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Nature inspired metaheuristic algorithms are become more powerful and useful in image processing algorithms especially by the developments in microprocessor technology. In the last several decades the Linde-Buzo-Gray algorithm is a powerful technique for local optimum codebook generation in image compression. Fuzzy C-Means and C-Means are the alternative ones for the same process. On the other hand nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms have also become other alternate technics for designing the optimum codebook. In this paper the Firefly technique is enhanced by the Lévy flight function to achieve the global optimum codebook. The Firefly technique contains two sub search mechanisms to reach the global minimum solution. The first one is the attraction of any firefly by a brighter one. This process strongly guides to the firefly on the global minimum way especially if it is attracted by the brightest one. The second one is the random search of a firefly in a circle with a radius of a. On the other hand if a is determined so big, the firefly may lose its way and come to a location that is much far away from the firefly group and possibly there is no brighter firefly to be followed. On the contrary, if a is determined so small, this time the fireflies fall into a local minimum and can not escape. Therefore we need to have such an a that in most of the iterations its value changes in a small random value interval, but in rare iterations its value must be relatively big in order to escape local minimums. Therefore if a firefly is captured by a local minimum point by accidentally, Lévy Flight step provides an opportunity to escape from it easily. Numerical results suggest that the new introduced Lévy Flight based Firefly Algorithm is better than the classical techniques and provides the global optimum codebook for image compression. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Introduction: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been widely used to treat the hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Although it has been shown that IVIG treatment reduces the duration of phototherapy and hospitalization, the use of IVIG in hemolytic disease due to ABO incompatibility has been controversial in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the role of IVIG in the prevention of exchange transfusion in infants with ABO HDN who presented with bilirubin levels at or above the level of exchange transfusion. Materials and Methods: This study evaluated the data of infants with ABO HDN in the Turkish Neonatal Jaundice Online Registry. The infants with ABO HDN who met the total serum bilirubin level inclusion criteria (within 2–3 mg/dL of exchange transfusion or even above exchange transfusion level) were included in the study according to the guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Turkish Neonatal Society. All patients were managed according to the unit protocols recommended by these guidelines and received light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy. Infants who only received LED phototherapy, and who received one dose of IVIG with LED phototherapy were compared. Results: During the study period, 531 term infants were included in the study according to inclusion criteria. There were 408 cases in the phototherapy-only group, and 123 cases in the IVIG group. The demographic findings and the mean bilirubin and reticulocyte levels at admission were similar between the groups (p > 0.05), whereas the mean hemoglobin level was slightly lower in the IVIG group (p = 0.037). The mean age at admission was earlier, the need for exchange transfusion was higher, and the duration of phototherapy was longer in the IVIG group (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The rate of re-hospitalization and acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE) was higher in the IVIG group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: In this study, we determined that one dose of IVIG did not prevent an exchange transfusion nor decrease the duration of phototherapy in infants, who had bilirubin levels near or at exchange transfusion level, with hemolytic disease due to ABO incompatibility. Copyright © 2022 Okulu, Erdeve, Kilic, Olukman, Calkavur, Buyukkale, Cetinkaya, Ulubas, Demirel, Hanta, Ertugrul, Gultekin, Tuncer, Demir, Bilgin, Narli, Yildiz, Terek, Koroglu, Seren, Ozyazici, Ozdemir, Turgut, Narter, Akin, Ozyazici, Zenciroglu, Asker, Gokmen, Salihli, Bulbul, Zubarioglu, Atasay, Koc and Turkish Neonatal Society IVIG Study Group., This study was supported by the Turkish Neonatal Society, and the financial fund was used to create the Turkish Neonatal Jaundice Online Registry database.

