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The purpose of the study is to determine the financial impact of expenditure on research and development activities (R&D) of selected companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The work is based on reports of 44 such companies, which conducted R&D activities between 2015 and 2017. Expenditure on R&D was taken as a diagnostic variable in the assessment of a given company’s management efficiency. The financial condition was assesed using three diagnostic indicators: the return of assets, current liquidity levels and debt ratio. The two first were assumed to be stimulants, while the third was taken to be destimulant. A scoring method—recommended among others by M. Tarczyńska—Łuniewska and W. Tarczyński—was used to construct a complex measurement of the overall financial condition. The methodology adopted was based on the results of studies conducted by (among others) Baruch, Hurwitz, Lines and Schmidt, Walczak, as well as Glova, Dancakova and Suleimenova. The results observed made for an examination of a subtle relationship between financial results of the companies with the levels of R&D activities conducted. It was found that there was no significant impact of research activities on the financial condition and management effectiveness of the selected enterprises., Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie, Tom 47 Nr 3 (2020), Celem pracy jest określenie wpływu wydatków na działalność B+R na kondycję finansową wybranych spółek notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Do analizy wybrano raporty 44 polskich spółek giełdowych, które w latach 2015–2017 prowadziły działalność badawczo-rozwojową. Nakłady na działalność B+R stanowiły w analizie zmienną diagnostyczną oceny sprawności zarządzania spółką. Do oceny kondycji finansowej wykorzystano trzy wskaźniki: rentowności aktywów, płynności bieżącej i stopnia zadłużenia, przy czym dwa pierwsze są stymulantami, trzecia destymulantą. Do skonstruowania miary syntetycznej kondycji finansowej wykorzystano metodę scoringową, zalecaną między innymi przez M. Tarczyńską-Łuniewską i W. Tarczyńskiego. Przyjęta metodyka opiera się na wynikach analiz prowadzonych przez m.in. Barucha, Hurwitza, Lines i Schmidta, Walczaka, a także Glovę, Dancakovą i Suleimenovą. Dokonane analizy pozwoliły zaobserwować niewielką zależność między wynikami finansowymi badanych spółek a intensywnością ich działalności B+R. Oznacza to, iż nie stwierdzono istotnego wpływu działalności badawczej na kondycję finansową oraz na skuteczność zarządzania. Opracowano model diagnostyczny, który może posłużyć do analizy skuteczności zarządzania w dłuższej perspektywie czasowej, będącej istotnym elementem planowania strategicznego.

The main goal of the article was to discuss the importance of introducing short supply chains in the context of minimizing the adverse effects of traditional supply chains. The paper presents a case study of the Local Product of Malopolska as an example of good practice. When analyzing the concept of shortened supply chains, some significant benefits for agricultural producers, consumers and the region can be noticed. Reduction of the food chain links brings more benefits to farmers, and can contribute to avoiding the Forrester`s effect repercussions. Short food chains can be used to promote a region, as well as organic, local or traditional products. Despite the weaknesses of the local dimension of this concept, the idea contributes to sustainable development, which links economic goals, with social and environmental objectives. Presented reflections do not exhaust the subject, but only signal a topic that requires a holistic approach to the subject. / Synopsis. Celem artykułu była analiza i ocena znaczenia krótkich łańcuchów dostaw w kontekście minimalizowania niekorzystnych zjawisk występujących w klasycznych łańcuchach dostaw. W pracy przedstawiono studium przypadku Produkt Lokalny z Małopolski, jako przykład dobrych praktyk. Analizując koncepcję skróconych łańcuchów dostaw można zauważyć istotne korzyści dla producentów rolnych, dla konsumentów, a także dla regionu. Ograniczenie ogniw łańcucha żywnościowego przynosi więcej korzyści rolnikowi, a dzięki skróceniu łańcucha do minimum można uniknąć reperkusji efektu Forrestera. Krótkie łańcuchy żywnościowe można zastosować do promocji regionu, produkcji ekologicznej, czy też produktów lokalnych i tradycyjnych. Mimo słabych stron jakim jest lokalny wymiar omawianej koncepcji, idea ta przyczynia się do realizacji założeń rozwoju zrównoważonego, która łączy cele ekonomiczne, z celami społecznymi i ochroną środowiska. Przedstawione rozważania nie wyczerpują tematu, a jedynie sygnalizują zagadnienie, które wymaga całościowego podejścia do tej tematyki., eISSN 2544-0659

The paper presents the results of empirical research conducted among farmers from different Polish provinces. The study involved 140 farmers, where half of them were young people (so-called young farmers, in the age under 40), and the remaining – older farmers. The attitudes of farmers towards innovation were examined, taking into account some factors of human capital. The study was conducted using the survey method. Based on the obtained results the significant relationship between the level of education and the quality of human capital was indicated. The younger, well-educated farmers are looking for new solutions and willing to implement innovations. Despite the pro-innovative attitudes, implementation of new solutions is very difficult. In the opinion of respondents, the most important barrier to the implementation of innovation is not the lack of knowledge and information about new solutions, but the lack of funds and the high cost of new technologies.

