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Urban areas--characterized by high human densities, buildings, and impermeable surfaces--arc increasing globally and represent a leading threat to wildlife by drastically altering the natural resources wildlife species are accustomed to. Prior work suggests that living in urban habitats can cause wildlife to show increased cholesterol levels. In biomedical research, elevated cholesterol is linked to disease, but the consequence of elevated cholesterol in wildlife remains unclear. We measured total cholesterol in European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), an urban-adapted species, across an urban and a rural site. We asked: (1) Do urban starlings have elevated cholesterol? and (2) Is elevated cholesterol correlated to negative physiological outcomes in starlings? We found that nestlings from the urban (N = 16) and rural (N = 98) sites showed similar cholesterol, but adult starlings from the urban (N = 5) habitat showed elevated cholesterol compared to rural (N = 36) birds. However, elevated cholesterol was not correlated with increased oxidative damage to DNA, lowered body condition, or increased baseline glucocorticoids across any age class, suggesting that elevated cholesterol did not come at a physiological cost to starlings. Future work is needed to explore what mechanism(s) drive variation in cholesterol across urban and rural birds, as well as whether any long-term consequences of elevated cholesterol exist. Received 25 July 2023. Accepted 5 January 2024. Key words: body condition, DNA damage, glucocorticoids, urbanization. (French)--Les zones urbaines, caracterisees par de densites humaines elevees et des batiments et des surfaces impermeables, augmentent au niveau mondial et representent une menace majeure pour la faune sauvage en modifiant radicalement les ressources naturelles auxquelles les especes sont habituees. Des travaux anterieurs suggerent que vivre dans des habitats urbains peut entrainer une augmentation des taux de cholesterol chez la faune sauvage. Dans la recherche biomedicale, un taux de cholesterol eleve est lie a la maladie, mais les consequences d'un taux de cholesterol eleve chez la faune sauvage ne sont pas claires. Nous mesurames le cholesterol total chez l'etoumeau sansonnet (Sturnus vulgaris), une espece adaptee a la ville, sur un site urbain et un site rural. Nous demandames: (1) est-ce que les etourneaux sansonnets urbains ont un taux de cholesterol eleve? et (2) est-ce qu'un taux de cholesterol eleve est correle a des resultats physiologiques negatifs chez les etourneaux? Nous constatames que les oisillons des sites urbains (N = 16) et ruraux (N = 98) presentaient un taux de cholesterol similaire, mais que les etourneaux adultes de l'habitat urbain (N = J) presentaient un taux de cholesterol eleve par rapport aux etourneaux adultes de l'habitat rural (N = 36). Cependant, un taux de cholesterol eleve n'etait pas correle a une augmentation des dommages oxydatifs de l'ADN, a une condition corporelle reduite ou a une augmentation des glucocorticoides de base dans toutes les classes d'age, ce qui suggere qu'un taux de cholesterol eleve n'a pas eu de cout physiologique pour les etourneaux. Des travaux futurs sont necessaires pour explorer le(s) mecanisme(s) qui determinent la variation du cholesterol chez les oiseaux urbains et ruraux, ainsi que pour determiner s'il existe des consequences a long terme d'un taux de cholesterol eleve. Mots-cles: condition corporelle, dommage a l'ADN, glucocorticoides, urbanisation., Intraspecific comparative studies provide a useful framework for understanding how urbanization affects birds. Among wildlife, birds are commonly used as study systems to understand the impacts of urbanization on wildlife [...]

