Search

We compute the branching fractions of vector quarkonia ($V_Q=J/\psi, \psi', \Upsilon(nS)$) decays into neutrino pairs, considering both Dirac and Majorana types, within the Standard Model (SM) and beyond. The vector nature of quarkonium states yields a decay width in the SM that depends upon the weak vector coupling of the heavy quark, offering the possibility to measure the weak mixing angle at the quarkonia mass scales. If neutrinos have non-standard neutral weak couplings, this could help to distinguish the nature of neutrinos in principle., Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures

The nature of dark matter in the Universe is still an open question in astrophysics and cosmology. Axions and axion-like particles (ALPs) offer a compelling solution, and traditionally ground-based experiments have eagerly, but to date unsuccessfully, searched for these hypothetical low-mass particles that are expected to be produced in large quantities in the strong electromagnetic fields in the interior of stars. This work offers a fresh look at axions and ALPs by leveraging their conversion into X-rays in the magnetic field of the Sun's atmosphere rather than a laboratory magnetic field. Unique data acquired with the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) during the solar minimum in 2020 allows us to set stringent limits on the coupling of axions to photons using state-of-the-art magnetic field models of the solar atmosphere. We report pioneering limits on the axion-photon coupling strength of $6.9\times 10^{-12}$ GeV$^{-1}$ at 95\% confidence level for axion masses $m_a \lesssim 2\times 10^{-7}$ eV, surpassing current ground-based searches and further probing unexplored regions of the axion-photon coupling parameter space up to axion masses of $m_a \lesssim 5\times 10^{-4}$ eV., Comment: 23 pages, 12 figures

We conduct a model-independent analysis of the distinct signatures of various generic new physics possibilities in the decay $B \to K \, \nu \, \overline{\nu}$ by analyzing the branching ratio as well as the missing mass-square distribution. Considering the final neutrinos to be of the same flavor with non-zero mass, we discuss the new physics contributions for both Dirac and Majorana neutrino possibilities. In our study, we utilize the analytical relations among form factors in semi-leptonic $B \to K$ transitions, which are consistent with current lattice QCD predictions to a very high numerical accuracy. We provide constraints on different new physics parameters, taking into account the recent measurement of $B^+ \to K^+ \, \nu \, \overline{\nu}$ branching ratio by the Belle-II collaboration. In future, if the missing mass-square distribution for $B^+ \to K^+ \, \nu \, \overline{\nu}$ decay gets reported by Belle-II with analysis of more events than their present data set, one can not only investigate possible new physics effects in these decays, but also probe the Dirac/Majorana nature of the neutrinos using quantum statistics, since a difference between the two cases is known to exist in the presence of non-standard neutrino interactions., Comment: 14 pages, 5 captioned figures, added more references and improved discussions, please check the doi for the published version

Panic-induced herding in individuals often leads to social disasters, resulting in people being trapped and trampled in crowd stampedes triggered by panic. We introduce a novel approach that offers fresh insights into studying the phenomenon of asymmetrical panic-induced escape. Our approach is based on the concept of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking (SSB), a fundamental governing mechanism in the Physical Sciences. By applying the principles of SSB, we elucidate how asymmetrical panic-induced herding in individuals occurs. We highlight that understanding panic escape and preventing catastrophic situations can be achieved through two crucial parameters: "population density" control and "communication (or information transfer)" among individuals in a crowd. The interplay of these two parameters is responsible for either breaking or restoring the symmetry of a system. We describe how these parameters are set by design conditions as well as crowd control. Based on these parameters, we discuss strategies for preventing potential social disasters caused by asymmetrical panic escape., Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures

In a recent article arXiv:2402.05172 [hep-ph], the authors discuss the question "whether quantum statistics can help distinguish between Dirac and Majorana neutrinos." The paper contains, among other things, an unsubstantiated critique of the results derived in our papers arXiv:2106.11785 [hep-ph] and arXiv:2307.05654 [hep-ph]. One of the criticisms is related to our expression for differential decay rate for the back-to-back neutrino-antineutrino configuration in the decay $B^0 \to \mu^- \, \mu^+ \, \nu_\mu \, \overline{\nu}_\mu$. We show that the claim is wrong and point out how the correct result was obtained. The second criticism is related to the implementation of the anti-symmetrization as dictated by quantum statistics for Majorana neutrinos and antineutrinos (which are identical, by definition). Any direct observation of the neutrinos, as done in Ref. \cite{Akhmedov:2024}, would project the neutrinos into distinguishable helicity states, thus nullifying all observable effects of quantum statistics. They have missed the point that our procedure holds when the neutrino and antineutrino remain undetected by the detector. In the back-to-back kinematic configuration, one can infer the neutrino energies without directly detecting their identities. This smartly ensures that the quantum statistical effects are not erased. Their overriding assertion that our papers arXiv:2106.11785 [hep-ph] and arXiv:2307.05654 [hep-ph] are incorrect fails to recognize that in both arXiv:2106.11785 [hep-ph] and arXiv:2307.05654 [hep-ph] we also point out generic conditions under which the practical Dirac-Majorana confusion theorem holds. "Clearly there is no confusion over confusion theorem.", Comment: 8 pages, 0 figures