Background To evaluate the prevalence, risk factors and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in Turkey and to establish screening criteria for this condition. Methods A prospective cohort study (TR-ROP) was performed between 1 April 2016 and 30 April 2017 in 69 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Infants with a birth weight (BW)=1500 g or gestational age (GA) 1500 g or GA> 32 weeks with an unstable clinical course were included in the study. Predictors for the development of ROP were determined by logistic regression analyses. Results The TR-ROP study included 6115 infants: 4964 (81%) with a GA 32 weeks. Overall, 27% had any stage of ROP and 6.7% had severe ROP. A lower BW, smaller GA, total days on oxygen, late-onset sepsis, frequency of red blood cell transfusions and relative weight gain were identified as independent risk factors for severe ROP in infants with a BW=1500 g. Of all infants, 414 needed treatment and 395 (95.4%) of the treated infants had a BW

AIM: Clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetic foot infections developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) are commonly used worldwide. The issue of whether or not these guidelines need to be adjusted for local circumstances, however, has seldom been assessed in large prospective trials. METHODS: The Turk-DAY trial was a prospective, multi-center study in which infectious disease specialists from centers across Turkey were invited to participate (NCT02026830). RESULTS: A total of 35 centers throughout Turkey enrolled patients in the trial. Overall, investigators collected a total of 522 specimens from infected diabetic foot wounds for culture from 447 individual patients. Among all isolates, 36.4% were gram-positive organisms, with Staphylococcus aureus the most common among these (11.4%). Gram-negative organisms constituted 60.2% of all the isolates, and the most commonly isolated gram-negative was Escherichia coli (15%). The sensitivity rates of the isolated species were remarkably low for several antimicrobials used in the mild infection group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, several of the antimicrobials frequently used for empirical treatment, including some also recommended in the IDSA guidelines, would not be optimal for treating diabetic foot infections in Turkey. Although the IDSA guideline recommendations may be helpful to guide empiric antimicrobial therapy of DFIs, they should be adjusted to local conditions.

Aim: Clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetic foot infections developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) are commonly used worldwide. The issue of whether or not these guidelines need to be adjusted for local circumstances, however, has seldom been assessed in large prospective trials. Methods: The Turk-DAY trial was a prospective, multi-center study in which infectious disease specialists from centers across Turkey were invited to participate (NCT02026830). Results: A total of 35 centers throughout Turkey enrolled patients in the trial. Overall, investigators collected a total of 522 specimens from infected diabetic foot wounds for culture from 447 individual patients. Among all isolates, 36.4% were gram-positive organisms, with Staphylococcus aureus the most common among these (11.4%). Gram-negative organisms constituted 60.2% of all the isolates, and the most commonly isolated gram-negative was Escherichia coli (15%). The sensitivity rates of the isolated species were remarkably low for several antimicrobials used in the mild infection group. Conclusions: Based on our findings, several of the antimicrobials frequently used for empirical treatment, including some also recommended in the IDSA guidelines, would not be optimal for treating diabetic foot infections in Turkey. Although the IDSA guideline recommendations may be helpful to guide empiric antimicrobial therapy of DFIs, they should be adjusted to local conditions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Septic arthritis is encountered very rarely during the neonatal period and its diagnosis can delay because of atypical symptoms, thus it may lead to serious sequelae. The sequale can be prevented by early diagnosis and concomitant treatment. In neonates, pain can be experienced as a result of pseudoparalysis and of movement of the effected joints. A 17-day-old neonatal patient was brought to our hospital with complaint of unrest and then diagnosed with septic arthritis due to propagation of Klebsiella pneumoniae in joint fluid culture was represented because of the rarity of such a case.

Usually, all newborns demonstrate high serum unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) level. UCB may induce adverse effects in the central nervous system. We aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of UCB and the protective effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on astrocyte cell cultures. The viability of astrocyte cells decreased after UCB treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-incubation of DHA prevents the cells from UCB-mediated neurotoxicity. Our results shown that UCB leads to inhibition of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and GPx activity and induction of apoptosis. But only 4-h pretreatment of DHA can suppress of UCB-mediated inhibition of antioxidant enzymes SOD, catalase and GPx activity and induction of apoptosis in astrocytes. Our results strongly indicated that DHA has a protective effect on UCB-mediated neurotoxicity through inhibition apoptosis and antioxidant enzymes activity of SOD, CAT and GPx in rat primer astrocyte cell line

The principal indications for exchange transfusion are hemolytic diseases of the newborn with hyperbilirubinemia. However, there are some potential complications of exchange transfusion such as infection, coagulopathies (i.e., thrombocytopenia), electrolyte abnormalities (i.e., hypocalcemia), metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Stored blood develops some platelet-white cell microaggregates. These microaggregates or blood debris have been found to produce changes in pulmonary hemodynamics in animals and have been implicated in post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency in man. Authors suggested that pulmonary gas exchange alterations following blood transfusion were primarily due to increased dead-space ventilation secondary to vasoconstriction and occlusion of the pulmonary microvasculature because of microaggregates. In this article, a newborn with transient pulmonary perfusion abnormality who had massive exchange transfusion for Rh isoimmunization and hyperbilirubinemia was reported.

