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The study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative potential of Nigella sativa oil (N.s) against the adverse effects induced by atrazine (ATZ) in mice. Four groups were divided into: Control group (untreated); N.s group (N. sativa oil, 2 mL/kg/BW); ATZ group (atrazine 200 mg/kg/BW); ATZ+N.s group (atrazine 200 mL/kg/BW; and N. sativa oil, 2 mL/kg/BW). All doses were administered by gavage once daily for 4 weeks. The atrazine-administered group showed a significant increase in total leukocytes, granulocytes, and agranulocytes and a decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and packed cell volume. Serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase were high in the ATZ group. Atrazine exposure reduced serum albumin and total protein levels in the blood. A significantly higher concentration of bilirubin, urea, and creatinine was also found in the ATZ group. The simultaneous administration of atrazine and N. sativa led to improvements in all the parameters studied above. Thus, this study revealed that atrazine exposure has toxic effects on hematological parameters, liver, and kidney function, and that N. sativa oil reduces these toxic effects of atrazine in male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Further study is warranted to determine the association between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or albuminuria and the risk of death from diverse causes. Methods We screened >10 million general health screening examinees who received health examinations conducted in 2009 using the claims database of Korea. After the exclusion of those previously diagnosed with renal failure and those with missing data, 9,917,838 individuals with available baseline kidney function measurements were included. The primary outcome was mortality and cause-specific death between 2009 and 2019 identified through death certificates based on the diagnostic codes of International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. Multivariable Cox regression analysis adjusted for various clinicodemographic and social characteristics was used to assess mortality risk. Results The hazard ratio of death was significantly high in both the eGFR

Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is one of the fastest-growing causes of death worldwide. Monitoring biochemical parameters such as liver function tests, kidney function tests, and lipid profiles is crucial for early identification of health complications, prevention, and prompt management in CKD patients. Aim: To investigate the association of sociodemographic factors and serum biochemical indicators with Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) among CKD patients in rural Odisha, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural cohort of the Model Rural Health Research Unit (MRHRU) established in Cuttack district, Odisha, India, from March 2021 to April 2021. A total of 530 registered CKD patients were enrolled in the study. Sociodemographic data and blood samples were collected for lipid profile, kidney function, and liver function analysis. The data were analysed using STATA 15.1 and RStudio 2021.09.0+351. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 51.2±14.1 years, with 330 (62.26%) being male. A total of 74% of the participants showed abnormal Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR). Abnormal eGFR was found to be more common among the older age group (>45 years), those who were literate, and those in private jobs, compared to their counterparts. Both lipid profile and liver function abnormalities were significantly associated with individuals having normal eGFR. Conclusion: The positive association of eGFR with lipid profile and liver function enzymes highlights the importance of regular screening of these parameters among CKD patients for early prevention and control of future complications.