We investigate rare decays of tau leptons that occur via exchange of heavy on-shell neutrinos $N_j$ ($j=1,2$). These neutrinos can be either Dirac or Majorana, and are considered to be almost degenerate in mass. The decays can thus be either lepton number conserving (LNC), $\tau^{\mp} \to \pi^{\mp} N_j \to \pi^{\mp} \mu^{\mp} \pi^{\pm}$, or lepton number violating (LNV), $\tau^{\mp} \to \pi^{\mp} N_j \to \pi^{\mp} \mu^{\pm} \pi^{\mp}$. If neutrinos are Dirac, only LNC decays are possible. If they are Majorana, both LNC and LNV are possible. We derive the corresponding expressions for the effective decay widths $\Gamma_{{\rm eff},\mp}^{\rm (X)}$ (X=LNC, LNV) of these rare decays, where we account for $N_1$-$N_2$ overlap and oscillation effects and for the finite detector length effects. We then numerically evaluate these decay widths as well as the related CP violation asymmetry width $\Delta \Gamma_{\rm CP}^{\rm (X)} = (\Gamma_{{\rm eff},-}^{\rm (X)} - \Gamma_{{\rm eff},+}^{\rm (X)})$. We conclude that for certain, presently allowed, ranges of the heavy-light neutrino mixing parameters, such decays and asymmetries could be observed in Belle II experiment., Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures; v2: references added

In arXiv:2305.14140 [hep-ph] the authors analyze the radiative leptonic decay $\ell^- \to \nu_\ell \, \overline{\nu}_{\ell'} \, \ell^{\prime -} \, \gamma$ to distinguish between Dirac and Majorana nature of neutrinos. They utilize the back-to-back kinematics for this purpose, a special kinematic configuration which we first proposed in our paper arXiv:2106.11785 [hep-ph]. Here we point out how and why their analysis of the back-to-back configuration is incorrect. This makes their conclusion and comments invalid and untenable., Comment: 4 pages, 0 figures

We inspect the model-independent study of practical Dirac Majorana confusion theorem (pDMCT) -- a wide spread belief that the difference between Dirac and Majorana neutrinos via any kinematical observable would be practically impossible to determine because of the difference only being proportional to the square of neutrino mass -- in context of processes that have at least a neutrino antineutrino pair in their final state. We scrutinize the domain of applicability of pDMCT and also highlight those aspects that are often misunderstood. We try to clarify some of the frequently used concepts that are used to assert pDMCT as a generic feature irrespective of the process, or observable, such as the existence of any analytic continuity between Dirac and Majorana neutrinos in the limit mass(neutrino) -> 0. In summary, we illustrate that pDMCT is not any fundamental property of neutrinos, instead, it is a phenomenological feature of neutrino non-observation, depending on models and processes., Comment: A few note added in blue color, after published in European Physics Journal C (2023) 83:972

We study the current estimates of $B_c\to B_s \pi$ to extract the fragmentation fraction $f_c/f_s$ at the LHCb. A rather robust estimate of $Br(B_c\to B_s \pi)$ based on factorization and lattice results for the form factor gives $f_c/f_s \sim 0.056$ with a $16\%$ error. We also revisit the extraction of $f_s/f_d$ using $B\to D\pi$ instead of the theoretical cleaner but more suppressed channel $B\to DK$. We also find a tension on the predictions of $Br(B_c\to J/\psi \pi)$ and $Br(B_c\to B_s\pi)$ considering the measurements of these modes at LHCb, and find that, within a $23\%$ uncertainty, only the lower end of the current prediction range $Br(B_c\to J/\psi)\sim 0.4\% - 1.7\%$ would be consistent with the LHCb measurements., Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures

Using the well established principles of Lorentz invariance, CP and CPT symmetry, and quantum statistics we do a model-independent study of effects of possible non-standard couplings of (Dirac and Majorana) neutrinos. The study is sensitive to the different quantum statistical properties of the Dirac and Majorana neutrinos which, contrary to neutrino-mediated processes of lepton number violation, could lead to observable effects not suppressed by the small ratios of neutrino and heavier particle masses. For processes with a neutrino-antineutrino pair of the same flavor in the final state, we formulate the ``Dirac Majorana confusion theorem (DMCT)'' showing why it is normally very difficult to observe the different behaviour of both kinds of neutrinos in experiments if they have only the standard model (SM)-like left-handed vector couplings to gauge bosons. We discuss deviations from the confusion theorem in the presence of non-standard neutrino interactions, allowing to discover or constrain such novel couplings. We illustrate the general results with two chosen examples of neutral current processes, $Z \to \nu \, \overline{\nu}$ and $\mathcal{P}_i \to \mathcal{P}_f \, \nu \, \overline{\nu}$ (with $\mathcal{P}_{i,f}$ denoting pseudoscalar mesons, such as $B,K,\pi$). Our analysis shows that using 3-body decays the presence of non-standard interactions can not only be constrained but one can also distinguish between Dirac and Majorana neutrino possibilities., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, for the published version visit the DOI

We investigate rare decays of Higgs via exchange of two almost degenerate heavy on-shell Majorana neutrinos $N_j$ ($j=1,2$): $\Gamma_{\pm} = \Gamma(h \to \nu_k N_j \to \nu_k \ell^{\pm} \pi^{\mp})$, and into the open quark channels $\Gamma_{\pm} = \Gamma(h \to \nu_k N_j \to \nu_k \ell^{\pm} U D)$, where $U D$ are two jets of open quarks (${\bar U} D$, or $U {\bar D}$, where $U=u, c$ and $D=d, s$). The related CP violation asymmetry $A_{\rm CP} = (\Gamma_{-} - \Gamma_{+})/(\Gamma_{-} + \Gamma_{+})$ is studied in detail. We take into account the $N_1$-$N_2$ overlap and oscillation effects. We can see that for certain, presently acceptable, range of input parameters, such decays with open quark channels, and their asymmetries, could be detected in the International Linear Collider (ILC).

