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4. Recent advances and challenges in developing vaccines for Campylobacter jejuni: a comprehensive review.

Author

Poudel, Sabin, Zeng, Ximin, Lin, Jun, Cheng, Wen-Hsing, Sukumaran, Anuraj T., Adhikari, Pratima, Kiess, Aaron S., Macklin, Ken S., and Zhang, Li

Subjects
VACCINES, CAMPYLOBACTER jejuni, POULTRY, PATHOGENIC microorganisms, PUBLIC health
Abstract

SUMMARY: Campylobacter jejuni remains a leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide, with contaminated poultry meat being a major transmission vector to humans. Effective control of C. jejuni colonisation in poultry is crucial for reducing public health risks. Among various intervention strategies, vaccination has emerged as a promising avenue. However, the journey towards a universally effective vaccine has not been met due variability in vaccine performance, and more research is still onging across the different species. Our comprehensive review critically examines the progress and problems in developing vaccines against C. jejuni. We concluded that regardless of the approaches used to develop vaccines, previously developed vaccines have effectively induced immunity but there were inconsistency among the results for the reduction in colonisation. Overall, partial success has been achieved in developing C. jejuni vaccine against poultry. This discrepancy highlights the complexity of vaccine development, which must deal with C. jejuni's antigenic diversity and the multifaceted nature of host–pathogen interactions. Additionally, the limited knowledge of immune system of chicken has hindered a full understanding of vaccine effectiveness against diverse C. jejuni. Our review highlights the need for further research on the genetic and phenotypic diversity of C. jejuni and the explorate the novel vaccine technology for development of successful C. jejuni vaccine. Additionally, the advances in understanding of C. jejuni pathogenesis and immune responses offer optimism for future vaccine development, ultimately aiming to reduce Campylobacter-related illness and enhance food safety in poultry products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Factors Affecting Listeria monocytogenes Biofilm Formation in Food Processing Environments and Its Control

Author

Bansal, Mohit, Dhowlaghar, Nitin, Nannapaneni, Ramakrishna, Kode, Divya, Chang, Sam, Cheng, Wen-Hsing, Obe, Tomi, and Kiess, Aaron

Subjects
Listeria monocytogenes -- Physiological aspects, Microbial mats -- Control, Food processing plants -- Environmental aspects, Science and technology
Abstract

Listeria monocytogenes is widely present in biotic and abiotic surfaces, including manure, soil, and surface water samples. It is an environmentally persistent organism and can grow slowly even at refrigeration temperatures (4[degrees]C) in a variety of food products. This foodborne pathogen can attach firmly and form biofilms on any food-contact and nonfood contact surface in almost all food processing conditions. It is still unclear what factors play a critical role in the food production facility in biofilm formation of L. monocytogenes. This review explores the known factors inducing the L. monocytogenes biofilm formation ability on food-contact and non-food contact surfaces and their elimination by disinfectant procedures in the food processing facilities. Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes, biofilm formation, biofilm control, food processing environments, disinfectants, INTRODUCTION Foodborne pathogens cause 48 million illnesses and 3,000 deaths annually in the United States (Scallan et al., 2011). Among them, Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is an important foodborne bacterial [...]

Published
2020

31. [alpha]-Aminoadipate [delta]-semialdehyde synthase mRNA knockdown reduces the lysine requirement of a mouse hepatic cell line

Author

Cleveland, Beth M., Kiess, Aaron S., and Blemings, Kenneth P.

Subjects
Lysine -- Research, Lysine -- Health aspects, Metabolic diseases -- Research, Metabolic diseases -- Care and treatment, Food/cooking/nutrition
Abstract

[alpha]-Aminoadipate [delta]-semialdehyde synthase (AASS) is the bifunctional enzyme containing the lysine [alpha]-ketoglutarate reductase (LKR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase activities responsible for the first 2 steps in the irreversible catabolism of lysine. A rare disease in humans, familial hyperlysinemia, can be caused by very low LKR activity and, as expected, reduces the lysine 'requirement' of the individual. This concept was applied to a murine hepatic cell line (ATCC, FL83B) utilizing RNA interference (RNAi) to achieve AASS mRNA knockdown. Cells were antibiotic selected for stable transfection of 2 plasmids that express different short hairpin RNA sequences for AASS knockdown. Compared with the wild-type cell line, AASS mRNA abundance was reduced 79.0 [+ or -] 6.4% (P < 0.05), resulting in a 29.8 [+ or -] 5.2% (P < 0.05) reduction in AASS protein abundance, 41.3 [+ or -] 10.0% (P< 0.05) less LKR activity, and a reduction in lysine oxidation by 50.7 [+ or -] 11.8%. To determine the effect of AASS knockdown on the lysine requirement, cells were grown in media containing 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, 100, or 200 [micro]mol/L lysine. Using a segmented model approach for growth rate analysis, the lysine requirement of the cell line with AASS silencing was 43.4 [+ or -] 1.7 [micro]mol/L, ~26% lower (P< 0.05), than the lysine requirement of the wild-type cell line. These results indicate AASS knockdown decreases the lysine requirement of the cell via a reduction of lysine catabolism through the saccharopine pathway, providing the initial proof in principle that RNAi can be used to reduce the nutrient requirement of a system.

Published
2008

39. Campylobacter jejunifrom no antibiotics ever (NAE) broilers: prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence genes analysis

Author

Poudel, Sabin, Pokhrel, Diksha, Zhang, Xue, Sukumaran, Anuraj T., Adhikari, Pratima, Kiess, Aaron S., Macklin, Kenneth S., and Zhang, Li

Abstract

Campylobacter jejuni(C. jejuni) is a leading foodborne illness causing bacteria, and poultry is a major reservoir of this pathogen. With the recent increase in broiler production under the “no antibiotics ever” (NAE) system, this study aimed to assess the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence characteristics of C. jejuniisolated from NAE raised broilers. A total of 270 cloacal swabs were collected from the live-hang areas of 3 commercial processing plants over 9 wk. Each processing plant was visited 3 times at a 1-wk interval, and 30 samples were collected per visit. Among the total 270 cloacal swab samples, C. jejuniwas isolated from 44 (16.3%) samples . Of these isolates, 65.9% possessed toxin-producing genes cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC, and invasion gene ciaB.The prevalence of antibioitc resistance genes aph (3′)-IIIa, erm(B) were 59.1%, and 50%, respectively. Nine (20.45%) C. jejuniisolates were identified as multidrug resistant (MDR), and 18 (40.9%) isolates showed resistance to at least 1 tested antibiotic. The highest resistance was observed against tetracycline (29.5%), followed by nalidixic acid (25%), whereas 22.7% of isolates were resistant to 2 clinically important antibiotics, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. These results suggest that there ishigh prevalence level of multi-drug resistant C. jejuniwith toxin producing virulence genes in the NAE-raised broilers sampled in this study, indicating the potential for serious human illnesses if transmitted through the food chain.

Published
2024
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