Environmental pollution remains a major global health concern, particularly when it comes to heavy metals, which are associated with various health hazards. Among the prevalent heavy metals in the environment is cadmium (Cd). As a result, the current study aimed to investigate the nephroprotective potential of olive leaves extract (OLE) against Cd-induced chronic renal injury. Forty-eight albino rats were divided into four equal groups. Rats in the control group were received distilled water orally, while those in the OLE group were orally administered OLE 200 (mg/kg b.wt.) daily. The cadmium-intoxicated group rats were orally gavage 5 mg Cd/kg b.wt. twice a week and the OLE+Cd group received the same doses of both OLE and CdCl2. After 4 and 8 weeks of the experiment, blood and kidney samples were collected for analysis of kidney function test and histopathological examination. Oral administration of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) for 4 and 8 weeks resulted in nephrotoxicity, evidenced by a significant increase (P<0.05) in urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels. These biochemical changes were accompanied by distinct histopathological alterations, including renal hemorrhage, edema and vasculitis with severe glomerular and tubular necrosis as well as periglomerular fibrosis and marked interstitial fibrosis. Treatment with OLE exhibited a remarkable reduction in these histopathological changes and restored the serum parameters toward normal levels. In conclusion, OLE has a time-dependent mitigating effect against Cd-induced nephrotoxicity by reducing inflammation, glomerulotubular injury, and renal fibrosis, indicating that it is a potential natural product in counteracting chronic nephrotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is one of the fastest-growing causes of death worldwide. Monitoring biochemical parameters such as liver function tests, kidney function tests, and lipid profiles is crucial for early identification of health complications, prevention, and prompt management in CKD patients. Aim: To investigate the association of sociodemographic factors and serum biochemical indicators with Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) among CKD patients in rural Odisha, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural cohort of the Model Rural Health Research Unit (MRHRU) established in Cuttack district, Odisha, India, from March 2021 to April 2021. A total of 530 registered CKD patients were enrolled in the study. Sociodemographic data and blood samples were collected for lipid profile, kidney function, and liver function analysis. The data were analysed using STATA 15.1 and RStudio 2021.09.0+351. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 51.2±14.1 years, with 330 (62.26%) being male. A total of 74% of the participants showed abnormal Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR). Abnormal eGFR was found to be more common among the older age group (>45 years), those who were literate, and those in private jobs, compared to their counterparts. Both lipid profile and liver function abnormalities were significantly associated with individuals having normal eGFR. Conclusion: The positive association of eGFR with lipid profile and liver function enzymes highlights the importance of regular screening of these parameters among CKD patients for early prevention and control of future complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anderson-Hynes (AH) dismembered pyeloplasty is the standard procedure performed for the management of Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction (PUJO). Ultrasonography (USG) and diuretic renography are of great importance for the diagnosis and follow-up of PUJO. Aim: To evaluate the morphological and functional outcomes of open dismembered pyeloplasty in children with unilateral PUJO and to find the correlation between functional and morphological outcomes. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted, assessing the clinical charts of 200 children under 10 years of age with congenital PUJO who underwent open AH dismembered pyeloplasty in the Department of Paediatric Surgery at a teritary teaching Institute, Government medical college, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India from from June 2015 to June 2020. The preoperative radiological assessment included renal USG and diuretic renography for all patients. Morphological and functional surgical outcomes were measured one year after surgery. The morphologic parameters analysed were the Anteroposterior Diameter (APD) of the pelvis and Parenchymal Thickness (PT). The functional outcome was assessed by improvements in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), Split Renal Function (SRF), and drainage curve. Success was defined as improvement in function and morphology in followup USG and renogram after one year of surgery. Paired t-test was applied for statistical analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0. Results: Among the total 200 patients,180 (90%) cases demonstrated improved renal function after pyeloplasty. Among the total 200 cases, males were 120 (60%) and females were 80 (40%). Morphologic outcome improved in 188 out of 200 (94%) cases. The overall outcome was good in 168 out of 200 (84%) patients. The results showed a moderate negative correlation for APD with respect to SRF (r=-0.677, p-value=0.01) and GFR (r=- 0.430, p-value=0.01), whereas a moderate positive correlation was observed between SRF and GFR (r=0.423, p-value=0.01). Conclusion: AH dismembered pyeloplasty is an effective treatment for PUJO in children, not only relieving obstruction but also improving renal function. The present study recommends considering both morphologic and functional parameters to assess the success of the surgery.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate apelin levels and their correlation with key metabolic parameters in pre-pubertal and pubertal individuals with type 1 diabetes in Iraq, providing insights into apelin's role in diabetes pathogenesis and its potential as an early diagnostic marker for cardiovascular disease. Methods: Ninety children, divided into pre-pubertal T1DM, pubertal T1DM, and healthy subjects, underwent measurements of various biochemical parameters, including apelin, fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, and thyroid hormones. Results: Positive correlations (P < 0.01) were found between apelin levels and FSB, TG, BMI, HbA1c, TC, TSH, and a negative correlation with HDL-C in pubertal and pre-pubertal groups, revealing potential links between apelin, glucose, and insulin sensitivity. Conclusion: The study suggests apelin's involvement in diabetes pathogenesis, highlighting its rise in adulthood as an indicator of diabetes complications and its potential use as a diagnostic marker for early detection of cardiovascular disease in individuals with T1DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although most of the metabolism of local anesthetics (LAs) takes place in the liver, no study has investigated the effect of these anesthetics on the kidney function of single-kidney humans or animals. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of LAs on renal function in single-kidney rats. Materials and Methods: The present experimental animal study with two control groups was done in an animal laboratory. Forty-two rats were randomly assigned to seven groups of six rats, including two control groups and five experimental groups. The experimental groups underwent intraperitoneal anesthesia with 2% lidocaine, 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine, 4% articaine, 3% prilocaine with 0.03 IU Felypressin, and 3% mepivacaine, respectively. Unilateral nephrectomy was done. After 24 h, the rats' blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Cr), and blood specific gravity (BSG) were measured. A standard dose of anesthetics was injected into the peritoneum for 4 days afterward. Then, these indices were measured again 24 h after the last injection. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS (version 21.0). One-way analysis of variance, Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc, and paired t-tests were used for statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results indicated significant differences among groups in the rats' BUN and serum Cr 24 h after nephrectomy (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in BUN, BSG, and Cr among groups after the interventions. Conclusion: LAs did not affect renal function in single-kidney rats. Therefore, dentists can use the anesthetics in single-kidney people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anderson-Hynes (AH) dismembered pyeloplasty is the standard procedure performed for the management of Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction (PUJO). Ultrasonography (USG) and diuretic renography are of great importance for the diagnosis and follow-up of PUJO. Aim: To evaluate the morphological and functional outcomes of open dismembered pyeloplasty in children with unilateral PUJO and to find the correlation between functional and morphological outcomes. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted, assessing the clinical charts of 200 children under 10 years of age with congenital PUJO who underwent open AH dismembered pyeloplasty in the Department of Paediatric Surgery at a teritary teaching Institute, Government medical college, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India from from June 2015 to June 2020. The preoperative radiological assessment included renal USG and diuretic renography for all patients. Morphological and functional surgical outcomes were measured one year after surgery. The morphologic parameters analysed were the Anteroposterior Diameter (APD) of the pelvis and Parenchymal Thickness (PT). The functional outcome was assessed by improvements in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), Split Renal Function (SRF), and drainage curve. Success was defined as improvement in function and morphology in follow-up USG and renogram after one year of surgery. Paired t-test was applied for statistical analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0. Results: Among the total 200 patients, 180 (90%) cases demonstrated improved renal function after pyeloplasty. Among the total 200 cases, males were 120 (60%) and females were 80 (40%). Morphologic outcome improved in 188 out of 200 (94%) cases. The overall outcome was good in 168 out of 200 (84%) patients. The results showed a moderate negative correlation for APD with respect to SRF (r=-0.677, p-value=0.01) and GFR (r=-0.430, p-value=0.01), whereas a moderate positive correlation was observed between SRF and GFR (r=0.423, p-value=0.01). Conclusion: AH dismembered pyeloplasty is an effective treatment for PUJO in children, not only relieving obstruction but also improving renal function. The present study recommends considering both morphologic and functional parameters to assess the success of the surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The goal of this study was to retrospectively investigate the relationship between renal transplanted volume indexes (Total kidney volume (TKV)/Body surface area (BSA), Renal parenchymal volume (RPV)/BSA, Renal cortical volume (RCV)/BSA, RPV/Body mass index (BMI), RCV/BMI, RPV/Weight, RCV/Weight), and short- and long-term function of the graft. Methods: One-hundred and twelve live donor-recipient pairs from 2017 to 2018, whose donors underwent preoperative renal computed tomography angiography and recipients survived during 12 months of follow-up, were included in this study. Results: The crude and adjusted linear regressions for the effect of volume measurements by voxel and ellipsoid methods on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at different post-transplantation times demonstrated that the RPV/weight ratio had the most substantial crude effect on the eGFR 12 months and 4 years after renal transplant. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for six different renal volume ratios demonstrated no significant difference between these ratios in terms of discriminative ability (p value < 0.05). A strong direct correlation between TKV calculated by the ellipsoid formula with RPV and RCV measured using OsiriX software was noted. Analysis of ROC curves for renal volume indices has demonstrated fair to good discriminative ability of our cut-off points to estimate 4-year post-transplantation eGFR > 60 mL/min. Conclusion: Renal transplant recipients' volume indices, such as RPV/weight, had strong correlations with eGFR at different points in time, and renal transplant recipients with the volume ratios higher than our cut-off points had a good chance of having a 4-year post-transplantation eGFR higher than 60 mL/min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute kidney injury is a common and important complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In the nephrology community, acute kidney injury is no longer viewed as a simple temporary and potentially reversible decline in kidney clearance as acute kidney injury imposes a risk for immediate and future complications. Therefore, stratifying patients for the risk of acute kidney injury following stem cell transplantation would be very helpful to optimize peri-stem cell transplant management and could potentially improve outcomes in this patient population. In the current issue of CKJ , Mancianti et al. report on the testing of the kidney's functional reserve in patients planned for stem cell transplantation and demonstrate that stem cell transplant candidates with a preserved kidney response on a protein load had a higher chance of full kidney recovery after an episode of acute kidney injury. In this editorial, we discuss the kidney's functional reserve test and its limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Nowadays, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common chronic endocrine disorder, affecting an estimated 5–10% of adults worldwide and this disease rapidly increases in the Kurdistan region population. This research aims to identify DNA methylation change in the CPAN10 gene as a predictive biomarker in T2DM and the association between DNA methylation status with lipid profile and kidney function test.