The nature of a neutrino, whether it is a Dirac type or Majorana type, may be comprehensively probed using their quantum statistical properties. If the neutrino is a Majorana fermion, then by definition it is identical and indistinguishable from the corresponding antineutrino. When a Majorana neutrino and antineutrino are pair produced, the corresponding state has to obey the Pauli principle unlike in the Dirac case. We use this property to distinguish between the two cases using the process $B^0 \to \mu^-\,\mu^+\,\nu_\mu\,\bar{\nu}_\mu$. We show that the two cases differ dramatically in a special kinematic scenario where, in the rest frame of the parent $B$ meson, the muons fly away back-to-back (i.e. fly with 3-momenta of equal magnitudes but opposite directions), and so do the neutrino and antineutrino. Unlike any other scenario, we know the energies and magnitudes of $3$-momenta of both the neutrino and the antineutrino in this back-to-back configuration without even directly measuring them. This provides a way of avoiding the constraint imposed by the `practical Dirac-Majorana confusion theorem', as one need not fully integrate over neutrino and antineutrino in this case. As a true signature of the universal principle of quantum statistics which does not depend on the size of the mass of the particle but its spin, the difference between Dirac and Majorana cases in this special kinematic configuration does survive independent of the neutrino mass as long as neutrino mass is nonzero. The analysis presented here is applicable immediately to several other processes with the same final state as in the case of $B^0$ decay without any major change., Comment: 30 pages, 5 figures, updated references, typos corrected, for published version visit the DOI

In this article we study the rare B-meson decay via two on-shell almost-degenerate Majorana Heavy Neutrinos, into two charged leptons and two pseudoscalar mesons ($B^{\pm} \to D^0 \ell^{\pm}_1 \ell^{\pm}_2 \pi^{\mp}$). We consider the scenario where the heavy neutrino masses are $\sim 2$ GeV and the heavy-light mixing coefficients are $|B_{\ell N}|^2 \sim 10^{-5}$, and evaluate the possibility to measure the CP-asymmetry at Belle II. We present some realistic conditions under which the asymmetry could be detected.

The disagreement between the standard model prediction and the experimental measurement of muon anomalous magnetic moment can be alleviated by invoking an additional particle which is either a vector boson ($X_1$) or a scalar ($X_0$). This new particle, with the mass $m_X \lesssim 2 m_\mu$, can be searched for in the decay $J/\psi \to \mu^- \mu^+ X$, where $X$ is missing. Our numerical study shows that the search is quite feasible at the BESIII experiment in the parameter space allowed by muon $g-2$ measurements., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables, References updated

In the 2-spinor formalism, the gravity can be dealt with curvature spinors with four spinor indices. Here we show a new effective method to express the components of curvature spinors in the rank-2 $4 \times 4$ tensor representation for the gravity in a locally inertial frame. In the process we have developed a few manipulating techniques, through which the roles of each component of Riemann curvature tensor are revealed. We define a new algebra `sedon', whose structure is almost the same as sedenion except the basis multiplication rule. Finally we also show that curvature spinors can be represented in the sedon form and observe the chiral structure in curvature spinors. A few applications of the sedon representation, which includes the quaternion form of differential Binanchi indentity, are also presented., Comment: 24 pages, 4 tables

We present, how a systematic study of $B \to D\ell N$ ($D \to K \ell N$) decays with $\ell=\mu,\tau$, at Belle II (BESIII) can provide unambiguous signature of a heavy neutrino $N$ and/or constrain its mixing with active neutrinos $\nu_\ell$, which is parameterized by $|U_{\ell N}|^2$. Our constraint on $|U_{\mu N}|^2$ that can be achieved from the full Belle II data is comparable with what can be obtained from the much larger data set of the upgraded LHCb. Additionally, our method offers better constraint on $|U_{\mu N}|^2$ for mass of sterile neutrino $m_N < 2$ GeV. We can also probe the Dirac and Majorana nature of $N$ by observing the sequential decay of $N$, including suppression from observation of a displaced vertex as well as helicity flip, for Majorana $N$., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures. This is a pre-print of an article published in European Physical Journal C. The final authenticated version is available online at https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8310-2

Decays of heavy pseudoscalar mesons $B$, $B_c$, $B_s$ and $D_s$ at LHCb upgrade are considered, which produce either two equal sign muons or taus. In addition, we consider the analogous decays with opposite sign muons or taus. All these decays are considered to be mediated by a heavy on-shell neutrino $N$. Such decays of $B$ mesons, if not detected, will give in general stringent upper bounds on the heavy-light mixing parameter $|U_{\mu N}|^2$ as a function of the neutrino mass $M_N \sim 1$ GeV, principally due to the large expected number of produced mesons $B$. While some of the decays of the other mentioned mesons are attractive due to a weaker CKM-suppression, the expected produced number of such mesons is significantly smaller that that of $B$'s; therefore, the sensitivity bounds from such decays are in general comparable or less restrictive. When $\tau$ pairs are produced, only two types of such decays are significant: $B^{\pm}, B_{c}^{\pm} \to \tau^{\pm} \tau^{\pm} \pi^{\mp}$ (and $\tau^{\pm} \tau^{\mp} \pi^{\pm}$), giving us stringent upper bounds on $|U_{\tau N}|^2$; the other decays with a pair of $\tau$, such as $B^0 \to D^{(*)-} \tau^+ \tau^+ \pi^-$ (and $D^{(*)-} \tau^+ \tau^- \pi^+$), are prohibited or very suppressed by kinematics., Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures; the paper is a continuation of our work arXiv:1705.09403; v4: improved legends in Fig.2