Objective: Whether the G71R mutation contributes to the high incidence of neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia in Turkey remains unknown. In this study we screened for G71R mutation of the UGT1A1 gene in prolonged and pathological hyperbilirubinemia with unexplained etiology in new-borns in Turkey. Method: In this study, we screened the G71R mutation of the UGT1A1 gene in 70 Turkish newborn infants: 23 infants with pathologic hyperbilirubinemia, 24 infants with prolonged hyperbilirubinemia and 23 infants without pathologic and prolonged hyperbilirubinemia. Mutations were detected by non-radioactive dye terminator cycle sequencing. Results: In these seventy infants enrolled in this study, there were 62 with GIG (88.5 %), 8 with G/R (11.5%), and none with R/R. Two (8.7%) infants in the pathologic jaundice group and 5 (20.8 %) infants in the prolonged indirect hyperbilirubinemia, one (4.3%) infant in the control group had G/R genotype. Although G/R mutation is higher in the prolonged indirect hyperbilirubinemia group, genotypic distributions among the three groups were not statistically significant. The allele frequency of the G71R mutation was found 4.3%, 10.4%, and 2.2% in the pathologic jaundice group, in the prolonged indirect hyperbilirubinemia group, and in the control group respectively. When we compared the peak serum total bilirubin concentrations of neonates according to their genotypes, the peak bilirubin concentration was higher in G/R genotype than GIG genotype. Conclusions: G71R mutation of UGT1A1 gene is also present in Turkish population and the presence of this mutation is associated with otherwise unexplained pathological or prolonged neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in a Turkish population.

Baller-Gerold syndrome (BGS) is characterized by craniosynostosis and pre-axial upper-limb malformations, and it has an autosomal recessive inheritance. Valproate syndrome occurs after exposure to valproic acid in utero, and is characterized by trigonocephaly. Both syndromes can also present with other malformations. Herein, we report a female newborn and her brother who both had a history of fetal exposure to maternal anti-epileptic drugs, especially sodium valproate. On physical examination of the female patient, craniosynostosis, trigonocephaly, right radius aplasia and hypoplastic thumb, and cardiac and renal malformations were determined, and she was diagnosed with BGS phenotype. The brother's examination revealed trigonocephaly, polymastia and hypospadias, and he was diagnosed with valproate syndrome. Based on these patients, we aimed to add further evidence in the literature indicating that the use of sodium valproate alone and in combination with other anti-epileptic drugs throughout pregnancy can increase the risk of serious fetal congenital malformations depending on the doses.

Equivalent antiinflammatory doses of steroids including betamethasone, methylprednisolone and dexamethasone were administered in the neonatal period in a rat model. In situ cell death in hippocampus quantified by Terminal Deoxynucleated Transferase Nick-End Labeling and on ratio of brain to body weight was investigated. Apoptotic index (AI) was significantly higher in methylprednisolone, and high dose dexamethasone groups than the other groups. AI in "Cornu ammonis 1" (CA1) and "Cornu ammonis 3" (CA3) subregions of high dose dexamethasone group was the highest among the five groups tested. AI in CA3 subregions of methylprednisolone group was also significantly higher than the control, betamethasone and low dose dexamethasone groups. AI in CA1 subregion were not different among control, betamethasone, methylprednisolone and low dose dexamethasone groups. In addition, high dose dexamethasone resulted significant decrease in the ratio of brain weight to body weight in comparison to all other groups tested. In conclusion, betamethasone and low dose dexamethasone may be better alternative treatments among agents tested in this study for chronic lung disease (CLD).