Background/Aims: Switching from a three-drug regimen (3DR: boosted darunavir [bDRV] and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs]) to a two-drug regimen (2DR: bDRV and dolutegravir [DTG]) demonstrated non-inferiority with regard to viral suppression in people living with HIV (PLWH) in the DUALIS study. This sub-analysis focuses on changes in metabolic and renal parameters when sparing the NRTI backbone. Methods: DUALIS was a randomized, open-label, multicenter (27) phase 3-trial. Participants were virologically suppressed (HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL) on 3DR for at least 24 weeks. Subjects were either switched to DTG 50 mg + bDRV 800 mg (with ritonavir 100 mg) (2DR) or continued their regimen consisting of two NRTIs in combination with ritonavir-bDRV (3DR) once daily. Data of metabolic and renal parameters at baseline and week 48 were compared. Results: The LDL-fraction increased by + 13.3 (−3.0 to +31.3) mg/dL on 2DRs and was stable (−14.0 to +18.0 mg/dL) on 3DRs (p

Impaired renal functions have been reported with Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections, especially with genotypes 3 and 4. These complications were reported during the acute and chronic phases of infection. HEV genotype 1 causes acute infection, and the effect of HEV-1 infections on renal functions is not known. We examined the kidney function parameters in the serum of HEV-1 patients (AHE, n = 31) during the acute phase of infection. All of the included patients developed an acute self-limiting course of infection, without progression to fulminant hepatic failure. We compared the demographic, laboratory, and clinical data between AHE patients with normal kidney function parameters and those with abnormal renal parameters. Out of 31 AHE patients, 5 (16%) had abnormal kidney function tests (KFTs) during the acute phase of infection. Three patients had abnormal serum urea and creatinine, and two patients had either abnormal urea or creatinine. Four out of five patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. AHE patients with abnormal KFTs were older and had a lower level of albumin, but a slightly elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) compared to AHE patients with normal KFTs. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, sex, liver transaminase levels, and the viral load. Similarly, the clinical presentations were comparable in both groups. Interestingly, these KFTs in patients with abnormal renal parameters returned to normal levels at the recovery. The serum creatinine level was not correlated with patients' age or liver transaminase levels, but it was significantly negatively correlated with albumin level. In conclusion, this study is the first report that evaluated KFTs in patients during the acute phase of HEV-1 infections. Impaired KFTs in some AHE patients resolved at convalescence. KFTs and renal complications should be monitored during HEV-1 infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was designed to assess the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on various hematological and serum chemistry attributes (liver and kidney function test enzymes) of apparently healthy rabbit does (n=24), either positive or negative. The animals were divided in four groups namely A, B, C and D (n=6 rabbits/group). First group was considered as control group provided with basal diet and water without any supplementation. Group A, B and C were considered as treatment groups which were provided with basal diet, water and supplementation of M. oleifera crude leaf aqueous extract at the dose rates of 150mg/kg, 300mg/kg, and 450 mg/kg, respectively. On day 10, 20, 30 and 40, blood samples were collected from all animals. The blood samples (n=96) were analyzed through hematology analyzer and semi-automatic chemistry analyzer. Results regarding hematological attributes revealed that the Mitotic Index was significantly (P=0.05) higher in control group whereas Red Cell Distribution Width Count was significantly (P=0.05) higher in Group C as compared to their counterpart groups. Similarly, Total Erythrocytic Count was significantly (P=0.05) higher in Group B. The creatinine, urea and blood urea nitrogen differed significantly (P=0.05) while Uric acid showed non-significant (P=0.05) difference between the groups. It is concluded that varying doses of Moringa do not exert any untoward effect on hematochemical attributes of rabbits and hence their health. Rather, positive effects were noticed at dose rate of 150mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most prevalent endocrine illnesses worldwide are thyroid disorders. India is also no different. There are thought to be 42 million thyroid ailment sufferers in India, based on projections from numerous research on the condition. to investigate Kidney function in hypo-thyroid individuals at a tertiary medical facility. This cross-sectional investigation was conducted over a one-year period in 100 hypo-thyroid individuals at a Medical College and Hospital in Central India after receiving approval from the institutional ethical committee. The investigation includes similar euthyroid participants in addition to the diagnosed hypo-thyroidism individuals who provided consent. Both groups underwent the kidney function test, which included indicators such as creatinine clearance, creatinine urea, and uric acid, among others. Unpaired t-test statistics were computed using SPSS version 22 software. 49 -16%, 50-59 12%, and >60 10%. Women individuals made up 66% of the total population, with male individuals making up 24%. The Creatinine Clearance was considerably poorer in the hypo-thyroidism individuals compared to controls, measuring 102.08±9.98, 80.74±10.56 (P 0.001), Creatinine -0.82±0.102, 0.726±0.0456 (P 0.001), Urea -28.18±3.18, 21.82±3.01 (P 0.001), and Uric acid - 5.082±0.7614, 3.124±0.158 (P 0.001). According to the results of our investigation, the majority of hypo-thyroid individuals were women and in the age range of 30-39. They also demonstrated significantly abnormal kidney function tests, such as lower creatinine clearance and higher creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels in comparison to euthyroid individuals.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a progressive loss of renal function that often leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), high risk for cardiovascular disease, and high mortality. Diabetes mellitus is a growing epidemic and is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney failure. Diabetic nephropathy affects approximately 20-40 % of individuals who have diabetes, making it one of the most common complications related to diabetes. Screening for diabetic nephropathy along with early intervention is fundamental to delaying its progression in conjunction with providing proper glycemic control. The kidneys play a vital role in the excretion of waste products and toxins such as urea, creatinine and uric acid, regulation of extracellular fluid volume, serum osmolality and electrolyte concentrations, as well as the production of hormones like erythropoietin and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D and renin. Material and Methods: This is a prospective and observational study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry at Tertiary care Teaching Hospital over a period of 1 year. Either Gender aged between 18 and 70 years. The study participants were signed written informed consent before the start of data collection. The study participants were selected based on a convenient sampling technique and total of 120 study participants were included. Subjects suffered from an acute infection and critically sick individuals were excluded from the study. Results: There was a significant difference between case when compared to Control in Male and female. There was a significant difference in case group in FBS, HbA1c, Urea and S. Creatinine when compared to control group and no significant difference between both groups in SBP and DBP. Conclusion: The present study it can be inferred that serum urea and creatinine levels were significantly higher in CKD subjects then control subjects. Increased amount of urea and creatinine levels were seen only in CKD subjects and no difference was seen in controls. Thus, it can be recommend that urea and creatinine values can be used for screening of renal status in CKD subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Switching from a three-drug regimen (3DR: boosted darunavir [bDRV] and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs]) to a two-drug regimen (2DR: bDRV and dolutegravir [DTG]) demonstrated non-inferiority with regard to viral suppression in people living with HIV (PLWH) in the DUALIS study. This sub-analysis focuses on changes in metabolic and renal parameters when sparing the NRTI backbone. Methods: DUALIS was a randomized, open-label, multicenter (27) phase 3-trial. Participants were virologically suppressed (HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL) on 3DR for at least 24 weeks. Subjects were either switched to DTG 50 mg + bDRV 800 mg (with ritonavir 100 mg) (2DR) or continued their regimen consisting of two NRTIs in combination with ritonavir-bDRV (3DR) once daily. Data of metabolic and renal parameters at baseline and week 48 were compared. Results: The LDL-fraction increased by + 13.3 (−3.0 to +31.3) mg/dL on 2DRs and was stable (−14.0 to +18.0 mg/dL) on 3DRs (p < 0.0010). PLWH gained +2.0 (−0.2 to +4.0) kg and +0.2 (−1.9 to +2.1) kg in body weight on 2DRs and 3DRs, respectively 3 (p = 0.0006). The MDRD eGFR decreased by −7,8 (−17.4 to −0.3) mL/min/1.73m2 and 0.4 (−8.8 to +5.7) mL/min/1.73m2 on 2DRs and 3DRs, respectively (p = 0.0002), while serum levels of cystatin C were stable in both arms (2DR: −0.1 to +0.1 mg/L; 3DR: 0.0 to +0.1 mg/L). Conclusions: While being non-inferior in terms of viral suppression, sparing the NRTI backbone showed a non-favorable profile in metabolic or renal parameters over 48 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Pregnancy-induced hypertension is a multisystem disorder that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy usually in primigravidas and is characterised by proteinuria, pedal edema, hypertension, and abnormal liver and kidney function tests. Since there exists a close relationship between retinal, cerebral, and renal vessels, fundoscopy gives the opportunity of observing the changes in the vascular tree.Methods: We conducted a study on 203 pregnant females over a period of 1.5 years in the rural population of North India. We recorded the baseline data from the patient files, including the biochemical investigations, and conducted a fundoscopic examination of all patients included in the study, and correlation of various variables was established.Results: Out of 203 patients (403 eyes), 60% were primigravidas of mean age 25.71 ± 4.46 years with the mean duration of pregnancy being 36 weeks. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure were160 and 101 mmHg, respectively. There was no significant correlation was seen of proteinuria with eclampsia and the fundus findings. But there was a significant correlation between proteinuria and pedal edema and between the fundus findings and deranged LFT and KFT values. Relationship between the variables was calculated by using Chi-square and Fisher's exact test. A P value < 0.05 was taken as significant.Conclusion: Hypertension in pregnancy is the major concern of public health issue worldwide. With proper understanding of the correlating factors such as fundus changes which are directly correlated with whole bo dy vascular changes, which might affect the fetal growth, we can easily predict the outcome and can take appropriate actions as early as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cissampelos pareira L. (Menispermaceae) has been used in Indian traditional medicine for a variety of human ailments including diabetes mellitus. Although its anti-hyperglycemic activity has been validated by previous studies, a detailed mechanism of action and the responsible components are still unknown. Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of aqueous-ethanolic extract of C. pareira roots in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NAM)-induced diabetic rats via targeting SGLT2 inhibition. Methods: In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays were conducted using Epoch Microplate Spectrophotometer. A-498 cells viability assay and SGLT2 protein expression study were conducted using MTT assay and western blot respectively. STZ-NAM-induced diabetic rats were used as a model to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of the extract. Selected bioactive compounds reported earlier from the plant were studied for their in silico SGLT2 inhibitory activity. Results: The extract showed α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 18.0 ± 1.01 and 4.87±0.54 mg/mL, respectively. A-498 cells viability assay showed its CC50 value of 0.8 mg/mL. The extract showed a notable effect on SGLT2 protein expression. The in vivo study revealed that the extract significantly (p