Type 2 cytokines like IL-4 are hallmarks of helminth infection and activate macrophages to limit immunopathology and mediate helminth clearance. In addition to cytokines, nutrients and metabolites critically influence macrophage polarization. Choline is an essential nutrient known to support normal macrophage responses to lipopolysaccharide; however, its function in macrophages polarized by type 2 cytokines is unknown. Using murine IL-4-polarized macrophages, targeted lipidomics revealed significantly elevated levels of phosphatidylcholine, with select changes to other choline-containing lipid species. These changes were supported by the coordinated up-regulation of choline transport compared to naïve macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition of choline metabolism significantly suppressed several mitochondrial transcripts and dramatically inhibited select IL-4-responsive transcripts, most notably, Retnla. We further confirmed that blocking choline metabolism diminished IL-4-induced RELMα (encoded by Retnla) protein content and secretion and caused a dramatic reprogramming toward glycolytic metabolism. To better understand the physiological implications of these observations, naïve or mice infected with the intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus were treated with the choline kinase α inhibitor, RSM-932A, to limit choline metabolism in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of choline metabolism lowered RELMα expression across cell-types and tissues and led to the disappearance of peritoneal macrophages and B-1 lymphocytes and an influx of infiltrating monocytes. The impaired macrophage activation was associated with some loss in optimal immunity to H. polygyrus, with increased egg burden. Together, these data demonstrate that choline metabolism is required for macrophage RELMα induction, metabolic programming, and peritoneal immune homeostasis, which could have important implications in the context of other models of infection or cancer immunity.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, particularly in the domain of facial processing tasks, has witnessed substantial growth in the 21st century. However, this requires sufficient appraisal for clinicians and researchers to adequately understand nomenclature and key concepts commonly used in this field. This article aims to elucidate the diverse applications of facial processing tasks, such as facial landmark extraction, face detection, face tracking, facial expression recognition and action unit detection, and their relevance to ophthalmology and other medical specialties. The keywords ‘ophthalmology’, ‘facial artificial intelligence’, ‘facial recognition’ and ‘periorbital measurements’ were used on PubMed and Ovid, between September 2012 and September 2022, to identify and screen for eligible articles. Studies reporting on human patients in ophthalmology, plastic, maxillofacial and cosmetic surgery with ocular lesions whose facial biometrics were processed by AI and written in the English language were included. A total of 291 and 513 articles were identified on PubMed and Ovid respectively. Twenty articles were included for analysis in this literature review after duplicates, inaccessible articles and articles without full manuscripts were excluded. Although fully automated algorithms can share the workload in healthcare systems and relieve strains on manpower, rigorous testing is crucial, followed by the challenges of convincing management bodies that it would work in reality, coupled with the costs of implementing specialised functional hardware and software. While patients have a valid concern that it would reduce physical contact with clinicians, it is important for clinicians not to replace clinical decision-making with AI alone.

The Victorian Precision Oncology Summit, convened in 2023, was a joint initiative between the Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre Alliance (VCCC Alliance) and the Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium (MPCCC) and was proposed to guide a coordinated state-wide conversation about how the oncology sector can overcome some of the current obstacles in achieving equity of access to clinical cancer genomics for Victorian patients. Themes that emerged from discussion groups at the Summit include standardisation, centralisation, funding, education and communication and insights across those themes are outlined in this manuscript. The event served as a large consultation piece for the development of a broader precision oncology roadmap, which explores equitable access to molecular testing for Victorian patients, currently in development by the VCCC Alliance and MPCCC in collaboration with other key Victorian and national stakeholders. While this symposium was a Victorian initiative, it is felt that the insights garnered from this consultation piece will be of interest to consumer groups, clinicians, researchers, educators, policy makers and other key stakeholders in other states of Australia as well as in other countries implementing comprehensive genomic profiling within complex health systems.

Background: Assignments that involve writing based on several texts are challenging to many learners. Formative feedback supporting learners in these tasks should be informed by the characteristics of evolving written product and by the characteristics of learning processes learners enacted while developing the product. However, formative feedback in writing tasks based on multiple texts has almost exclusively focused on essay product and rarely included SRL processes. Objectives: We explored the viability of using product and process features to develop machine learning classifiers that identify low- and high-performing essays in a multi-text writing task. Methods: We examined learning processes and essay submissions of 163 graduate students working on an authentic multi-text writing assignment. We utilised learners' trace data to obtain process features and state-of-the-art natural language processing methods to obtain product features for our classifiers. Results and Conclusions: Of four popular classifiers examined in this study, Random Forest achieved the best performance (accuracy = 0.80 and recall = 0.77). The analysis of important features identified in the Random Forest classification model revealed one product (coverage of reading topics) and three process (elaboration/organisation, re-reading and planning) features as important predictors of writing quality. Major Takeaways: The classifier can be used as a part of a future automated writing evaluation system that will support at scale formative assessment in writing tasks based on multiple texts in different courses. Based on important predictors of essay performance, a guidance can be tailored to learners at the outset of a multi-text writing task to help them do well in the task.