By using complex quaternion, which is the system of quaternion representation extended to complex numbers, we show that the laws of electromagnetism can be expressed much more simply and concisely. We also derive the quaternion representation of rotations and boosts from the spinor representation of Lorentz group. It is suggested that the imaginary 'i' should be attached to the spatial coordinates, and observe that the complex conjugate of quaternion representation is exactly equal to parity inversion of all physical quantities in the quaternion. We also show that using quaternion is directly linked to the two-spinor formalism. Finally, we discuss meanings of quaternion, octonion and sedenion in physics as n-fold rotation, Comment: Version published in journal Universe (2019)

We analyze, in a fully model-independent manner, the effects of new physics on a few semi-hadronic three-body meson decays of the type $P_i \to P_f f_1 f_2$, where $P_i$, $P_f$ are well chosen pseudo-scalar mesons and $f_{1,2}$ denote fermions out of which at least one gets detected in experiments. We find that the angular distribution of events of these decays can probe many interesting new physics, such as the nature of the intermediate particle that can cause lepton-flavor violation, or presence of heavy sterile neutrino, or new intermediate particles, or new interactions. We also provide angular asymmetries which can quantify the effects of new physics in these decays. We illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed methodology with a few well chosen decay modes showing effects of certain new physics possibilities without any hadronic uncertainties., Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, added more references

Anomalies in several short-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments suggest the possible existence of sterile neutrinos at about eV scale having appreciable mixing with the already known three neutrinos. We find that if such a light sterile neutrino exists, through a combined study of the leptonic decays of $\mu^-$, $\tau^-$, $\pi^-$ and $K^-$, some semi-leptonic decays of $\tau^-$ and the invisible decay width of the $Z$ boson, it is possible to constrain the relevant mixing matrix elements. Furthermore, we compare the constraints, derived by using the method presented here, with the experimental results obtained from short-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. We find that a single light sterile neutrino cannot satisfy the existing short-baseline neutrino oscillation constraints and explain the anomalies mentioned above. Along the way we provide a number of experimentally clean observables which can be used to directly study the light sterile neutrino independently of the neutrino oscillation experiments., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in Physical Review D

We study the possibility to observe sterile neutrinos with masses in the range between 5 GeV and 20 GeV at the LHC, using the exclusive semileptonic modes involving pions, namely W to lepton + N to n pions + lepton+lepton (n = 1, 2, 3). The two pion and three pion modes require extrapolations of form factors to large time-like $q^2$, which we do using vector dominance models as well as light front holographic QCD, with remarkable agreement. This mass region is difficult to explore with inclusive dilepton+dijet modes or trilepton modes and impossible to explore in rare meson decays. While particle identification is a real challenge in these modes, vertex displacement due to the long living neutrino in the above mass range can greatly help reduce backgrounds. Assuming a sample of $10^9$ W bosons at the end of the LHC Run 2, these modes could discover a sterile neutrino in the above mass range or improve the current bounds on the heavy-to-light lepton mixings by an order of magnitude, $U_{l N}^2 \sim 2 \times 10^{-6}$. Moreover, by studying the equal sign and opposite sign dileptons, the Majorana or Dirac character of the sterile neutrino may be revealed., Comment: 18 pages, 4 double figures

The focus of this chapter lies on the possible experimental tests of leptogenesis scenarios. We consider both leptogenesis generated from oscillations, as well as leptogenesis from out-of-equilibrium decays. As the Akhmedov-Rubakov-Smirnov (ARS) mechanism allows for heavy neutrinos in the GeV range, this opens up a plethora of possible experimental tests, e.g. at neutrino oscillation experiments, neutrinoless double beta decay, and direct searches for neutral heavy leptons at future facilities. In contrast, testing leptogenesis from out-of-equilibrium decays is a quite difficult task. We comment on the necessary conditions for having successful leptogenesis at the TeV-scale. We further discuss possible realizations and their model specific testability in extended seesaw models, models with extended gauge sectors, and supersymmetric leptogenesis. Not being able to test high-scale leptogenesis directly, we present a way to falsify such scenarios by focusing on their washout processes. This is discussed specifically for the left-right symmetric model and the observation of a heavy $W_R$, as well as model independently when measuring $\Delta L = 2$ washout processes at the LHC or neutrinoless double beta decay., Comment: 99 pages, 29 figures. Chapter 5 of the review volume "Leptogenesis: Current Challenges for Model Building, Phenomenology and Non-Equilibrium Field Theory."

Of all $B \to D \overline{D}$ decays, the $B^0 \to D^0 \overline{D^0}$ decay has the smallest observed branching ratio as it takes place primarily via the suppressed $W$-exchange diagram. The $CP$ asymmetry for this mode is yet to be measured experimentally. By exploiting the relationship among the decay amplitudes of $B \to D\overline{D}$ decays (using isospin and topological amplitudes) we are able to relate the $CP$ asymmetries and branching ratios by a simple expression. This enables us to predict the $CP$ asymmetry $C_{00}$ in $B^0 \to D^0 \overline{D^0}$. While the predicted central values of $C_{00}$ are outside the physically allowed region, they are currently associated with large uncertainties owing to the large errors in the measurements of the $B^0 \to D^0 \overline{D^0}$ branching ratio ($B_{00}$), the other $CP$ asymmetries $C_{+-}$ (of $B^0 \to D^+ D^-$) and $A_{\text{CP}}$ (of $B^+ \to D^+ \overline{D^0}$). With a precise determination of $B_{00}$, $C_{+-}$ and $A_{\text{CP}}$, one can use our analytical result to predict $C_{00}$ with a reduced error and compare it with the experimental measurement when it becomes available. The correlation between $B_{00}$ and $C_{00}$ is an interesting aspect that can be probed in ongoing and future particle physics experiments such as LHCb and Belle II., Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in JHEP