Background: The thyroid gland secretes hormones crucial for growth, differentiation, regulation of metabolic processes, and homeostasis. In response to underactivity of this gland, the pituitary secretes thyrotropin, also known as the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Medication for thyroid hypofunction is usually started when TSH levels exceed 10 mIU/L. However, we hypothesize that TSH levels much below this therapeutic threshold level may herald significant renal and hepatic dysfunction. The present study was thus conducted to assess liver and kidney function parameters in cases having TSH in the subclinical range with particular focus on the therapeutically neglected (6.5-8 mIU/L) range. Methods: Hospital laboratory archives of 297 adults with laboratory evidence of hypothyroidism, that is, TSH > 6.5 mIU/L, were retrieved and compared with data obtained from 430 euthyroid hospital controls, that is, TSH < 2.5 mIU/L, also from the same period. The thyroid profile and clinical chemistry analyses were performed on Beckman Coulter's UniCel DxI 800 and AU 5800, respectively. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the results. Results: Significant differences in triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), TSH, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, total protein (TP), and liver enzymes were observed between cases with TSH > 6.5 mIU/L and controls (P < 0.05). There was also a significant difference in T4, TSH, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, albumin and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) among cases with TSH in the range of 6.5-8 mIU/L when compared with controls (P < 0.05). A correlation of T3 with TSH, urea, and creatinine was seen (P < 0.05). No correlations between TSH and other clinical chemistry parameters could be observed. However, in the 6.5-8 mIU/L subgroup, correlation of TSH was seen with TP and albumin only. Conclusion: Authors found that, as a rule, subtle renal and hepatic dysfunction were established in cases with TSH levels <8 mIU/L, which was below the typical "therapeutic cut-off" of 10 mIU/L. Accordingly, we advocate against incautiousness and suggest regular monitoring, especially in the 6.5-8 mIU/L range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Data on the association between suicide and kidney function in the general population are scarce. This study evaluated albuminuria across suicidal ideation in Korean adults. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study using data from the 2011 to 2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Overall, 14,101 adults were included in an examination of the amount of albuminuria associated with suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation was measured using a self-reported questionnaire and albuminuria was assessed using the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Results: Various factors, including suicidal ideation, were associated with ACR. Multivariate regression analyses were stratified by age group and type 2 diabetes due to their strong relation to ACR. In the non-diabetic young group, individuals with suicidal ideation presented ACR 11.4 mg/g higher than those without suicidal ideation (P=0.038). Conclusion: In healthy young people, suicidal ideation is associated with increased albuminuria.

Impaired renal functions have been reported with Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections, especially with genotypes 3 and 4. These complications were reported during the acute and chronic phases of infection. HEV genotype 1 causes acute infection, and the effect of HEV-1 infections on renal functions is not known. We examined the kidney function parameters in the serum of HEV-1 patients (AHE, n = 31) during the acute phase of infection. All of the included patients developed an acute self-limiting course of infection, without progression to fulminant hepatic failure. We compared the demographic, laboratory, and clinical data between AHE patients with normal kidney function parameters and those with abnormal renal parameters. Out of 31 AHE patients, 5 (16%) had abnormal kidney function tests (KFTs) during the acute phase of infection. Three patients had abnormal serum urea and creatinine, and two patients had either abnormal urea or creatinine. Four out of five patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. AHE patients with abnormal KFTs were older and had a lower level of albumin, but a slightly elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) compared to AHE patients with normal KFTs. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, sex, liver transaminase levels, and the viral load. Similarly, the clinical presentations were comparable in both groups. Interestingly, these KFTs in patients with abnormal renal parameters returned to normal levels at the recovery. The serum creatinine level was not correlated with patients’ age or liver transaminase levels, but it was significantly negatively correlated with albumin level. In conclusion, this study is the first report that evaluated KFTs in patients during the acute phase of HEV-1 infections. Impaired KFTs in some AHE patients resolved at convalescence. KFTs and renal complications should be monitored during HEV-1 infections.