Silicic caldera volcanoes present major volcanic and seismic hazards but also host dynamic hydrothermal and groundwater systems and a rich but largely unexplored subsurface biosphere. Many of these volcanoes are hosted in rift settings. The intricate connections and feedbacks among magmatism, rifting, hydrothermal processes, and the biosphere in these complex systems remain poorly understood, necessitating subsurface joint observations that are only enabled by scientific drilling. The CALDERA (Connections Among Life, geo-Dynamics and Eruptions in a Rifting Arc caldera) project workshop funded by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) gathered multi-disciplinary international experts in January 2023 to advance planning of a scientific drilling project within one of these dynamic, rift-hosted calderas, the Okataina Volcanic Centre (OVC), Aotearoa New Zealand. The OVC's high eruption rate, frequent unrest events and earthquake swarms, location in a densely faulted rapidly extending rift, abundant groundwater–geothermal fluid circulations, and diverse surface hot spring microbiota make it an ideal location for exploring a connected geo-hydro-biosphere via scientific drilling and developing a test bed for novel volcano monitoring approaches. Drilling configurations with at least two boreholes (∼ 200 and ∼ 1000–1500 m deep) were favoured to achieve the multi-disciplinary objectives of the CALDERA project. Decadal monitoring including biosphere activity and composition has the potential to evaluate the response of the hydro-bio system to volcano-tectonic activity. In addition to the OVC caldera-scale datasets already available, site surveys will be conducted to select the best drilling locations. The CALDERA project at the OVC would provide, for the first time, an understanding of volcanic–tectonic–hydrological–biological connections in a caldera–rift system and a baseline for global comparisons with other volcanoes, rifts, and hydrothermal systems. CALDERA would serve as an unprecedented model system to understand how and how quickly the subsurface biosphere responds to geologic activities. Discoveries will improve assessment of volcanic and seismic hazards, guide the sustainable management and/or conservation of groundwater and geothermal resources and microbial ecosystems, and provide a forum for interweaving mātauranga Māori and Western knowledge systems.

Abstract Introduction In the post‐COVID 19 environment, it has become increasingly important for healthcare services to optimise service delivery for the benefit of both patients and staff. The project purpose was to quantify and determine causes of throughput delays in a newly established outpatient angiography service in a public hospital setting. Methods This single‐centre study obtained quantitative and qualitative data for 81 consecutive outpatient interventional radiology (IR) examinations over a 3‐month period via survey and retrospective analysis of electronic medical records. Staff participating in data collection were able to record multiple causes for delay in a single case and were also able to include comments, allowing for more detailed descriptions of the delays that occurred. Results A total of 93 delay factors were identified in 73 of the 81 outpatient interventional examinations and grouped into six categories via thematic analysis. Availability of the IR room (40%), availability of the radiologist (28%) and insufficient documentation (18%) were identified as the most frequent causes for delay. Linear regression analysis showed that documentation (P = 0.0002) and room unavailability (P = 0.022) were independently associated with procedural starting delay. Conclusion Delays to the IR procedural start time occurred in 90% of cases (73/81). This study identified the causes for delays in outpatient interventional procedures. This information can be used to improve service delivery in IR departments.

Dry deposition of ozone (O3) to the ocean surface and the ozonolysis of organics in the sea surface microlayer (SSML) are potential sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the marine atmosphere. We use a gas chromatography system coupled to a Vocus proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer to determine the chemical composition and product yield of select VOCs formed from ozonolysis of coastal seawater collected from Scripps Pier in La Jolla, California. Laboratory-derived results are interpreted in the context of direct VOC vertical flux measurements made at Scripps Pier. The dominant products of laboratory ozonolysis experiments and the largest non-sulfur emission fluxes measured in the field correspond to Vocus CxHy+ and CxHyOz+ ions. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis suggests that C5–C11 oxygenated VOCs, primarily aldehydes, are the largest contributors to these ion signals. In the laboratory, using a flow reactor experiment, we determine a VOC yield of 0.43–0.62. In the field at Scripps Pier, we determine a maximum VOC yield of 0.04–0.06. Scaling the field and lab VOC yields for an average O3 deposition flux and an average VOC structure results in an emission source of 10.7 to 167 Tg C yr−1, competitive with the DMS source of approximately 20.3 Tg C yr−1. This study reveals that O3 reactivity to dissolved organic carbon can be a significant carbon source to the marine atmosphere and warrants further investigation into the speciated VOC composition from different seawater samples and the reactivities and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields of these molecules in marine-relevant, low NOx conditions.