Distinguishing the Dirac and Majorana nature of neutrinos remains one of the most important tasks in neutrino physics. By assuming that the $\tau^- \to \pi^- \mu^- e^+ \nu$ (or $\bar{\nu}$) decay is resonantly enhanced by the exchange of an intermediate mass sterile neutrino $N$, we show that the energy spectrum of emitted pions and muons can be used to easily distinguish between the Dirac and Majorana nature of $N$. This method takes advantage of the fact that the flavor of light neutrinos is not identified in the tau decay under consideration. We find that it is particularly advantageous, because of no competing background events, to search for $N$ in the mass range $m_e + m_{\mu} \leqslant m_N \leqslant m_{\mu} + m_{\pi}$, where $m_X$ denotes the mass of particle $X \in \{ e, \mu, \pi, N \}$., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review D

We consider the lepton number violating decays $B \to \mu^{\pm} \mu^{\pm} \pi^{\mp}$ and $B \to D^{(*)} \mu^{\pm} \mu^{\pm} \pi^{\mp}$ which may be detected at LHCb and Belle-II experiments; and $B \to \mu^{\pm} \mu^{\pm} e^{\mp} \nu$ and $B \to D^{(*)} \mu^{\pm} \mu^{\pm} e^{\mp} \nu$ decays which may be detected at Belle-II experiment. The projected total number of produced $B$ mesons is $4.8 \times 10^{12}$ at LHCb upgrade and $5 \times 10^{10}$ at Belle-II. For the case that the above decays are not detected, we deduce the new upper bounds (sensitivity limits) for the mixing parameter $|U_{\mu N}|^2$ of heavy sterile neutrino with sub-eV light neutrino, as a function of the sterile neutrino mass in the interval $1.75 \ {\rm GeV} < M_N < 5.0 \ {\rm GeV}$. We take into account the probability of decay of the sterile neutrino $N$ within the detector, taking as the effective detector length $L=2.3 \ m$ at LCHb upgrade and $L=1 \ m$ at Belle-II. In the interval $1.75 \ {\rm GeV} < M_N < 3 \ {\rm GeV}$, the most stringent bounds can be obtained with the decays $B \to \mu^{\pm} \mu^{\pm} \pi^{\mp}$ at LHCb upgrade. The sensitivity limits are expected to be in general more stringent at LHCb upgrade than at Belle-II, principally because the number of produced $B$ mesons in LHCb upgrade is expected to be by about two orders of magnitude larger than at Belle-II. We conclude that the LHCb upgrade and Belle-II experiments have the potential to either find a new heavy Majorana neutrino $N$, or to improve significantly the sensitivity limits (upper bounds) on the heavy-light mixing parameter $|U_{\mu N}|^2$, particularly in the mass range $1.75 \ {\rm GeV} < M_N < 3 \ {\rm GeV}$. This work is a continuation and refinement of our previous work [1] on the subject., Comment: revtex, 20 pages, 6 figures; v4: typos in Eqs.(10), (11) and (17b) corrected; the correct expressions had been used in calculations, results unchanged

We use the LHC Higgs data to derive updated constraints on electroweak-scale sterile neutrinos that naturally occur in many low-scale seesaw extensions of the Standard Model to explain the neutrino masses. We also analyze the signal sensitivity for a new final state involving a single charged lepton and two jets with missing energy, which arises from the decay of sterile neutrinos produced through the Higgs and $W,Z$ boson mediated processes at the LHC. Future prospects of these sterile neutrino signals in precision Higgs measurements, as well as at a future 100 TeV collider, are also discussed., Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures, typos fixed, reference added, matched journal version in PRD

Heavy sterile neutrinos with masses below $M_W$ can induce trilepton events at the 14 TeV LHC through purely leptonic $W$ decays of $W^\pm \to e^\pm e^\pm \mu^\mp \nu$ and $\mu^\pm \mu^\pm e^\mp \nu$ where the heavy neutrino will be in an intermediate state on its mass shell. Discovery and exclusion limits for the heavy neutrinos are found using both Cut-and-Count (CC) and a Multi-Variate Analysis (MVA) methods in this study. We also show that it is possible to discriminate between a Dirac and a Majorana heavy neutrino, even when lepton number conservation cannot be directly tested due to unobservability of the final state neutrino. This discrimination is done by exploiting a combined set of kinematic observables that differ between the Majorana vs. Dirac cases. We find that the MVA method can greatly enhance the discovering and discrimination limits in comparison with the CC method. For a 14-TeV $pp$ collider with integrated luminosity of 3000 ${\rm fb}^{-1}$, sterile neutrinos can be found with 5$\sigma$ significance if heavy-to-light neutrino mixings $|U_{Ne}|^2 \sim |U_{N\mu}|^2 \sim 10^{-6}$, while the Majorana vs. Dirac type can be distinguished if $|U_{Ne}|^2 \sim |U_{N\mu}|^2 \sim 10^{-5}$ or even $|U_{N\ell}|^2\sim 10^{-6}$ if one of the mixing elements is at least an order of magnitude smaller than the other., Comment: 10 pages, 12 figures

We present a search strategy for both Dirac and Majorana sterile neutrinos from the purely leptonic decays of $W^\pm \to e^\pm e^\pm \mu^\mp \nu$ and $\mu^\pm \mu^\pm e^\mp \nu$ at the 14 TeV LHC. The discovery and exclusion limits for sterile neutrinos are shown using both the Cut-and-Count (CC) and Multi-Variate Analysis (MVA) methods. We also discriminate between Dirac and Majorana sterile neutrinos by exploiting a set of kinematic observables which differ between the Dirac and Majorana cases. We find that the MVA method, compared to the more common CC method, can greatly enhance the discovery and discrimination limits. Two benchmark points with sterile neutrino mass $m_N = 20$ GeV and 50 GeV are tested. For an integrated luminosity of 3000 ${\rm fb}^{-1}$, sterile neutrinos can be found with $5 \sigma$ significance if heavy-to-light neutrino mixings $|U_{Ne}|^2 \sim |U_{N\mu}|^2\sim 10^{-6}$, while Majorana vs. Dirac discrimination can be reached if at least one of the mixings is of order $10^{-5}$., Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1703.01934