Diabetes mellitus is metabolic disease due to hyperglycemia result from insufficient insulin inability of insulin secretion, sensitivity that lead to loss of glucose homeostasis. DM can affect in every organ system in the human body. Thirty adult male albino rats weighing 150-200 g, five adult male albino rats were divided into 5 experimental groups. The result showed a significantly increased (p< 0.05) in sugar, creatinine urea and uric acid in group that inject with alloxan when compared with control group (thymus + alloxan) and (thymus only) and (thymus + Glimepiride) groups that showed significantly decreased (p< 0.05) due to presence of polyphenols and flavonoids in thyme that responsible for the antioxidant. While, the total protein significantly decreased (p< 0.05) in alloxan group when compare with control. Also showing significantly decreased (p> 0.05) in WBC, RBC, HB and platelet in diabetic rats, but when use Thymus vulgaris that showed significantly increase in (WBC, RBC, HB platelet). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Azadirachta indica, Khaya senegalensis, Anogeissus leiocarpus and Tamarindus indica are important ethnomedicinal plants used for health mitigation since the history of mankind. They are used discretionarily in folkloric medicine on the premise that they are natural products devoid of synthetic preservatives. However, nature endows plants with metabolites for warding off potential attacks from animals and the environment. Some of these metabolites are responsible for toxicity of some plants. Furthermore, drug-induced liver injuries and nephrotoxicity are the leading causes of pharmaceutical attrition of promising drug candidates in clinical trials. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the safety of four ethnomedicinal plants in short-, medium- and long-term usage. Methods Rats dosed once with 5000 mg/kg extracts of each of these plants served as acute study (AS) while rats dosed daily with 2000 mg/kg for 2, 12 and 14 weeks served as sub-acute (SAS), sub-chronic (SCS) and chronic (CS) studies, respectively. Rats administered distilled water served as the negative control (NC). Results A. leiocarpus and T. indica significantly reduced percentage weight gain in the SCS compared to the NC. A. leiocarpus significantly (P

Introduction: Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global public health calamity since its outbreak in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and there is a lack of diagnostic biochemical data related to the disease. This study aimed to investigate routine biochemical parameters in COVID-19 positive Indian patients and check their predictive value for the detection of this novel disease. Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted retrospectively with the participation of 166 patients referred to King Edward Memorial (KEM) Hospital, Mumbai, India during May 2020. The baseline characteristics (age and gender) and biochemical data of individuals with COVID-19-related symptoms but negative for COVID-19 were collected and classified into two groups of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and COVID-19 positive. The value of organ function tests (blood urea nitrogen [BUN], creatinine, and levels of serum electrolytes, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin total, bilirubin direct, total protein, and albumin) were noted and analyzed. The groups were compared using unpaired t test, and predictive value of these parameters for COVID-19 was evaluated by calculating the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Results: There was a significant rise in the serum AST ALT, bilirubin direct, BUN, and creatinine levels of COVID-19 subjects compared to non-COVID-19 ones (P < 0.001). AST (AUC=0.826, CI: 0.76 to 0.89, P < 0.001), ALT (AUC=0.8525, 95% CI: 0.79 to 0.90, P < 0.001), and BUN (AUC=0.8097, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.87, P < 0.001) showed very good accuracy and serum creatinine (AUC=0.7971, 95% CI: 0.73 to 0.86, P < 0.001) showed good accuracy in predicting COVID- 19 positivity. Conclusion: Serum levels of ALT, AST, BUN, and creatinine can be the reliable predictors of COVID-19 test and identify infected patients.

Brhane Tesfanchal,1 Gebremedhin Gebremichail,2 Getachew Belay,1 Gebreslassie Gebremariam,3 Gebreyohannes Teklehaimanot,4 Hagos Haileslasie,2 Getachew Kahsu,1 Aderajew Gebrewahd,5 Fitsum Mardu,6 Gebre Adhanom,5 Brhane Berhe,6 Hirut Teame,7 Aster Tsegaye,8 Mistire Wolde9 1Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; 2Unit of Hematology and Immuno-Hematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; 3Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; 4Unit of Hematology and Immuno-Hematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; 5Unit of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; 6Unit of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; 7Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; 8Unit of Hematology and Immuno-Hematology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 9Unit of Clinical Chemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Brhane Tesfanchal Tel +251-949604754Email birhanetesfanchal@gmail.comBackground: Visceral leishmaniasis causes alterations of lipid metabolism and it is associated with hypocholesterolemia and severe hypertriglyceridemia. Hepatic dysfunction and life-threatening hepatitis are associated with visceral leishmaniasis. Kidney damage is frequently associated with increased morbidity and mortality in visceral leishmaniasis patients.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the alterations of clinical chemistry parameters among visceral leishmaniasis patients attending Kahsay Abera and Mearg hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. A total of 100 visceral leishmaniasis patients and 100 healthy controls without visceral leishmaniasis were selected by using convenient sampling techniques. Data were entered and analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23.Results: Results were showed that the mean value of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and triglyceride was significantly higher in visceral leishmaniasis patients than in apparently healthy controls, but the mean value of serum urea and total cholesterol was significantly lower in visceral leishmaniasis patients than healthy controls.Conclusion: The finding of this study concluded that visceral leishmaniasis causes significant alterations of clinical chemistry tests like liver and lipid profile tests compared to healthy controls.Keywords: kidney function test, lipid profile test, liver function test, visceral leishmaniasis

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: Proper diagnosis of clinical conditions is a major goal of clinical and biochemical analyses. Recently, increasing efforts have been put on the use of less invasive sampling techniques with optimal sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of saliva instead of blood for measuring biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function in healthy individuals. Methods: Plasma and saliva samples were collected from 100 healthy volunteers to measure level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), urea and creatinine using a fully automated chemistry analyzer (ACE Alera) with ready to use validated kits. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was carried out using MediCal program to calculate sensitivity and specificity and area under ROC (AUC). Results: The mean (standard deviation) salivary level of ALP, AST, ALT, GGT, total bilirubin, creatinine and urea was 20.9 (20.7) U/L, 25.8 (17.9) U/L, 10.6 (11.8) U/L, 9.6 (4.37) U/L, 0.16 (0.13) mg/dL, 0.09 (0.05) mg/dL and 35.6 (15.2) mg/dL, respectively. Saliva to blood ratios of ALP, AST, ALT, GGT, total bilirubin, creatinine and urea was 14%, 113%, 65%, 45%, 19%, 12% and 130%, respectively. The suggested normal saliva ranges of ALP, AST, ALT, GGT, total bilirubin, creatinine and urea were 7-98 (U/L), 31-104 (U/L), 6-31 (U/L), 15-24 (U/L), 0-0.13 (mg/ dL), 0.14-0.31 (mg/ dL) and 45-74 (mg/ dL), respectively. The calculated sensitivity and specificity values were 38% and 85% for ALP), 80% and 76% for AST, 75% and 45% for ALT, 60% 91% for GGT, 49% and 38% for total bilirubin, 20% and 91% for creatinine and 100% and 75% for urea. The AUC was higher than 0.7 for urea, GGT and AST, indicating good sensitivity and specificity of saliva testing for evaluation of these enzymes. Conclusion: Based on the results, saliva could be as a noninvasive method of assessing kidney and liver function. Saliva may be a favorable alternative to plasma for measuring level of urea, GGT and AST in humans.

