AGN are expected to be present in the M_R < -20 mag cluster members. Our data unambiguously demonstrate that cluster galaxies host AGN more frequently than previously expected. Only four of these galaxies have obvious visible-wavelength AGN signatures, even though their X-ray luminosities are too high for their X-ray emission to be due to populations of low-mass X-ray binaries or hot, gaseous halos. We attribute the significant difference in visible and X-ray AGN identification to dilution of low-luminosity AGN spectral signatures by host galaxy starlight and/or obscuration of accretion onto the central, supermassive black hole., Comment: ApJ accepted, 20 pages, 15 figures, emulateapj

We present a systematic study of the low mass X-ray binary (LMXB) populations of 6 elliptical galaxies. We utilize Chandra archival data to identify 665 X-ray point sources and HST archival data supplemented by ground observations to identify 6173 GCs. We associate 209 LMXBs with red GC (RGC) and 76 LMXBs with blue GCs (BGC), while we find no optical GC counterpart for 258 LMXBs. This is the largest GC-LMXB sample studied so far. We confirm previous reports suggesting that the fraction of GCs associated with LMXBs is 3 times larger in RGCs than in BGCs, indicating that metallicity is a primary factor in the GC-LMXB formation. While as already known, the brighter (and bigger) GCs have a higher probability to host LMXBs, we find that this optical luminosity (or mass) dependency is stronger in RGCs than in BGCs. We also find that GCs located near the galaxy center have a higher probability to harbor LMXBs compared to those in the outskirts. The radial distributions of GC-LMXBs (for both RGC and BGC) are steeper than those of the whole optical GC sample, but consistent with those of the optical halo light, suggesting that there must be another parameter (in addition to metallicity) governing LMXB formation in GCs. This second parameter must depend on the galacto-centric distance. We find no statistically significant difference in the X-ray properties among RGC-LMXBs, BGC-LMXBs and field-LMXBs. The similarity of the X-ray spectra of BGC-LMXBs and RGC-LMXBs is inconsistent with the irradiation-induced stellar wind model prediction. The similarity of the X-ray luminosity functions (XLFs) of GC-LMXBs and field-LMXBs indicates that there is no significant difference in the fraction of BH binaries present in these two populations, in contrast to Galactic LMXBs where BH binaries are not found in GCs., Comment: 52 pages

We have studied the dynamical evolution of rotating star clusters with mass spectrum using a Fokker-Planck code. As a simplest multi-mass model, we first investigated the two-component clusters. Rotation is found to accelerate the dynamical evolution through the transfer of angular momentum outward, as well as from the high masses to the low masses. However, the degree of acceleration depends sensitively on the assumed initial mass function since dynamical friction, which generates mass segregation, also tends to accelerate the evolution, and the combined effect of both is not linear or multiplicative. As long as dynamical friction dominates in the competition with angular momentum exchange the heavy masses lose random energy and angular momentum, sink towards the centre, but their remaining angular momentum is sufficient to speed them up rotationally. This is gravo-gyro instability. As a consequence, we find that the high mass stars in the central parts rotate faster than low mass stars. This leads to the suppression of mass segregation compared to the non-rotating clusters. From the study of multi-component models, we observe similar trends to the two-component models in almost all aspects. The mass function changes less drastically for clusters with rotation. Unlike non-rotating clusters, the mass function depends on $R$ and $z$. Our models are the only ones that can predict mass function and other quantities to be compared with new observations., Comment: Submitted to Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society

We have determined the distance to M33 using the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) and the red clump (RC), from the VI photometry of stars in ten regions of M33 based on HST/WFPC2 images. The regions used in this study are located at R=2.6 - 17.8 arcmin from the center of M33. The distance modulus to M33 obtained in this study, for an adopted foreground reddening of E(B-V)=0.04, is (m-M)_{0,TRGB}=24.81+/-0.04(random)+0.15/-0.11(systematic) from the TRGB, and (m-M)_{0,RC}=24.80+/-0.04(random)+/-0.05(systematic) from the RC, showing an excellent agreement between the two (corresponding to a distance of 916+/-17(random) kpc and 912+/-17(random) kpc, respectively). These results are \~0.3 mag larger than the Cepheid distances based on the same HST/WFPC2 data and ground-based data. This difference is considered partially due to the uncertainty in the estimates of the total reddening for Cepheids in M33., Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures, uses emulateapj5.sty, Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal

We present a preliminary analysis of HST-WFPC2 observations of globular cluster systems in the two brightest galaxies, UGC 9799 (cD) and NGC 1129 (non-cD), located in the center of rich clusters., Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures, uses IAU207_pasp.sty and psfig.sty To appear in the proceedings of IAU Symp. 207, "Extragalactic Star Clusters", eds. E. Grebel, D. Geisler, and D. Minniti

We present the first post core collapse models of initially rotating star clusters, using the numerical solution of an orbit-averaged 2D Fokker-Planck equation. Based on the code developed by Einsel & Spurzem (1999), we have improved the speed and the stability and included the steady three-body binary heating source. We have confirmed that rotating clusters, whether they are in a tidal field or not, evolve significantly faster than non-rotating ones. Consequences for observed shapes, density distribution, and kinematic properties of young and old star clusters are discussed. The results are compared with gaseous and 1D Fokker-Planck models in the non-rotating case., Comment: 12 pages (MNLaTeX), 17 Postscript figures, Submitted to MNRAS

We present a study of globular clusters in the inner region of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472, based on the HST WFPC2 archive data. We have found about 1560 globular cluster candidates at the galactocentric radius r < 4 arcmin. V-(V-I) diagram of these objects shows a dominant vertical structure which consists obviously of two components: blue globular clusters (BGCs) and red globular clusters (RGCs). The luminosity function of the globular clusters is derived to have a peak at V(max)=23.50+/-0.16 from Gaussian fitting. The distance to NGC 4472 is estimated to be d=14.7+/-1.3 Mpc.The peak luminosity for the RGCs is similar to that for the BGCs, which indicates that the RGCs may be several Gyrs younger than the BGCs. The mean luminosity of the bright BGCs decreases by 0.2 mag with increasing galactocentric radius over the range of 9 arcmin, while that of the RGCs does not. The observed color distribution of these globular clusters is distinctively bimodal with peaks at (V-I) = 0.98 and 1.23. The mean observed color of all the globular clusters with V < 23.9 mag is derived to be (V-I)=1.11. These colors are exactly the same as those for the globular clusters in M87. It is found that the relative number of the BGCs to the RGCs is increasing with the increasing galactocentric radius. Surface number density profiles of both the BGCs and RGCs get flat in the central region, and the core radii of the globular cluster systems are measured to be r_c = 1.9 arcmin for the BGCs, r_c = 1.2 arcmin for the RGCs, and r_c = 1.3 arcmin for the total sample, which are much larger than the stellar core of the galaxy. In general the properties of the globular clusters in the inner region of NGC 4472 are consistent with those of the globular clusters in the outer region of NGC 4472., Comment: 27 pages (AASLaTex), 22 Postscript Figures, Accepted for Publication in the Astronomical Journal, Jul. 31st, 2000

We present deep wide field (16'.4 x 16'.4) Washington CT1 CCD surface photometry of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472, the brightest member in the Virgo cluster. Our data cover a wider field than any previous CCD photometry as well as going deeper. Surface brightness profiles of NGC 4472 are not well fit by a single King model, but they can be fit approximately by two King models: with separate models for the inner and outer regions. Surface brightness profiles for the outer region can also be fit approximately by a deVaucouleurs law. There is clearly a negative color gradient within 3' of NGC 4472, in the sense that the color gets bluer with increasing radius. The slope of the color gradient for this region is derived to be $\Delta \mu (C-T_1)$ = -0.08 mag arcsec$^{-2}$ for $\Delta \log r =1$, which corresponds to a metallicity gradient of $\Delta$ [Fe/H] $= -0.2$ dex. However, the surface color gets redder slowly with increasing radius beyond 3'. A comparison of the structural parameters of NGC 4472 in C and T1 images has shown that there is little difference in the ellipse shapes between isochromes and isophotes. In addition, photometric and structural parameters of NGC 4472 have been determined., Comment: 8 pages(mnrasLaTeX), 8 Postscript figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 2000)