Equivalent antiinflammatory doses of steroids including betamethasone, methylprednisolone and dexamethasone were administered in the neonatal period in a rat model. in situ cell death in hippocampus quantified by Terminal Deoxynucleated Transferase Nick-End Labeling and on ratio of brain to body weight was investigated. Apoptotic index (AI) was significantly higher in methylprednisolone, and high dose dexamethasone groups than the other groups. AI in "Cornu ammonis 1" (CA1) and "Cornu ammonis 3" (CA3) subregions of high dose dexamethasone group was the highest among the five groups tested. AI in CA3 subregions of methylprednisolone group was also significantly higher than the control, betamethasone and low dose dexamethasone groups, AI in CA1 subregion were not different among control, betamethasone, methylprednisolone and low dose dexamethasone groups. in addition, high dose dexamethasone resulted significant decrease in the ratio of brain weight to body weight in comparison to all other groups tested. In conclusion, betamethasone and low dose dexamethasone may be better alternative treatments among agents tested in this study for chronic lung disease (CLD). (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Objective: Scintigraphy with Tc-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is considered a reference method for the assessment of renal parenchymal lesions and estimation of differential renal function (DRF). Compared with Tc-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycin (MAG3), the disadvantages of DMSA are relatively higher radiation exposure to the kidney and longer procedural time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Tc-99m MAG3 dynamic renal scintigraphy in the detection of renal parenchymal defects and in the estimation of DRF in comparison with Tc-99m DMSA scintigraphy. Material and Methods: A retrospective review of the records indicated that 29 infants (20 boys and 9 girls) aged less than I year underwent both DMSA and MAG3 scintigraphies. The parenchymal phases of MAG3 scintigraphy were compared to DMSA images. Differential function was calculated based on the MAG3 and DMSA methods and the results were compared. Results: The findings of the two methods corresponded completely in 90% of patients. There was no significant difference between calculated DRF from DMSA and MAG3 images. There was a high correlation between the DRF obtained using the two methods (r = 0.91 and r = 0.90 for the left and right kidney, p < 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of the MAG3 cortical images were calculated as 92% and 78%. Conclusion: We suggest that either a MAG3 or a DMSA scan can be used for the calculation of DRF. However, because of the low specificity of MAG3 cortical analysis, DMSA scintigraphy is required for the definitive diagnosis and management of renal cortical lesions.

BACKGROUND: Clinical studies have demonstrated that premature infants receiving long-term dexamethasone therapy have reduced linear growth, decreased weight gain, and smaller head circumferences. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of the same equivalent doses for anti-inflammatory potency of neonatal dexamethasone and methylprednisolone on rat growth and neurodevelopment. METHODS: The pups were randomly separated into three treatment groups on postnatal day (PD) 3. At postnatal 3-5 days, tapering doses of corticosteroids or sterile saline were administered subcutaneously. Group 1 was the dexamethasone group (n = 12; PD 3, 0.5 mg/kg; PD 4, 0.25 mg/kg; PD 5, 0.125 mg/kg; PD 6, 0.05 mg/kg s.c.); group 2, methylprednisolone group (n = 12; PD 3, 2.6 mg/kg; PD 4, 1.3 mg/kg; PD 5, 0.650 mg/kg; PD 6, 0.325 mg/kg; group 3, control group (n = 12; normal saline injected). Weight was recorded on PD 3-6, 8, 14, 22, length was recorded on PD 3, 7, 14, 21 for each group. Neurological responses and physical development were tested on PD 7, 14, 21. RESULTS: On PD 4-6, 8, 14, 22 the weight in the dexamethasone and methylprednisolone groups was lower than in the control group, but the weight in the dexamethasone group was the lowest (P < 0.05). The length in the dexamethasone group was significantly shorter than in the methylprednisolone group on PD 14 and 21. Dexamethasone-treated animals had a reduced total neurological score compared with the methylprednisolone and control groups on PD 7, 14, 21. Although methylprednisolone-treated animals had lower total neurological score than that of the control group on PD 7 and PD 14 (P < 0.05), total neurological scores were not different in the methylprednisolone and control groups on PD 21. CONCLUSIONS: Postnatal methylprednisolone treatment might be safer than dexamethasone treatment in newborns.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of hyper-bilirubinemia on sleep-spindle characteristics. Rhythmic activities, such as sleep spindles, may be abolished by hyperbilirubinemia. Study Design: Electroencephalogram records were taken from 15 infants with hyperbilirubinemia and 18 healthy infants at the 12(th) week after birth. Sleep spindles of the 2 groups were compared according to location, density, duration,amplitude, frequency, asynchrony, and asymmetry. Results: In the study and control groups, the density of the spindles was found to be 76.9 +/- 23.7 and 105.2 +/- 33.9, respectively, in a 1-hour non-rapid eye movement sleep period. The mean durations of the sleep spindles in the study and control groups were found to be 4105 +/- 802 milliseconds and 5162 +/- 1075 milliseconds, respectively. There was not any difference between the groups according to the amplitude and asymmetry. However, there was a significant difference between the 2 groups in the frequency of spindles. The mean frequency was found to be 12.5 +/- 0.6 Hz in the study group and 13.2 +/- 0.9 in the control group. The percentage of asynchronous spindles was higher in the study group than in the control group. There was a significant negative correlation between the bilirubin levels during the newborn period and density, duration, and frequency of spindles. However, there was a significantly positive correlation between the bilirubin levels and percentage of asynchronous spindles. There was a significant negative correlation between the duration of hyperbilirubinemia and spindleamplitude. Conclusion: We suggest that studies on the critical maturation periods of sleep-spindle patterns might provide a sensitive tool for early diagnosis of neurophysiologic brain alterations during the first trimester of life in a population of at-risk children, such as jaundiced infants. C1 Pamukkale Univ, Fac Med, Dept Pediat, Denizli, Turkey. Pamukkale Univ, Fac Med, Dept Neurol, Denizli, Turkey.