Resumen: Introducción: En la práctica diaria es necesario disponer de métodos rápidos, sencillos y accesibles para valorar adecuadamente la función renal. Los objetivos fueron: 1) Cuantificar la relación y concordancia de la tasa de filtración glomerular (FG) calculada mediante el aclaramiento de creatinina en orina de 24 h (CCr) y la fórmula de Schwartz (FS) original y la FS modificada. 2) Relacionar la eliminación urinaria de sustancias que dependen del volumen de orina expulsada en una unidad de tiempo con otros parámetros que se calculan midiendo la concentración de estas sustancias en sangre y en orina. Material y métodos: El estudio incluyó 401 niños sanos de 3-14 años (187 hombres y 214 mujeres). El análisis entre las variables se realizó mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y el coeficiente de concordancia intraclase (CCI) tipo consistencia. Resultados: La correlación entre los valores de CCr y FS original (medición de creatinina no estandarizada) fue r = 0,58 (p

Background: Although most of the metabolism of local anesthetics (LAs) takes place in the liver, no study has investigated the effect of these anesthetics on the kidney function of single-kidney humans or animals. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of LAs on renal function in single-kidney rats. Materials and Methods: The present experimental animal study with two control groups was done in an animal laboratory. Forty-two rats were randomly assigned to seven groups of six rats, including two control groups and five experimental groups. The experimental groups underwent intraperitoneal anesthesia with 2% lidocaine, 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine, 4% articaine, 3% prilocaine with 0.03 IU Felypressin, and 3% mepivacaine, respectively. Unilateral nephrectomy was done. After 24 h, the rats' blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Cr), and blood specific gravity (BSG) were measured. A standard dose of anesthetics was injected into the peritoneum for 4 days afterward. Then, these indices were measured again 24 h after the last injection. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS (version 21.0). One-way analysis of variance, Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc, and paired t-tests were used for statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results indicated significant differences among groups in the rats' BUN and serum Cr 24 h after nephrectomy (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in BUN, BSG, and Cr among groups after the interventions. Conclusion: LAs did not affect renal function in single-kidney rats. Therefore, dentists can use the anesthetics in single-kidney people.

Aim: Accurate and precise estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is essential in kidney disease. We evaluated the usefulness of the mean of creatinine clearance (CCr) and urea clearance (CUN) examined over a 1‐h urine collection period (1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2) in a retrospective, cross‐sectional study across two centres, as a relatively simple method for estimating GFR in children. Methods: Children aged ≤18 years who underwent inulin clearance (CIn) tests were eligible. Two clearance values were obtained during a 2‐h test consisting of two periods of 1 h each. The mean clearance in two periods was defined as 1‐h clearance. 1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2, 1‐h CCr, 1‐h CUN and GFR estimated by Cr‐based and cystatin C (CysC)‐based formulas for Japanese children were compared with CIn. Bland–Altman plots were used to evaluate correlations. The primary outcome measure was the correlation between 1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2 and CIn. Results: Fifty‐three children were analysed. Their median age was 10.9 (interquartile range [IQR] 5.3–14.2) years, and median CIn and 1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2 were 77.0 (IQR: 51.5–95.1) and 81.0 (IQR: 64.1–97.7) ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Percentage difference of CIn and 1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2 in the Bland–Altman plot was −11.2% (95% confidence interval − 15.3% – −7.1%), with 95% lower and upper limits of agreement of −40.3% and 18.0%, respectively. Thus, 1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2 was 1.12 times CIn. Conclusion: 1 h (CCr + CUN)/2 was almost concordant with CIn. 1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2 can estimate GFR accurately and precisely, making it a simple and speedy test for use in clinical practice. SUMMARY AT A GLANCE: The importance of better measures of kidney function in children is highlighted in this cross‐sectional study, which evaluated the use of a 1‐h urine collection for the determination of the mean of creatinine clearance and urea clearance, and showed a good agreement with measured inulin clearance. The authors propose this urine collection as a quick and reliable measure of kidney function in children and suggest that it may be more accurate than other endogenous clearance methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) have innovative characteristic features strongly associated with nanotechnology and drug delivery applications. Objectives: The current work was performed with an objective to assess the inhalation toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Methods: Functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes was carried out by the initial basic treatment with hydrochloric acid and nearly assessed by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in comparison with pure multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The acute inhalation toxicity of these functionalized and pure multi-walled carbon nanotubes was assessed in Wistar rats. The parameters: hematology, liver function test, kidney function test, and histopathology observed, evaluated and interpreted for the toxicity study. Results: The functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and pure multi-walled carbon nanotubes were nearly assessed by IR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and TEM. The assessments affirmed and anticipated that the pure multi-walled carbon nanotube undergoes successful functionalization. Results obtained showed a remarkable difference in the ranges of hemoglobin and platelet. The acute inhalation toxicity study did not show any toxicity of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes when compared to pure multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The results of acute inhalation toxicity studies did not show any significant changes also not demonstrated hazard potential in rats following acute exposures to the functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and there is no significant toxicity. Because of basic treatment during functionalization all impurity gets removed. During functionalization addition of oxygen containing group and removal of carbon dioxide group occurs. Conclusion: Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes can prove to be a novel, safe, and non-toxic carrier for the delivery of drugs by inhalation route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Azadirachta indica, Khaya senegalensis, Anogeissus leiocarpus and Tamarindus indica are important ethnomedicinal plants used for health mitigation since the history of mankind. They are used discretionarily in folkloric medicine on the premise that they are natural products devoid of synthetic preservatives. However, nature endows plants with metabolites for warding off potential attacks from animals and the environment. Some of these metabolites are responsible for toxicity of some plants. Furthermore, drug-induced liver injuries and nephrotoxicity are the leading causes of pharmaceutical attrition of promising drug candidates in clinical trials. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the safety of four ethnomedicinal plants in short-, medium- and long-term usage. Methods: Rats dosed once with 5000 mg/kg extracts of each of these plants served as acute study (AS) while rats dosed daily with 2000 mg/kg for 2, 12 and 14 weeks served as sub-acute (SAS), sub-chronic (SCS) and chronic (CS) studies, respectively. Rats administered distilled water served as the negative control (NC). Results: A. leiocarpus and T. indica significantly reduced percentage weight gain in the SCS compared to the NC. A. leiocarpus significantly (P< 0.05) increased transaminases and alkaline phosphatase in the AS only; and total protein (TP) in the AS, SAS, SCS and CS compared to the NC. K. senegalensis significantly (P< 0.05) increased alanine aminotransferase but significantly (P< 0.05) decreased TP in the AS only compared to the NC. However, A. indica and T. indica significantly (P< 0.05) increased globulin and aspartate transaminase in the CS only. Whereas A. leiocarpus and K. senegalensis significantly (P< 0.05) increased urea and creatinine in the AS than SAS, SCS and CS; Na+ and K+ were significantly higher in the SCS and CS studies compared to the NC. The histological lesions seen ranged from cellular degeneration, congestion, fibrosis to necrosis. Conclusion: Thus, nonlethal, reversible toxic insults occur in short-term usage (AS); while, insidious lethal toxic effects occur in medium-term (SAS) and long-term usage (SCS and CS). The ability of these plant to maintain adequate hematological parameters, bodyweight and absence of mortality may explain free usage of preparations made from these plants in folkloric medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Further study is warranted to determine the association between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or albuminuria and the risk of death from diverse causes., Methods: We screened &gt;10 million general health screening examinees who received health examinations conducted in 2009 using the claims database of Korea. After the exclusion of those previously diagnosed with renal failure and those with missing data, 9,917,838 individuals with available baseline kidney function measurements were included. The primary outcome was mortality and cause-specific death between 2009 and 2019 identified through death certificates based on the diagnostic codes of International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. Multivariable Cox regression analysis adjusted for various clinicodemographic and social characteristics was used to assess mortality risk., Results: The hazard ratio of death was significantly high in both the eGFR &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and in the eGFR ≥120 mL/ min/1.73 m2 groups in univariable and multivariable regression analyses when compared to those within the reference range (eGFR of 90-120 mL/min/1.73 m2). The results were similar for death by cardiovascular, cancer, infection, endocrine, respiratory, and digestive causes. We also found that albuminuria was associated with higher risk of death regardless of eGFR range, and those in the higher categories of dipstick albuminuria showed higher risk., Conclusion: We reconfirmed the significant association between eGFR, albuminuria, and mortality. Healthcare providers should keep in mind that albuminuria and decreased eGFR as well as kidney hyperfiltration are independent predictors of mortality.