Scaffolds resembling the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide structural support for cells in the engineering of tissue constructs. Various material sources and fabrication techniques have been employed in scaffold production. Cellulose-based matrices are of interest due to their abundant supply, hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and biological inertness. Terrestrial and marine plants offer diverse morphologies that can replicate the ECM of various tissues and be isolated through decellularization protocols. In this study, three marine macroalgae species—namely Durvillaea poha, Ulva lactuca, and Ecklonia radiata—were selected for their morphological variation. Low-intensity, chemical treatments were developed for each species to maintain native cellulose structures within the matrices while facilitating the clearance of DNA and pigment. Scaffolds generated from each seaweed species were non-toxic for human dermal fibroblasts but only the fibrous inner layer of those derived from E. radiata supported cell attachment and maturation over the seven days of culture. These findings demonstrate the potential of E. radiata-derived cellulose scaffolds for skin tissue engineering and highlight the influence of macroalgae ECM structures on decellularization efficiency, cellulose matrix properties, and scaffold utility.

Traditionally, rubrics were used simply as grading tools to provide marking frameworks that were transparent to students. More recently, rubrics have been promoted as educational tools to inform students of good practice with the assumption that they engage with these rubrics to guide their learning. However, some tensions arise from this approach, including the assumption that students actually engage with assessment rubrics and, most notably, whether students understand the purpose of rubrics and the language used within. In response, this paper promotes the practice of teachers involving their students in the co-construction of rubrics by presenting a "Model of Collaborative Rubric Construction." This Model was informed by an extensive literature review, advice from international assessment experts, and both qualitative and quantitative data from students and teachers who worked in partnership to co-construct and use assessment rubrics across three higher education institutions. The Model, structured as three-tiers, offers background information about rubrics and their co-construction, strategies to guide collaboration in the rubric co-construction process, and shared scholarship associated with the project (i.e., research methods, recommendations for practice, and relevant references and publications) in which the Model was developed.

In 2023, for the first time, CANO-ACIO awarded three nursing students the Nursing Research Student Award for their successful abstracts. The award gave them an opportunity to present their research work during the annual CANO/ACIO conference that took place in Niagara Falls, Ontario. This innovative award approach was of particular importance for these three nursing students, one of whom was in an undergraduate nursing program, one in a Master’s program, and one in a doctoral program. As is evident in the descriptions below, the award was important to them because it gave them an opportunity to share their work with a national audience, as well as begin to see the larger world of oncology nursing research and its potential to change practice. Each of the individual presentations was amazing and greatly appreciated by all attendees of the Board-sponsored research workshop. Based on the feedback and the desire to profile the opportunity for other students in the future, each nursing student was invited to contribute to this Research Reflections Column. They were asked to discuss their personal experience and its impact on them. The following paragraphs are a summary of the synopsis they provided about their experiences.

Objectives Brazil has high rates of COVID-19 and tuberculosis among healthcare workers (HCWs). Personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for their protection. We aimed to evaluate PPE use, training, and preparedness among HCWs in the early months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Brazil.Methods A cross-sectional study was performed using questionnaires available to HCWs through a website created to provide PPE guidelines. χ2 test and robust Poisson regression identified factors associated with HCWs treating COVID-19 patients (TCOVID-19), lack of training on PPE use and N95 respirator reuse. The speech content of open-ended questions was analysed.Results We analysed 1410 questionnaires collected from April to July 2020 representing 526 Brazilian cities. HCWs-TCOVID-19 had fewer years of work experience, were more likely to reuse PPE, and reported higher stress levels and lower biosafety at the workplace than HCWs not TCOVID-19 patients. Fearful concerns, limited PPE access and pandemic unpreparedness were common among HCWs. Lack of PPE training was associated with the profession and no N95 respirator fit tests. N95 reuse during the pandemic, common to 78% of the HCWs, was associated with the reuse of PPE during the pandemic and reuse of N95 before the pandemic.Conclusions We report the unpreparedness of HCWs and institutions to handle the pandemic, with low rates of training and N95 respirator fit testing and high PPE reuse. N95 reuse was a pre-established practice. This chronic unpreparedness to deal with airborne pathogens may have contributed to one of the highest global rates of tuberculosis and COVID-19 among HCWs.

Two critical questions arise in the context of mounting pressures to reduce carbon emissions from freight transportation. Is it possible to reconcile the emissions reductions goals of shippers and logistics service providers (LSPs)? How do factors such as consumer preferences, eco-efficiency, carbon tax policy, and sharing of green investment cost affect target emissions levels? We address these questions using game theory to model shippers and LSPs as economic agents, thereby gaining insight into how the carbon intensity of freight delivery operations can be reduced. Our novel contributions include (1) models that consider both the shipper’s and the LSP’s interests, and in particular the gap between their preferred environmental performance levels; and (2) a methodologically rigorous explanation why, as empirical studies suggest, LSPs and shippers rarely agree on how to share responsibility for environmental initiatives, or who should pay a carbon tax.