Objective.-This study was aimed at finding the prevalence, associated factors, and symptomatology of migraine among 5 to 8 grades of secondary and 9 to 11 grades of high school children (age range between 11 and 18 years old) in the Denizli urban area in the western part of Turkey. Background.-Data from the developed countries indicate that migraine is the most common cause of recurrent headaches in children. Also, childhood migraine is sufficiently severe to prevent the half of the suffering children from carrying on their usual daily activities. Methods.-A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted between May 2000 and June 2000. There were 2,490 participants selected by a multistage stratified clustered sampling procedure. A validated self-administered questionnaire designed according to the International Headache Society criteria was given to the school children of age between 11 and 18 years. Results.-Overall migraine prevalence was 8.8%; it was 6.7% in boys and 11.0% in girls (OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.3). Among girls, the highest prevalence (17.7%) occurred at 15 years of age, but among boys, the highest prevalence (11.9%) occurred at 16 years of age. Of children with migraine, 56.5% had a positive family history, and only 29.1% visited a doctor for headache. Conclusion.-Migraine is a common health problem among school children in Denizli urban area and it often goes underdiagnosed. C1 Pamukkale Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Denizli, Turkey. Pamukkale Univ, Dept Pediat, Denizli, Turkey. Pamukkale Univ, Dept Neurol, Denizli, Turkey. Tulane Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, New Orleans, LA USA.

Background : Nitric oxide (NO) inhibition with N (G) -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) in the last trimester of pregnancy caused intrauterine growth retardation and hind-limb disruptions in rats. In the present study, the effect of maternal NO inhibition with N (G) -nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) on hypoxic newborn rats was investigated. Methods : Timed-pregnant rats were obtained on gestational day 17. Four groups of rats were used: control, hypoxic, l-NNA and l-NNA + hypoxic groups. In the last two groups, l-NNA (2 mg/kg bolus, i.p.) was administered to the mothers of pups antenatally on 3 consecutive days. Hypoxia was induced in newborn rats by breathing of a mixture of 8% oxygen and 92% nitrogen for 3 h. Pups were then allowed to inhale normal atmospheric air for 30 min. All newborn rats were decapitated on the first day of life after hypoxia and reoxygenation. Brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney and intestinal tissues were studied biochemically. Hypoxia-induced biochemical changes were determined by measuring lipid peroxidation. Histopathologic examination of lung tissue was performed. Results : Nitric oxide synthase inhibition in pregnancy did not cause fetal growth retardation. Hypoxia increased lipid peroxidation in all tissues except the heart; this increase was decreased by maternal l-NNA administration in brain, lung, liver and kidney tissues. However, lipid peroxidation was increased by NO synthase inhibition in the intestines. In the lungs, pulmonary hemorrhage was observed in the hypoxic group. Minimal pulmonary hemorrhage was detected in the l-NNA and l-NNA + hypoxic groups. Conclusions : These data suggest that antenatal administration of an NO synthase inhibitor acts as both a destructive and protective agent in hypoxic newborn rats.