Background: Use of Rasaushadhi (Herbomineral formulations) in children is sensible topic. In last decade, some articles reported in various newspapers about nephrotoxicity of Ayurvedicherbomineral medicines. These issues create negative impression regarding the use of Ayurvedicherbomineral medicines. Ayurveda itself a time tested life science and provide guidelines to stay healthy and preserve the health. Such articles have done considerable damage to the reputation of ayurveda but at same time, it has raised many questions which need to be addressed. To make system more scientific and evidence based study was conducted at Paediatric department of Government institute in 2017. Paediatric department in this institute has used Rasaushadhi in children several times and not noted any problem regarding nephrotoxicity till date. Aim: Question: Does Rasaushadhi (Herbomineral formulations) cause Nephrotoxicity in children? To determine Rasaushadhi (Herbomineral formulations) is "safe" study was conducted. Materials and Method: Study was conducted for recurrent and reactive respiratory illness in children and herbomineral five drugs regimen was given to children of age 4 to 14 years for 45 days at 15 days interval. To rule out Nephrotoxicity after the use of Ayurvedicherbomineral formulations kidney function test was done. Patients were clinically observed in 4 follow ups, each follow up was conducted every 15 days. Last (Fourth) telephonic follow up was taken after six months of completion of treatment course to observe any renal obstructive pathology. Results: Total 13 patients of case series were observed normal kidney function test reports. Last (Fourth) telephonic follow up was also reported normal, no any renal complications reported. Conclusion: This clinical case series found that use of Ayurvedicherbomineral medicines in paediatric patients is safe and there is no relation with nephrotoxicity or any obstructive renal pathology when used properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Our objective is to evaluate a technique for estimating the amount of healthy margin resected during partial nephrectomy (PN). Materials and Methods: The resected healthy margin volume was determined by planimetry (gold standard), which was performed in a prospective manner on 30 freshly resected renal masses by cross-sectional slicing every ~5 mm. A single cross-sectional slice containing the largest tumor diameter (bivalved tumor) was chosen to build a model for estimating the amount of healthy kidney removed. This single-slice technique was then applied to a second series of patients (n = 39) status post PN. Three-dimensional models were created using pre- and postoperative CT scans to determine the overall volume loss following PN. Results: The median (range) for tumor diameter and tumor volume was 3.2 cm (1-6.1) and 10.7 cm3 (0.5-101.9), respectively, for the 30 PN specimens used to build the single-slice estimation equation. The median (range) healthy margin volume calculated by planimetry and single slice technique was 9.0 cm3 (1.0-22.1) and 7.8 cm3 (1.0-31.0), respectively ( p = 0.37). The Pearson correlation was 0.84, and the median (range) percent difference between the planimetry and single slice techniques was -0.5% (-39% to 57%). For the 39 PN patients, the median (range) total renal volume loss, 25.8 cm3 (3-79), was significantly greater than the volume of healthy margin removed during resection, 5.7 cm3 (1-22), p < 0.001. Conclusions: The healthy margin resected during PN differs widely and can be estimated from a single cross-section. The healthy margin resected accounted for <50% of the total volume loss seen during PN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Proper diagnosis of clinical conditions is a major goal of clinical and biochemical analyses. Recently, increasing efforts have been put on the use of less invasive sampling techniques with optimal sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of saliva instead of blood for measuring biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function in healthy individuals. Methods: Plasma and saliva samples were collected from 100 healthy volunteers to measure level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), urea and creatinine using a fully automated chemistry analyzer (ACE Alera) with ready to use validated kits. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was carried out using MediCal program to calculate sensitivity and specificity and area under ROC (AUC). Results: The mean (standard deviation) salivary level of ALP, AST, ALT, GGT, total bilirubin, creatinine and urea was 20.9 (20.7) U/L, 25.8 (17.9) U/L, 10.6 (11.8) U/L, 9.6 (4.37) U/L, 0.16 (0.13) mg/dL, 0.09 (0.05) mg/dL and 35.6 (15.2) mg/dL, respectively. Saliva to blood ratios of ALP, AST, ALT, GGT, total bilirubin, creatinine and urea was 14%, 113%, 65%, 45%, 19%, 12% and 130%, respectively. The suggested normal saliva ranges of ALP, AST, ALT, GGT, total bilirubin, creatinine and urea were 7-98 (U/L), 31-104 (U/L), 6-31 (U/L), 15-24 (U/L), 0- 0.13 (mg/ dL), 0.14-0.31 (mg/ dL) and 45-74 (mg/ dL), respectively. The calculated sensitivity and specificity values were 38% and 85% for ALP), 80% and 76% for AST, 75% and 45% for ALT, 60% 91% for GGT, 49% and 38% for total bilirubin, 20% and 91% for creatinine and 100% and 75% for urea. The AUC was higher than 0.7 for urea, GGT and AST, indicating good sensitivity and specificity of saliva testing for evaluation of these enzymes. Conclusion: Based on the results, saliva could be as a noninvasive method of assessing kidney and liver function. Saliva may be a favorable alternative to plasma for measuring level of urea, GGT and AST in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suphan Buri is located in central river plain of Thailand, which has enough water supplies for rice cultivation area in two or three growing cycles. Thus, farmers may expose to pesticides more frequent rather than other area and may become as chronic pesticide exposure. Aim of this study was to determine biochemical and hematological of rice farmers compared with controls who living nearby agricultural area. Subjects were divided to rice farmers (N = 50) and controls (N = 50). Individual data, pesticide-exposure status and relating symptoms were documented before blood collection. Serum samples were analyzed for serum cholinesterase (SChE) activity, liver function test (LFT) and kidney function test (KFT). Each EDTAwhole blood was determined for complete blood count (CBC). SChE activity was screened and confirmed by paper test and automatic analyzer, respectively. LFT, KFT and CBC were run by automatic analyzers. Results were represented in descriptive data and difference of LFT and hematological status between two groups were evaluated by independent t-test (p<0.05). 60% of rice farmers were used pesticide over 10 years; and rate of pesticide exposure was mainly for 1-2 time/week. Means of SChE level of both groups were within reference value and significantly different (p = 0.033). Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values of rice farmers were significantly lower (p = 0.045, 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). SChE activity and biochemical parameters in rice farmers were within reference value; therefore disturbance of hematological status, such as anemia was appeared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the use of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis to predict creatinine/urea clearance based on 24 hours urine collection. A practical formula was developed, and its performance was compared with that of established formulas such as Cockcroft-Gault, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, and Jelliffe's.Design: An open-label prospective observational cohort study.Setting: A 12-bed ICU at a nonuniversity major teaching hospital (Gelre ziekenhuizen Apeldoorn/Zutphen, The Netherlands).Patients: Adult critical care patients with an expected ICU length of stay at admission of at least 48 hours.Interventions: Each patient's body composition was assessed using a validated Quadscan 4000 analyzer (Bodystat, Isle of Man, British Isles). Twenty-four hours urine was collected, and laboratory variables in serum including creatinine, urea, and albumin were obtained at the beginning and end of the collection period.Measurements and Main Results: A total of 151 patients, stratified to an acute and nonacute ICU-group, were enrolled in the study over a 2-year period. A formula to predict creatinine/urea clearance based on 24 hours urine collection was developed using stepwise linear regression using a training data set of 75 patients. This formula was subsequently tested and compared with other relevant predictive equations using a validation data set of 76 patients. Serum creatinine values ranged from 40 to 446 µmol/L. With the predictive model based on estimated body cell mass and a "prediction marker" more than 71% of the observed variance in creatinine/urea clearance based on 24 hours urine collection could be explained. Predictive performance was superior to the other eight evaluated models (R = 0.39-0.55) and demonstrated to be constant over the whole range of creatinine/urea clearance based on 24 hours urine collection values.Conclusions: Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements can be used to predict creatinine/urea clearance based on 24 hours urine collection with superior performance than currently established prediction models. This rapid, noninvasive method enables correction for influences of a patient's actual body composition and may prove valuable in daily clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oleuropein is a potent antioxidant and free-radical scavenger with antiinflammatory properties. Objectives: In the present study, we evaluated the protective effects of oleuropein on myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, nitrite, urea, creatinine and glomerulosclerosis in alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: group 1 as control; group 2 as untreated diabetic; and group 3 as treated with oleuropein 15 mg/kg i.p daily. Diabetes was induced in the second and third groups by subcutaneous alloxan injection. After 48 days, the animals were anaesthetized and then the livers and kidneys were removed immediately and used fresh or kept frozen until MPO activity analysis. Blood samples were also collected before sacrificing to measure nitrite, urea, and creatinine. Kidney paraffin sections were prepared to estimate glomerular volume, leukocyte infiltration, and glomerulosclerosis. Results: Oleuropein significantly decreased leukocyte infiltration and glomerulosclerosis in the treated group compared with the diabetic untreated group. Oleuropein significantly decreased the levels of urea, nitrite, and creatinine in the treated group compared with the diabetic untreated group. Moreover, oleuropein significantly decreased MPO activity in the treated group compared with the diabetic untreated group. Conclusions: Oleuropein has antioxidative and antiatherogenic activities and exerts beneficial effects on inflammation and kidney function test and decreases diabetic complication in diabetic rats.