The paper presents an analysis of selected factors that determine the quality of human capital, as well as the identification of barriers to farm development as perceived by farmers. The study was conducted on a sample of 60 farmers from across Poland. The analysis of the factors of human capital development showed that the farmers had very long experience in management, but the demographic structure of the respondents did not seem favorable. It was also found that the perception of the respondents in terms of the barriers of development refers primarily to external factors. The respondents sought the causes of barriers to farm development in external conditions. The surveyed farmers indicated that lack of knowledge and skills were the barriers to development, as they assessed their skills very high (long life experience as well as long professional experience). / Synopsis. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analizy wybranych czynników, które determinują jakość kapitału ludzkiego, a także dokonano identyfikacji barier w rozwoju gospodarstw rolnych postrzeganych przez rolników. Badania zostały przeprowadzone na próbie 60 rolników z całej Polski. Analiza czynników rozwoju kapitału ludzkiego wykazała, iż badani rolnicy posiadali duże doświadczenie w zarządzaniu, jednakże struktura wieku respondentów nie przedstawiała się korzystnie. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono także, iż percepcja respondentów w zakresie barier w rozwoju odnosiła się przede wszystkim do czynników zewnętrznych. To w uwarunkowaniach zewnętrznych rolnicy upatrywali przyczyn powstawania barier w rozwoju swoich gospodarstw. Badani rolnicy nie wskazywali na bak wiedzy i umiejętności jako bariery w rozwoju, ponieważ ocenili swoje umiejętności wysoko (duże doświadczenie życiowe i doświadczenie zawodowe).

The purpose of the study was to identify driving and limiting factors of farm management in a region of fragmented agriculture. The paper presents the results of the research conducted in the South-Eastern Poland (Macroregion of Małopolska and Pogórze). The survey was conducted in 2014 in the farms managed by young farmers, i.e. the benefi ciaries of the measure “Setting up of young farmers” from the RDP 2007–2013, with the use of a survey method with a questionnaire interview. The research was empirical, and its main goal was to present a case study of the farm management by young farmers in terms of specifi c management barriers. The results of the studies pointed to the fragmented agrarian structure as the one of the biggest barriers of the eff ective farm management. The young farmers pointed that fragmented agrarian structure signifi cantly impedes the purchase or lease of agricultural land, and the farm development in the same way. The survey pointed to the factors that contribute to the young farmers: the entrepreneurial attitude, activity and creativity, training, the management knowledge and better access to the Common Agricultural Policy instruments.

Is there still a role for advisory services for linking research and practice or is it bypassed in new configurations of European AKIS?. 22. European Seminar on Extension and Education (ESEE). 31. Annual AIAEE Conference

The purpose of the study was to present the advisory opportunities in the process of linking research and the needs of farmers, with regard to innovative knowledge. In this process the advisory role was shown through the transfer of knowledge involving environmentally friendly practices from research and experiments conducted on demonstration farms. The research material were raw and existing data, gathered through appropriate questionnaires using the method of in-depth interviews and survey method. The descriptive case presents an example of good practice in agricultural extension and advisory services, operating within a created network of cooperation. The network approach is characterised by various formal and informal connections between network participants and the interactions among them. The linkages and interactions between the network participants concern conducting research, designing and implementing solutions and tools, providing advice, and the dissemination of knowledge and innovation. Demonstration farms represent the highest level of agricultural production and are the place of performance of seminars, lectures, demonstrations and shows in order to facilitate the transfer of knowledge from science to practice.

The paper presents the results of research on the attitudes of young farmers to innovations and implementing changes in the farms. The study was conducted on a sample of 70 young farmers. Respondents identified themselves as quickly introducing innovations and are favourable for changes. The study was conducted in the southern Polish provinces – regions with the greatest fragmentation of the agrarian structure. These conditions largely determined the attitude of farmers to changes. Young farmers approached the news with caution. Their intention was to implement innovations that deliver measurable results, so those who has already been tested by pioneers (innovators).