The universality of the weak interactions can be tested in semileptonic $b \to c$ transitions, and in particular in the ratios $R(D^{(*)}) \equiv \Gamma(B \rightarrow D^{(*)} \tau \nu )/\Gamma(B \rightarrow D^{(*)} \ell \nu )$ (where $\ell = \mu$ or $e$). Due to the recent differences between the experimental measurements of these observables by BaBar, Belle and LHCb on the one hand and the Standard Model predicted values on the other hand, we study the predicted ratios $R(D^{(*)}) = \Gamma(B \rightarrow D^{(*)} \tau +$ "missing" $)/\Gamma(B \rightarrow D^{(*)} \ell \nu )$ in scenarios with an additional sterile heavy neutrino of mass $\sim 1$ GeV. Further, we evaluate the newly defined ratio $R(0) \equiv \Gamma(B \to \tau +$ "missing" $)/\Gamma(B \to \mu \nu )$ in such scenarios, in view of the future possibilities of measuring the quantity at Belle-II., Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, to appear in Chinese Physics C

We consider the exclusive $P_{\ell 4}$ decays, $P\to (P_1P_2)_V\ell \nu_{\ell}$, where the subindex $V$ means that the invariant mass of the pseudoscalar pair is taken within a small window around the mass of the vector meson $V$. Pole contributions beyond the dominant $P\to V(\to P_1P_2)\ell\nu_{\ell}$ amplitude of $P_{\ell 4}$ decays are identified, which, in turn, affects the determination of the CKM matrix elements $|V_{qq'}|$. We evaluate the effects of those contributions in the extraction of bottom and charm quark mixings. An application to $B\to (\pi\pi)_{\rho}\ell \nu_{\ell}$ data from Belle collaboration, shows an increase in the extracted value of $|V_{ub}|$ in better agreement with determinations based on $B\to \pi\ell\nu_{\ell}$ decays. The effect of the $\rho$ and $D^*$ pole contributions in the determination of $|V_{cd}|$ from the decay $D\to \pi\pi \ell^- \bar{\nu}_{\ell}$, has been also investigated., Comment: A few comments added. Final text to match version accepted for publication

Neutrinos are the only known elementary fermions that can exhibit Majorana nature. As per the "practical Dirac-Majorana confusion theorem" it is impossible to distinguish between Dirac and Majorana neutrinos via any kinematic tests when their masses are very small. However, it is also well known that Majorana neutrino and anti-neutrino present in the final state must obey the Fermi-Dirac statistics, irrespective of how small the mass of neutrino is. We propose a new method to search for Majorana neutrinos by exploiting their quantum statistical property. We analyse `effective' three-body decays of the kind $X \to Y \nu \overline{\nu}$ (e.g.\ $X \left[ B^0 \right] \to \pi^+ \big( \to \mu^+ \nu_{\mu} \big) \mu^- \overline{\nu}_{\mu} \equiv Y \left[ \mu^+ \mu^-\right] \nu_{\mu} \overline{\nu}_{\mu}$), with 4-momenta of $X$ and $Y$ experimentally known, such that the 4-momenta of both neutrino and anti-neutrino can be deduced. For Majorana neutrinos the distribution of events in the `effective' Dalitz plot for such a well chosen process would be fully symmetric under exchange of the neutrino and anti-neutrino. Unlike the neutrinoless double-beta decay or other lepton-number violating modes, this distinction between Majorana and Dirac neutrinos survives even in the almost massless neutrino limit due to the quantum statistical property., Comment: Since the methodology suggested in Section II is not appropriate for checking the quantum statistical property of neutrinos, this paper is being withdrawn

Hyper-Kamiokande consists of two identical water-Cherenkov detectors of total 520~kt with the first one in Japan at 295~km from the J-PARC neutrino beam with 2.5$^{\textrm{o}}$ Off-Axis Angles (OAAs), and the second one possibly in Korea in a later stage. Having the second detector in Korea would benefit almost all areas of neutrino oscillation physics mainly due to longer baselines. There are several candidate sites in Korea with baselines of 1,000$\sim$1,300~km and OAAs of 1$^{\textrm{o}}$$\sim$3$^{\textrm{o}}$. We conducted sensitivity studies on neutrino oscillation physics for a second detector, either in Japan (JD $\times$ 2) or Korea (JD + KD) and compared the results with a single detector in Japan. Leptonic CP violation sensitivity is improved especially when the CP is non-maximally violated. The larger matter effect at Korean candidate sites significantly enhances sensitivities to non-standard interactions of neutrinos and mass ordering determination. Current studies indicate the best sensitivity is obtained at Mt. Bisul (1,088~km baseline, $1.3^\circ$ OAA). Thanks to a larger (1,000~m) overburden than the first detector site, clear improvements to sensitivities for solar and supernova relic neutrino searches are expected., Comment: 102 pages, 49 figures. Accepted by PTEP

We evaluate the prompt atmospheric neutrino flux using the different QCD models for heavy quark production including the $b$ quark contribution. We include the nuclear correction and find it reduces the fluxes by $10 \% - 50\%$ according to the models. Our heavy quark results are compared with experimental data from RHIC, LHC and LHCb., Comment: 6 page, contribution to the proceedings of ISMD2016