The role of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels on intra-abdominal injury in children has not been adequately studied. In this report, the accuracy of these tests in predicting the degree and extend of intra-abdominal and hepatic injury in children with blunt abdominal trauma was investigated.Eighty-seven haemodynamically stable children with multiple trauma were prospectively evaluated. The SGOT and SGPT of patients with and without abdominal trauma (Groups I and II) were compared. Patients with and without radiologically verified intra-abdominal injury were further compared (Groups Ib and Ia). There was significant difference in SGOT and SGPT levels of Groups I and II. SGOT and SGPT levels were 333.6+/-283.8 and, 197.5+/-192.5 U/l, respectively in Group Ib; but 84.2+/-55.9, 43+/-29.8 U/l in Group Ia (P

The role of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels on intra-abdominal injury in children has not been adequately studied. In this report, the accuracy of these tests in predicting the degree and extend of intra-abdominal and hepatic injury in children with blunt abdominal trauma was investigated. Eighty-seven haemodynamically stable children with multiple trauma were prospectively evaluated. The SGOT and SGPT of patients with and without abdominal trauma (Groups I and II) were compared. Patients with and without radiologically verified intra-abdominal injury were further compared (Groups Ib and Ia). There was significant difference in SGOT and SGPT levels of Groups I and II. SGOT and SGPT levels were 333.6 +/- 283.8 and, 197.5 +/- 192.5 U/l, respectively in Group Ib; but 84.2 +/- 55.9, 43 29.8 U/l in Group Ia (P < 0.001). In all patients with radiologically detected intra-abdominal pathology SGOT and SGPT levels were above 110.5 and 63.5 U/l, respectively. In patients with hepatic injury SGOT level was above 500 U/l and, SGPT level was above 300 U/l. Statistically significant positive correlation was found between radiologically detected intra-abdominal pathology and increased SGOT (above 110.5 U/l) and SGPT (above 63.5 U/l) levels (P < 0.05). These data indicated that the SGOT and SGPT levels were significantly higher in patients with intra-abdominal injury even in the absence of hepatic injury. We suggest that liver function tests may be used as screening tests in children with blunt abdominal trauma in addition to physical abdominal examination. A sudden rise up to 110.5 U/l in SGOT and 63.5 U/l in SGPT indicate an intra-abdominal injury and severe hepatic injury should be suspected with higher levels of SGOT and SGPT. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to contribute epidemiological data about pediatric trauma registry in our country.METHODS: Ninety-four children with trauma who were admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Clinic of our hospital were prospective(jl evaluatedRESULTS: Forty-five percent patients were female and 55% were male with a mean age of79+52 months. Traffic accidents were the primary cause oftrauma (46%). The education level ofthe mothers were above high school in only 30.4 % patients. Forty-four percent of trauma took place during daytime, the incidence oftrauma was high in summer and autumn (p

In our study, cerebrocortical electrical activity was recorded as an indicator of bilirubin neurotoxicity. Bilirubin especially affects the thalamus and cerebral cortex. Inasmuch as rhythmic oscillations on the EEG arise from the interaction between cortex and thalamus, electrophysiologic effects of bilirubin on the rhythmic oscillations with long-term postnatal age were investigated. Brain maturation was also analyzed with power spectral analysis quantitatively. For this purpose, 141 EEG records were taken (in the first week, 15th d, at the end of the first month, and at the third month) from 17 infants with hyperbilirubinemia and 22 healthy infants. In all records, the major frequency component was formed by the delta frequency in both groups. In the first records of the hyperbilirubinemia group, the delta frequency was higher than the control group; however the theta, alpha, and beta frequencies and the amplitude levels were lower (p < 0.001). These changes were found to be significantly correlated with the bilirubin levels (p < 0.001). On the 15th d the amplitude of the hyperbilirubinemia group increased to similar levels as the control group. At the frequency bands of delta and theta, there were significant changes related to postnatal age (p < 0.001). In all cerebral regions, the delta frequency decreased and the theta frequency increased with age. However, in the hyperbilirubinemia group the delta frequency was higher, the theta frequency was lower, and the changes between the groups disappeared in the third month despite the differences at all regions of the brain. In terms of the vertex, k complex, and sleep spindle, there were no differences between both groups in the third month (p > 0.05). We conclude that hyperbilirubinemia affects the cerebrocortical electrical activity but appears to be time limited.