We present deep BVI CCD photometry of the stars in the dwarf galaxy DDO 210. The color-magnitude diagrams of DDO 210 show a well-defined red giant branch (RGB) and a blue plume. The tip of the RGB is found to be at I_TRGB = 20.95 +/- 0.10 mag. From this the distance to DDO 210 is estimated to be d = 950 +/- 50 kpc. The corresponding distance of DDO 210 to the center of the Local Group is 870 kpc, showing that it is a member of the Local Group. The mean metallicity of the red giant branch stars is estimated to be [Fe/H] = -1.9 +/- 0.1 dex. Integrated magnitudes of DDO 210 within the Holmberg radius (r_H=110 arcsec = 505 pc) are derived to be M_B=-10.6 +/- 0.1 mag and M_V=-10.9 +/- 0.1 mag. B and V surface brightness profiles of DDO 210 are approximately consistent with an exponential law with scale lengths r_s(B) = 161 pc and r_s(V) = 175 pc. The brightest blue and red stars in DDO 210 (BSG and RSG) are found to be among the faintest in the nearby galaxies with young stellar populations: _{BSG} = -3.41 +/- 0.11 mag and _{RSG} = -4.69 +/- 0.13 mag. An enhancement of the star formation rate in the recent past (several hundred Myrs) is observed in the central region of DDO 210. The opposite trend is observed in the outer region of the galaxy, suggesting a possible two-component structure of the kind disk/halo found in spiral galaxies. The real nature of this two-component structure must, however, be confirmed with more detailed observations., Comment: Latex file, 17 pages with 9 figures, uses emulateapj.sty To appear in the AJ (in August 1999)

We present a comprehensive study of the luminosity function and spatial structure of the globular cluster system of NGC 4472, based on deep wide field Washington CT1 CCD images. The globular cluster luminosity function shows a peak at T1=23.3 +/- 0.1 mag, about 1.5 mags brighter than our 50% completeness limit. We estimate the true distance modulus to NGC 4472 to be (m-M)o = 31.2 +/- 0.2. With our large sample (~ 2000) of bright globular clusters over a wide field, we make a definitive investigation of the spatial structures of the metal-poor and metal-rich cluster populations and find that they are systematically different: (1) The metal-rich clusters are more centrally concentrated than the metal-poor clusters; and (2) The metal-rich clusters are elongated roughly along the major axis of the parent galaxy, while the metal-poor clusters are essentially spherically distributed. In general, the metal-rich clusters closely follow the underlying halo starlight of NGC 4472 in terms of spatial structure and metallicity, while the metal-poor clusters do not. The global value of the specific frequency of the globular clusters in NGC 4472 is estimated to be S_N = 4.7 +/- 0.6. The local specific frequency increases linearly outward from the center of NGC 4472 until ~ 5'.5, beyond which it levels off at S_N ~ 8.5 until the limit of our data at 7'. The specific frequency of both the metal-rich and metal-poor populations shows similar behavior. However, S_N of the metal-poor clusters is about a factor 2 larger than that of the metal-rich clusters in the outer regions. Implications of these results for the origin of the globular clusters in NGC 4472 are discussed., Comment: 28 Pages (AASLaTeX), 9 Postscript figures, Accepted for publicaion in the Astronomical Journal, Mar. 31st, 1998

We present integrated Washington CT1 photometry of 18 bright blue objects discovered in the dwarf galaxy UGC 7636 which is located 5'.5 southeast of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472, the brightest galaxy in the Virgo cluster. Several lines of evidence indicate that UGC 7636 is interacting violently with NGC 4472. These objects are very blue with colors of -0.4 < (C-T1) < 0.6, and their magnitudes are in the range of 20.6 < T1 < 22.9 mag which corresponds to absolute magnitudes of -10.6 < M(T1) < -8.3 mag for a distance modulus of (m-M)o = 31.2. These objects are grouped spatially in three regions: the central region of UGC 7636, the tidal tail region, and the HI cloud region. No such objects were found in the counter tail region. It is concluded that these objects are probably young star clusters which formed < 0.1Gyr ago during the interaction between UGC 7636 and NGC 4472. Surface photometry of UGC 7636 (r < 83") shows that there is a significant excess of blue light along the tidal tail region compared with other regions. The star clusters are bluer than the stellar light in the tidal tail region, indicating that these clusters might have formed later than most stars in the tidal tail region which were formed later than most stars in the main body of the galaxy., Comment: 18 pages (AASLaTeX), 6 Postscript figures, Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal, Nov. 30th, 1997