We evaluate the prompt atmospheric neutrino flux including nuclear correction and $B$ hadron contribution in the different frameworks: NLO perturbative QCD and dipole models. The nuclear effect is larger in the prompt neutrino flux than in the total charm production cross section, and it reduces the fluxes by $10\% - 30\%$ depending on the model. We also investigate the uncertainty using the QCD scales allowed by the charm cross section data from RHIC and LHC experiments., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, contribution to the proceedings of ICHEP2016

We present the fully general, model independent study of a few rare semileptonic $B$ decays that get dominant contributions from $W$-annihilation and $W$-exchange diagrams, in particular $B^0 \to \bar{D}^0 \ell^+\ell^-$, where $\ell = e,\mu$. We consider the most general Lagrangian for the decay, and define three angular asymmetries in the Gottfried-Jackson frame, which are sensitive to new physics. We show how these angular asymmetries can be easily extracted from the distribution of events in the Dalitz plot for $B \to D \ell^+ \ell^-$ decays. Especially a non-zero forward-backward asymmetry within the frame would give the very first hint of possible new physics. These observations are also true for related decay modes, such as $B^+ \to D^+ \ell^+ \ell^-$ and $B^0 \to D^0 \ell^+ \ell^-$. Moreover, these asymmetry signatures are not affected by either $B^0$-$\bar{B}^0$ or $D^0$-$\bar{D}^0$ mixings. Then, this implies that both $B^0 \to \bar{D}^0 \ell^+ \ell^-$ and $B^0 \to D^0 \ell^+ \ell^-$ as well as their CP conjugate modes can all be considered together in our search for signature of new physics. Hence, it would be of great importance to look for and study these decays in the laboratory, LHCb and Belle II in particular., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures

Semileptonic $b \to c$ transitions, and in particular the ratios $R(D^{(*)}) = \frac{\Gamma(B \rightarrow D^{(*)} \tau \nu )}{\Gamma(B \rightarrow D^{(*)} \ell \nu )}$, can be used to test the universality of the weak interactions. In light of the recent discrepancies between the experimental measurements of these observables by BaBar, Belle and LHCb and the Standard Model predicted values, we study the robustness of the latter. Our analysis reveals that $R(D)$ might be enhanced by lepton mass effects associated to the mostly unknown scalar form factor. In constrast, the Standard Model prediction for $R(D^*)$ is found to be more robust, since possible pollutions from $B^*$ contributions turn out to be negligibly small, which indicates that $R(D^*)$ is a promising observable for searches of new physics., Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures; v2: minor corrections, matches published version

We evaluate the prompt atmospheric neutrino flux at high energies using three different frameworks for calculating the heavy quark production cross section in QCD: NLO perturbative QCD, $k_T$ factorization including low-$x$ resummation, and the dipole model including parton saturation. We use QCD parameters, the value for the charm quark mass and the range for the factorization and renormalization scales that provide the best description of the total charm cross section measured at fixed target experiments, at RHIC and at LHC. Using these parameters we calculate differential cross sections for charm and bottom production and compare with the latest data on forward charm meson production from LHCb at $7$ TeV and at $13$ TeV, finding good agreement with the data. In addition, we investigate the role of nuclear shadowing by including nuclear parton distribution functions (PDF) for the target air nucleus using two different nuclear PDF schemes. Depending on the scheme used, we find the reduction of the flux due to nuclear effects varies from $10\%$ to $50 \%$ at the highest energies. Finally, we compare our results with the IceCube limit on the prompt neutrino flux, which is already providing valuable information about some of the QCD models., Comment: 61 pages, 25 figures, 11 tables

In view of the projected high number of produced $B$ mesons in Belle II experiment ($\sim 10^{10}$ per year), in addition to the presently ongoing LHC-b, we calculate the rate of decay for the rare decays of $B$ mesons via a sterile on-shell neutrino $N$, which subsequently may decay leptonically or semileptonically within the detector: $B \to (D^{(*)}) \ell_1^{\pm} N$, then $N \to \ell_1^{\pm} \ell_2^{\mp} \nu$ or $N \to \ell^{\pm} \pi^\mp$. Here, $\ell_1 \not= \ell_2$ in order to avoid serious QED background. We account for the possible effects of the strong neutrino lifetime on the observability of the rare decays. If no charmed mesons ($D^{(*)}$) are produced at the first vertex of the sterile neutrino, a strong CKM-suppression becomes effective; this is not true if we consider instead the decays of $B_c$ mesons which can be produced copiously in LHC-b. The production of charmed mesons $D^{(*)}$ at the first vertex offers an attractive possibility because it avoids strong CKM-suppression. Such rare decays of $B$ mesons could be detected at Belle II experiment, with $N$ neutrino either decaying within the detector or manifesting itself as a massive missing momentum., Comment: 32 pages, 22 figures, v4: in Fig.4(b) the lower curve [for (B -> D* tau N) decay] is now correct (in v3 an obsolete version of the curve was inadvertently included); a typo in Eq.(C15a) is corrected; as published in Phys.\ Rev.\ D94, 053001 (2016) and Phys.\ Rev.\ D95, 039901(E) (2017)