Background: Predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade in the second-line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) are lacking. Materials and methods: Patients with histologically confirmed RCC who started nivolumab after at least 4 months of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were recruited for this study. Serial tissue and blood samples were collected for immune biomarker evaluation. The primary endpoint was to determine the association of specific T-cell subsets with clinical outcomes tested using Wilcoxon rank sum for clinical benefit rate (CBR) and log-rank test for progression-free survival (PFS). Results: Twenty patients were included in this trial with a median age of 64 years and followed-up for a median of 12 months. The median PFS for patients who received TKI was 13.8 months, while for those subsequently treated with nivolumab following TKI therapy, the median PFS was 2.6 months. CBR of nivolumab was 20% with two partial responses. Functionally active programmed cell death protein 1+ CD4+ T cells were enriched in non-responders (q = 0.003) and associated with worse PFS on nivolumab (P = 0.04). Responders showed a significant reduction in the effector CD4+T-cell (TEF) fraction compared to non-responders at 3 months on nivolumab (0.40 versus 0.80, P = 0.0005). CD127+CD4+ T cells were enriched in patients who developed immune-related adverse effects (q = 0.003). Using in-house validated multiplex immunohistochemistry for six markers, we measured tumour-associated immune cell densities in tissue samples. Responders to nivolumab showed a significantly higher mean of immune cell densities in tissue samples compared to non-responders (346 versus 87 cells/mm2, P = 0.04). Conclusions: In this small study, analysis of tissue-based and peripheral blood immune cell subsets predicted clinical outcomes of nivolumab. Further studies are warranted with larger populations to validate these observations.

Contemporary research that looks at self-regulated learning (SRL) as processes of learning events derived from trace data has attracted increasing interest over the past decade. However, limited research has been conducted that looks into the validity of trace-based measurement protocols. In order to fill this gap in the literature, we propose a novel validation approach that combines "theory-driven" and "data-driven" perspectives to increase the validity of interpretations of SRL processes extracted from trace-data. The main contribution of this approach consists of three alignments between trace data and think aloud data to improve measurement validity. In addition, we define the match rate between SRL processes extracted from trace data and think aloud as a quantitative indicator together with other three indicators (sensitivity, specificity and trace coverage), to evaluate the "degree" of validity. We tested this validation approach in a laboratory study that involved 44 learners who learned individually about the topic of artificial intelligence in education with the use of a technology-enhanced learning environment for 45 minutes. Following this new validation approach, we achieved an improved match rate between SRL processes extracted from trace-data and think aloud data (training set: 54.24%; testing set: 55.09%) compared to the match rate before applying the validation approach (training set: 38.97%; test set: 34.54%). By considering think aloud data as "reference point", this improvement of the match rate quantified the extent to which validity can be improved by using our validation approach. In conclusion, the novel validation approach presented in this study used both empirical evidence from think aloud data and rationale from our theoretical framework of SRL, which now, allows testing and improvement of the validity of trace-based SRL measurements.

Self-regulated learning (SRL) has been linked to improved learning and corresponding learning outcomes. However, there is a need for more precise insights into how SRL during learning contributes to specific learning outcomes. We operationalised four learning outcomes that varied on two dimensions: structure/connectedness and level/deepness of knowledge. Specifically, we assessed how surface knowledge measured with a domain knowledge test (independent concepts) and a concept map (connected concepts), and deep knowledge measured with a transfer test (independent concepts) and an essay (connected concepts) were associated with frequencies of SRL activities during learning, assessed by concurrent think aloud, while taking into account students' metacognitive and prior knowledge. Forty-four university students performed a 45-minute problem-solving task integrating information about three topics to write a vision essay on the future of education. Results of the pre-/post-test analysis revealed a learning gain in domain knowledge and concept maps. Low cognitive activities were associated with all knowledge measures, except the concept maps and transfer. Furthermore, specific low cognitive activities showed either a positive or negative association; for example, processing showed a positive association with essay, but a negative association with domain knowledge. High cognitive activities were associated with the essay (connected concepts), but not with the concept map. Both metacognitive activities and knowledge were related to transfer. To conclude, taking the level and structure of knowledge into account helps specify the association between SRL activities during learning and the related learning outcomes.