• Rats treated with pyrethroid dose relevant to that present in cereal and vegetables. • Altered antioxidant status, liver function and anatomy of many organs observed. • Impaired acrosome reaction and decreased litter size evident. • Pyrethroids in food may cause severe damage to many organ systems in the long run. Pyrethroid toxicity using dosages that are relevant to the human settings are not reported. Male Wistar rats were treated for 9 or 12 months daily with a mixture of pyrethroids equivalent to a fifth or a twenty-fifth of that is present in cereals and vegetables consumed by an average Indian adult. Altered oxidant and antioxidant status, severe anatomical damage in the testis, caput, cauda, prostate, liver, lung and kidney and increased serum SGPT, SGOT and ALP activity was evident in all the treatment groups. Decreased levels of 3β- and 17β-HSD activity, litter size and impaired acrosome reaction was observed in all the treatment groups. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we demonstrate that exposure to even very low levels of pyrethroids (relevant to human consumption) for longer durations could cause damage to tissues that are important in general and male reproductive physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Trends in the utilization of ablative therapy are unknown for the treatment of small renal masses. Our goal is to utilize the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to both assess the utilization of ablative therapies and long-term survival. Materials and Methods: The NCDB captures 70% of all cancer cases in the United States and was queried between 1998 and 2012 for renal cell carcinomas that were treated with ablative therapy, partial nephrectomy (PN), or radical nephrectomy. The analysis was limited to clinical stage T1a. Propensity score matching was used in 1:1 fashion. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and a Cox proportional hazards model were used to compare overall survival (OS) for cryotherapy and PN. Results: A total of 119,240 cases of clinical stage T1a renal masses were treated between 1998 and 2012. Cryotherapy peaked at 927 (9.1%) cases in 2010 and had 913 (8.4%) in 2012. PN accounted for 18% of the cases in 1998, but surpassed the utilization of nephrectomy in 2008. By 2012, PN accounted for 6766 (62%) of renal mass cases. After matching, Kaplan–Meier OS was lower for cryotherapy compared with PN at 24 (94.5% vs 96.5%), 48 (86.8% vs 90.9%), and 96 months (66.0% vs 74.9%). Cryotherapy also had a lower OS (hazard ratio 1.46; p < 0.001) on adjusted analysis. Conclusion: Cryotherapy for small renal masses plateaued at 9% utilization in 2009. Cryotherapy had a lower OS than PN for tumors >2 cm on adjusted analysis, but this result should be used with caution until confirmed in randomized studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oleuropein is a potent antioxidant and free-radical scavenger with antiinflammatory properties. Objectives: In the present study, we evaluated the protective effects of oleuropein on myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, nitrite, urea, creatinine and glomerulosclerosis in alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: group 1 as control; group 2 as untreated diabetic; and group 3 as treated with oleuropein 15 mg/kg i.p daily. Diabetes was induced in the second and third groups by subcutaneous alloxan injection. After 48 days, the animals were anaesthetized and then the livers and kidneys were removed immediately and used fresh or kept frozen until MPO activity analysis. Blood samples were also collected before sacrificing to measure nitrite, urea, and creatinine. Kidney paraffin sections were prepared to estimate glomerular volume, leukocyte infiltration, and glomerulosclerosis. Results: Oleuropein significantly decreased leukocyte infiltration and glomerulosclerosis in the treated group compared with the diabetic untreated group. Oleuropein significantly decreased the levels of urea, nitrite, and creatinine in the treated group compared with the diabetic untreated group. Moreover, oleuropein significantly decreased MPO activity in the treated group compared with the diabetic untreated group. Conclusions: Oleuropein has antioxidative and antiatherogenic activities and exerts beneficial effects on inflammation and kidney function test and decreases diabetic complication in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]