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Copyright of Medicina Pro Praxi is the property of SOLEN sro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medicina po Promoci is the property of Medical Tribune CZ, s.r.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction and aim of the study: The aim of this retrospective study was an analysis of the success rate of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in a group of patients with pancreatobiliary malignancies and other pancreatobiliary diseases. These patients had undergone Billroth II gastrectomy, which posed a specific and very difficult technical problem for ERCP due to the significantly altered anatomical relationships. Material and methods: This study took thirteen years (November 1994 - December 2007). The paper retrospectively assesses 112 patients with Billroth II gastrectomy who underwent ERCP. Results: The indications for performing ERCP were cholestasis in 92, acute biliary pancreatitis in 12, acute cholangitis in 6, and suspicion of bile leak after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCE) in 2 patients. A cannulation success rate of 90.2% (101 of 112 patients) was achieved in performing ERCP in patients with Billroth II gastrectomy. Normal ERCP results were present in 4 patients. ERCP results in the remaining 97 patients were pathological (78 patients were diagnosed with choledocholithiasis, 14 with malignant biliary stenosis, 3 with benign biliary stenosis, and 2 with bile leak after LCE). Endoscopic treatment was undertaken in all of these 97 patients immediately after diagnostic ERCP. Endoscopic papillotomy was always performed as an initial step with the use of special papillotomes. Overall, therapeutic ERCP was absolutely successful in 83 of the 97 patients (85.6%) who were originally treated with endoscopy. Conclusions: ERCP in patients with Billroth II gastrectomy is much more demanding than the standard procedure due to the different postoperative anatomy. ERCP success is determined by the abundance of variable instrumentation and, of course, the personal experience and skill of the endoscopist. ERCP properly performed in patients with Billroth II gastrectomy is a highly effective and safe method of endoscopic diagnostics and treatment of pancreatobiliary malignancies and other pancreatobiliary diseases, The achieved success rate can be almost the same as under normal anatomical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on American Diabetes Association (ADA) together with the WHO. Topics include defining a new type of diabetes in connection with the disease of the exocrine pancreas; and autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells with subsequent absolute insulin deficiency, including latent autoimmune diabetes in childhood.

Introduction: The good and safe bowel cleansing is key to the success of coloscopy. The standard preparation involves 4 l polyethylene glycol (PEG). Now the combination of PEG and ascorbic acid (PEGA) of half the volume is available. Besides the type of product also the time factors which are not clarified, play a role during the bowel preparation. The aim of the study was to compare the efficiency and tolerance of both the agents and evaluate the effect of the time regimen of preparation., Methods: 380 individuals were included in the evaluation in 4 cohorts which used 4 l PEG (Fortrans) in a single dose or split into 3 + 1 l and PEG + ascorbic acid (Moviprep) split into 1 + 1 l or 2 l one day before examination., Results: There was no difference between the agents as to the quality of bowel preparation, when they were used in the same regimen. The bowel cleansing was better in both cases in the divided dose regimen (p < 0.001), and it was inversely proportional to the length of preparation (p = 0.003) and directly proportional to the length of time between the end of preparation and coloscopy (p < 0.001). PEGA was better tolerated (p < 0.028), regardless of the preparation regimen., Conclusion: PEG and PEGA are similarly efficient in the bowel preparation before coloscopy provided they are used in a similar regimen. The best results are reached when the preparation is divided into 2 days. PEGA is better tolerated than PEG, regardless of the used regimen. The quality of bowel cleansing is affected by the length of preparation (optimally up to 12 hours) and the time elapsed from the preparation until examination (up to 8 hours).