In recent years, unobtrusive measures of self-regulated learning (SRL) processes based on log data recorded by digital learning environments have attracted increasing attention. However, researchers have also recognised that simple navigational log data or time spent on pages are often not fine-grained enough to study complex SRL processes. Recent advances in data-capturing technologies enabled researchers to go beyond simple navigational logs to measure SRL processes with multi-channel data. What multi-channel data can reveal about SRL processes, and to what extent can the addition of peripheral and eye-tracking data with navigational log data change and improve the measurement of SRL are key questions that require further investigation. Hence, we conducted a study and collected learning trace data generated by 25 university students in a laboratory setting, that aimed to address this problem by enhancing navigational log data with peripheral and eye-tracking data. We developed a trace-based measurement protocol of SRL, which interpreted raw trace data from multi-channel data into SRL processes. Specifically, the study compared the frequency and duration of SRL processes detected, how much duration and times of occurrences of the detected SRL processes were affected or refined. We also used a process mining technique to analyses how temporal sequencing of the detected SRL processes changed by enriching navigational log data with peripheral and eye-tracking data. The results revealed that by adding new data channels, we improved the capture of learning actions and detected SRL processes while enhancing the granularity of the measurement. In comparison to the use of navigational logs only, the completeness of temporal sequencing relationships between SRL processes with multi-channel data improved. In addition, we concluded that eye-tracking data is valuable for measuring and extracting SRL processes, and it should receive more attention in the future.

Abstract Introduction Two universities run a collaborative Medical Radiation Science program where students undertake study in Tasmania before transferring to a partner university in another state to complete their program. This study assessed rates and predictors of graduate radiographers, radiation therapists and nuclear medicine technologists (collectively classified as medical radiation practitioners according to AHPRA [https://www.medicalradiationpracticeboard.gov.au/About.aspx; ahpra.gov.au/registration/registers] contemporary classification) returning to Tasmania and rural locations to practice. Methods A cross‐sectional 22‐item online survey including open‐ended questions was administered via Facebook. Rates of graduates working in Tasmania and rural locations, work satisfaction, and program efficacy were assessed. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors of working in Tasmania and rural locations. Results 58 Facebook members from a total of 87 program graduates were invited to participate. Of these, 21 responded. Thirteen (62.0%) were currently working in Tasmania, of which the majority practised in regional (MMM2) areas. Most (90.5%) reported that they were happy at work, with all participants reporting the course prepared them well or very well for their first professional jobs. 71.4% stated that the provision of the first 2 years of the course in their home state influenced their decision to study medical radiation science. Being born in a rural region (MMM > 2) was a predictor for working in Tasmania (OR = 3.5) and rural locations (OR = 1.77). Males were twice as likely to work in Tasmania (OR = 2.3) and more rural locations (OR = 2.0). Conclusions Collaboration is beneficial in producing professionals in regions with smaller enrolments limit the ability to grow their own graduates independently. Interuniversity collaborative models are recommended for other rural regions to meet local health workforce needs.

The oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS; CH3SCH3), emitted from the surface ocean, contributes to the formation of Aitken mode particles and their growth to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) sizes in remote marine environments. It is not clear whether other less commonly measured marine-derived, sulfur-containing gases share similar dynamics to DMS and contribute to secondary marine aerosol formation. Here, we present measurements of gas-phase volatile organosulfur molecules taken with a Vocus proton-transfer-reaction high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer during a mesocosm phytoplankton bloom experiment using coastal seawater. We show that DMS, methanethiol (MeSH; CH3SH), and benzothiazole (C7H5NS) account for on average over 90 % of total gas-phase sulfur emissions, with non-DMS sulfur sources representing 36.8 ± 7.7 % of sulfur emissions during the first 9 d of the experiment in the pre-bloom phase prior to major biological growth, before declining to 14.5 ± 6.0 % in the latter half of the experiment when DMS dominates during the bloom and decay phases. The molar ratio of DMS to MeSH during the pre-bloom phase (DMS: MeSH = 4.60 ± 0.93) was consistent with the range of previously calculated ambient DMS-to-MeSH sea-to-air flux ratios. As the experiment progressed, the DMS to MeSH emission ratio increased significantly, reaching 31.8 ± 18.7 during the bloom and decay. Measurements of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), heterotrophic bacteria, and enzyme activity in the seawater suggest the DMS: MeSH ratio is a sensitive indicator of the bacterial sulfur demand and the composition and magnitude of available sulfur sources in seawater. The evolving DMS: MeSH ratio and the emission of a new aerosol precursor gas, benzothiazole, have important implications for secondary sulfate formation pathways in coastal marine environments.