The paper presents the process of cross-compliance implementation in Poland. The definition of the process as well as its components are discussed with the use of an example of the cross-compliance mechanism. This mechanism is shown at the macroeconomic level (country level) and the microeconomic level (on a farm), as well as the role of FAS bodies in the process of farm adaptation. Empirical studies were conducted in 2010-2012 and included three Polish provinces: Malopolskie, Opolskie and Lodzkie. On the basis of the analysis it must be concluded that this process consists of several stages, interlinked and dependent upon themselves. At the farm level it can have a repetitive nature. Farmers can take advantage of advisory services in this regard. The results of the survey indicate that farmers mostly use public agricultural advisory services and best assess the quality of services provided by advisory centres.

The paper presents partial results of empirical research conducted in three Polish provinces: Łódzkie, Małopolskie and Opolskie on a sample of 60 agricultural holdings which differ in terms of economic size. The study was conducted by interviewing managers of individual farms. Most of the farmers - managers of the surveyed households, recognized that European integration has a significant effect on the rate of implementation of innovation. In many cases it was a factor in forcing changes and adaptation to the requirements prevailing on the European market. / Synopsis. Artykuł przedstawia cząstkowe wyniki badań prowadzonych na próbie 60 gospodarstw różniących się pod względem wielkości ekonomicznej z trzech województw: łódzkiego, małopolskiego i opolskiego. Badania realizowano metodą wywiadu bezpośredniego z kierownikami indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych. Większość kierowników badanych gospodarstw uznała, że integracja europejska miała istotny wpływ na szybkość wdrażania innowacji w gospodarstwach. W wielu przypadkach była czynnikiem wymuszającym zmiany i dostosowanie gospodarstw do wymogów panujących na rynku europejskim.

The paper presents main issues in managing implementation of the cross-compliance requirements on the microeconomic level, i.e. in an agricultural holding. Important areas of requirements that were introduced within the cross-compliance mechanism in 2004 are discussed. Cross-compliance means the dependence of obtaining EU direct payments in their full extent on meeting by a farmer some standards and keeping to some rules. This mechanism initiates some processes in agricultural holdings which are called processes of adjustment and which can be repeatable. Management of adjustment processes combines functions of management such as planning, organizing, directing and controlling the obtained results. Adjustment of the agricultural holdings receiving direct payments is related to the management of these holdings in accordance with established rules (standards) that operate as cross-compliance requirements.

The study included 30 small and medium-sized firms in the agri-business sector, located in the Małopolska Province, the region of Cracow (Kraków city and municipality). These companies usually employ no more than 25 people. Most of employees work directly in production. Only 13% of respondents take advantage of support from the EU Structural Fund. The main barrier to obtaining a financial support by the enterprises is a lack of information and problems in preparing formal applications. Small entrepreneurs are not active and usually afraid of risk. The main source of information for entrepreneurs about the European Union is the Internet and friends. An important barrier is also a skepticism about their chances and possibilities of obtaining funding. / Synopsis. Badaniem objęto 30 małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw sektora agrobiznesu, zlokalizowanych na obszarze województwa małopolskiego, regionu krakowskiego (miasto i gmina Kraków). Zatrudniają one do 25 osób. Większość pracowników zatrudnionych jest bezpośrednio w produkcji. Tylko 13% ankietowanych korzystało z dofinansowania w ramach Funduszy Strukturalnych. Główną barierą w pozyskaniu środków finansowych przez badane przedsiębiorstwa jest brak informacji oraz problemy przy sporządzaniu wniosków aplikacyjnych. Ankietowani przedsiębiorcy są mało aktywni i boją się ryzyka. Głównym źródłem czerpania informacji przez przedsiębiorców na temat Unii Europejskiej jest Internet oraz znajomi. Istotną barierą jest również sceptycyzm w odniesieniu do swoich szans i możliwości uzyskania dofinansowania.

The paper presents the process of cross-compliance implementation in Poland. The definition of the process as well as its components are discussed with the use of an example of the cross-compliance mechanism. This mechanism is shown at the macroeconomic level (country level) and the microeconomic level (on a farm), as well as the role of FAS bodies in the process of farm adaptation. Empirical studies were conducted in 2010-2012 and included three Polish provinces: Malopolskie, Opolskie and Lodzkie. On the basis of the analysis it must be concluded that this process consists of several stages, interlinked and dependent upon themselves. At the farm level it can have a repetitive nature. Farmers can take advantage of advisory services in this regard. The results of the survey indicate that farmers mostly use public agricultural advisory services and best assess the quality of services provided by advisory centres.