Introduction: One of the diseases involving a potential risk of developing chronic pancreatitis is acute pancreatitis., Material: Of the overall number of 231 individuals followed with a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, 56 patients were initially treated for acute pancreatitis (24.2 %). Within an interval of 12- 24 months from the first attack of acute pancreatitis, their condition gradually progressed to reached the picture of chronic pancreatitis. The individuals included in the study abstained (from alcohol) following the first attack of acute pancreatitis and no relapse of acute pancreatitis was proven during the period of their monitoring., Results: The etiology of acute pancreatitis identified alcohol as the predominant cause (55.3 %), biliary etiology was proven in 35.7 %. According to the revised Atlanta classification, severe pancreatitis was established in 69.6 % of the patients, the others met the criterion for intermediate form, those with the light form were not included., Conclusion: Significant risk factors present among the patients were smoking, obesity and 18 %, resp. 25.8 % had pancreatogenous diabetes mellitus identified. 88.1 % of the patients with acute pancreatitis were smokers. The majority of individuals with chronic pancreatitis following an attack of acute pancreatitis were of a productive age from 25 to 50 years. It is not only acute alcoholic pancreatitis which evolves into chronic pancreatitis, we have also identified this transition for pancreatitis of biliary etiology.

Goal: Metabolic syndrome and its components play an important part in the development of not only cardiovascular conditions, but also digestive and pancreaticobiliary system diseases. The aim of our study is to present a comprehensive overview of the diseases where metabolic syndrome is an inducing risk factor, or where it affects the course of the disease., Results: Metabolic syndrome is a significant risk factor of induction of gastroesophageal reflux and its complication, which is Barretts esophagus. Metabolic syndrome was described as the disease closely linked to idiopathic intestinal inflammations, diseases of the biliary tree and pancreas. Acute pancreatitis, both its development in obese individuals and the burden of its course, are in close correlation with metabolic syndrome, similarly as the course of chronic, mainly alcoholic pancreatitis. Study of non-alcoholic steatopancreatitis presents a challenge, most importantly with regard to the function of pancreatic B cells in obese individuals. Non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and its forms may as much as lead to the stage of cirrhosis of the liver and they pose a risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Metabolic syndrome was also described in a population study as a risk factor for carcinoma of the colon., Summary: Metabolic syndrome and its components present an important risk factor in relation to inducing some benign as well as malignant gastrointestinal and pancreaticobiliary diseases. A systemic approach to influencing the metabolic syndrome and its components is therefore one of the important approaches to influencing the development and course of not only cardiovascular conditions.

Diagnostic imaging of the abdominal cavity and the gastrointestinal tract is increasingly performed by new-emerged fast MR imaging sequences and it is moving to the centers of magnetic resonance. Our work is devoted to the examination of the small intestine by magnetic resonance, so-called MR enterography. Review discusses general description - from preparation of patient to basic pathological findings, with special focus on currently most investigated small intestine disease - Crohns disease.

The autoimmune type of pancreatitis represents the specific disease of pancreas, with significant contribution of autoimmune processes in its etiopathogenesis. Currently, there are two proved subtypes of this particular pancreatopathy, which are defined clinically, histomorphologically and serologically. They have many histomorphological signs in common, but differ in the presence of so-called granulocytic epithelial lesions (GEL), which are absent in subtype 1. The subtype 1 is characterized by the presence of gammaglobulines, esp. immunoglobuline G4 and IgG4 positive extrapancreatic lesions. The subtype 2 is typically associated with the inflammatory bowel diseases, esp. ulcerative colitis. But the common characteristic of both subtypes is the fact response to applied steroid treatment. Due to diverse diagnostic criteria in the past, in 2011 the consensus for the diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis was announced. It is based on clinical symptoms, biochemical results, the results got by using of imaging methods, histomorphology and positive response to steroid treatment. The matter to be solved is the question of early differential diagnosis between focal autoimmune pancreatitis and adenocarcinoma of pancreatic head. From imaging methods are MRI/CT, MRCP (in Asia ERCP), EUS with targeted biopsy of the gland (under EUS control), are recommended as the methods of choice.