We study the purely leptonic decays of $W^\pm \to e^\pm e^\pm \mu^\mp \nu$ and $\mu^\pm \mu^\pm e^\mp \nu$ produced at the LHC, induced by sterile neutrinos with mass $m_N$ below $M_W$ in the intermediate state. Since the final state neutrino escapes detection, one cannot tell whether this process violates lepton number, what would indicate a Majorana character for the intermediate sterile neutrino. Our study shows that when the sterile neutrino mixings with electrons and muons are different enough, one can still discriminate between the Dirac and Majorana character of this intermediate neutrino by simply counting and comparing the above decay rates. After performing collider simulations and statistical analysis, we find that at the $14~\text{TeV}$ LHC with an integrated luminosity of $3000~\text{fb}^{-1}$, for two benchmark scenarios $m_N$ = 20 GeV and 50 GeV, at least a $3\sigma$ level of exclusion on the Dirac case can be achieved for disparities as mild as e.g. $|U_{Ne}|^2 < 0.7~ |U_{N\mu}|^2$ or $|U_{N\mu}|^2 < 0.7~ |U_{N e}|^2$, provided that $|U_{Ne}|^2$, $|U_{N\mu}|^2$ are both above $\sim 2\times 10^{-6}$., Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures

We explore a $Z^\prime$ boson coupled only with the Standard Model (SM) fermions ($Z^\prime f\bar{f}$) in the framework of Minimal Flavor Violation. We study its effects on the processes with lepton flavor violation $\ell_j\to \ell_i\ell_k\bar{\ell}_l$, $\ell_j\to\ell_i\gamma$, $\mu^{-}N\to e^- N$, quark flavor changing neutral currents $b\to s \ell^+\ell^-$, neutral $B$ and $K$ meson mixing, and $e^+e^-\to f\bar{f}$ at the LEP experiment to constrain the parameter space of $Z^\prime$ mass and couplings. We find that among those relevant processes, $\mu\to e\gamma$, $\mu\to 3e$, $\mu$-$e$ conversion and $e^+e^-\to f\bar{f}$ can put more stringent bounds on $Z^\prime f\bar{f}$ couplings normalized by $Z^\prime$ mass. Its implications on various processes are obtained, such as $B$ and $K$ mixing and $B/K\to M \ell_1 \bar\ell_2$ decays. In addition, we also make analysis on $Z^\prime$ signatures at the LHC with $\sqrt{s}=8$ and 13 TeV., Comment: 30 pages, 2 tables, 5 figures. v2: references and minor corrections for Fig.4 included

We propose a model where sterile neutrinos are introduced to make light neutrinos to be pseudo-Dirac particles. It is shown how tiny mass splitting necessary for realizing pseudo-Dirac neutrinos can be achieved. Within the model, we show how leptogenesis can be successfully generated. Motivated by the recent observation of very high energy neutrino events at IceCube, we study a possibility to observe the effects of the pseudo-Dirac property of neutrinos by performing astronomical-scale baseline experiments to uncover the oscillation effects of very tiny mass splitting. Using the result of global fit to neutrino data for the input of neutrino mixing angles and CP phase at $1\sigma$ C.L. and fixing neutrino energy and mass splittings, we study how the oscillation effects induced by pseudo-Dirac neutrinos may affect the track-to-shower ratio obtained from IceCube data. We also discuss future prospect to observe the effects of the pseudo-Dirac property of neutrinos at high energy neutrino experiments., Comment: the version to be published in JHEP (2016), 23 pages, 13 figures, references and 8 figures added

There is a growing interest for the search of new light gauge bosons. The small mass of a new boson can turn various kinds of low-energy experiments to a new discovery machine, depending on their couplings to the standard model particles. It is important to understand the properties of each type of gauge boson and their current constraints for a given mass. While the dark photon (which couples to the electric charges) and the $U(1)_{B-L}$ gauge boson have been well studied in an extensive mass range, the $U(1)_L$ gauge boson has not been fully investigated yet. We consider the gauge boson of the $U(1)_L$ in a wide mass range $m_{Z'} \approx 0 - 10^{12} ~\ev$ and investigate the constraints on its coupling from various experiments, discussing the similarities and differences from the dark photon and the $U(1)_{B-L}$ gauge boson., Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures

The top quark flavor changing neutral current (FCNC) process is an excellent probe to search for new physics in top sector since the Standard Model expectation is extremely suppressed. We explore Higgs-mediated top quark FCNC, focusing on $H$-$t$-$c$ Yukawa coupling $\lambda_{ct}$ within the general two Higgs doublet model. After electroweak symmetry breaking the top quark FCNC couplings are included in the charged Higgs Yukawa sector so that they contribute to various processes in flavor physics. To probe $\lambda_{ct}$, we study anomalous single top production and the same sign top pair production at the LHC in association with flavor physics from the tree-level processes $B\to D^{(*)}\tau\nu$, $B\to \tau \nu$ as well as from the loop-level processes $B_d \to X_s \gamma$, $B_{d,s}-{\overline B}_{d,s}$ mixing. We perform combined analysis of all the constraints regarding the fine-tuning argument to fit the data and discuss future prospect. The recently updated measurements on $B\to D^{(*)}\tau\nu$ still prefer large $\lambda_{ct}$, but we show that the current bound on the same sign top pair production at the LHC gives the most significant upper bound on $\lambda_{ct}$ to be less than $10\sim30$ depending on neutral heavy Higgs masses. We also find that for the given upper bound on $\lambda_{ct}$, $B\to D^{(*)}\tau\nu$ put significant lower bound on $H$-$\tau$-$\tau$ Yukawa coupling, and the bound is proportional to the charged Higgs mass., Comment: 29 pages, 9 figures; modified version published in JHEP

We derive the decay widths for the leptonic decays of heavy charged pseudoscalars to massive sterile neutrinos, $M^{\pm} \to \ell^{\pm} + N$, within the frameworks involving the Standard Model and two-Higgs doublets (type II). We then apply the result to $B^\pm \to \tau^\pm +$ "missing momentum" of the Belle/BaBar experimental results, in order to measure directly the relevant parameter space, including the mixing parameter $U_{\tau N}$., Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures, published at Phys. Rev. D