Background: Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related diseases are a group of diseases characterized by enlargement of the affected organs, elevation of serum IgG4, massive infiltration of affected organs with lymphocytes and plasma cells with IgG4 positivity and tissue fibrosis. Type I autoimmune pancreatitis is one form of IgG4-related disease. For IgG4-related diseases, various localizations are described for up to 10% of malignancies. The aim of our study was to examine IgG4 serum levels and pancreatic tissue with respect to the simultaneous presence of autoimmune pancreatitis in patients with pancreatic cancer., Methods: IgG4 serum levels were examined In 106 patients with histologically confirmed pancreatic cancer. The level of 135 mg/dl was considered as the normal value. Pancreatic tissue was histologically examined with respect to the presence of markers of autoimmune pancreatitis., Results: A higher IgG4 level than the cut-off value of 135 mg/dl was proven in 11 patients with pancreatic cancer. Of these 11 patients, 7 had levels twice the normal limit (65.6%). Autoimmune pancreatitis was diagnosed in these individuals. In the case of 1 patient, it was basically an unexpected finding; another patient was initially diagnosed with autoimmune pancreatitis. Repeated biopsy of the pancreas at the time of diagnosis did not confirm the presence of tumour structures, therefore steroid therapy was started. At a check-up 6 months after starting steroid therapy, the condition of the patient improved subjectively and IgG4 levels decreased. However, endosonographically, malignancy was suspected, which was subsequently confirmed histologically. This patient also demonstrated an IgG4 level twice the normal limit., Conclusion: IgG4-related diseases can be accompanied by the simultaneous occurrence of malignancies, which also applies to autoimmune pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis is considered a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. It cannot be reliably confirmed whether this also applies to autoimmune pancreatitis. In accordance with other works, however, it is evident that, despite the described high sensitivity and specificity for IgG4 elevation in the case of autoimmune pancreatitis, even levels twice the normal limit are demonstrable in some individuals with pancreatic cancer, without the presence of autoimmune pancreatitis. We believe that patients with IgG4-related disease, including autoimmune pancreatitis, must be systematically monitored with respect to the potential presence of malignancy., (© 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Introduction: In the last few years the Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis (AP) have been revised. However prognostic markers of AP are still being searched for. The aim of this study is to validate the 3 severity categories proposed by the revised Atlanta classification. We also tried to reevaluate the association between two laboratory markers (leucocyte count and RDW - red cell distribution width) on admission and prognosis of the patients with AP., Methods: 159 patients were included into the study. The patients were classified according to revised Atlanta criteria and the subgroups evaluated according to mortality, length of hospital stay and need for interventions. Leucocyte count and RDW on admission was evaluated in the patients., Results: All the subgroups of patients were associated with significantly relevant differences in mortality, length of hospital stay and need for operations on pancreas. Leucocyte count and RDW were identified as significant predictors for severe AP and RDW was also identified as significant predictor for mortality in patients with AP., Conclusion: New categories of severity as defined by Revised Atlanta classification are describing well the mortality, length of hospital stay and need for interventions in the patients with AP. Leucocyte count and RDW on admission are needed to be confirmed as potential prognostic markers of severity and mortality in AP.

Aims of the Study: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate our experience with using a single-balloon enetroscope for diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in patients with Roux-en-Y hepatico jejunal anastomosis (HJA). Due to the considerably changed anatomic circumstances after the surgery, ERC is, in comparison to the standard endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancraeaticography (ERCP), significantly more difficult to perform., Patient Sample and Methodology: The sample was followed up from January 2009 to September 2011. The study retrospectively reviewed 14 patients with Roux-en-Y HJA with symptoms of biliary obstruction. A total of 21 ERCs were performed in these 14 Roux-en-Y HJA patients using the single-balloon videoenetroscope Olympus SIF Q 180., Results: Diagnostic ERC cannulation was successful in 11 of the 14 patients (79% success rate for the diagnostic ERC). One of the 11 patients had a normal finding on the ERC. The remaining 10 patients had a pathological finding on ERC that, in one patient (cystic dilatation of bile duct), was subsequently managed surgically. Endoscopic treatment was initiated in the remaining 9 patients (HJA stenosis in 4, choledocholithiasis in 2 and concurrent HJA stenosis and choledocholithiasis in 3) immediately after the diagnostic ERC; the surgery was successful in 8 of the 9 patients (89% success rate for the therapeutic ERC). The performed endoscopic therapeutic procedures included: balloon dilatation of HJA stenosis 9 times (6 patients), choledocholithiasis extraction - 5 times (5 patients), biliary plastic stent placement - 5 times (3 patients), removal of biliary stents placed by us - 5 times (3 patients). We did not observe any complications in our sample of 14 patients., Conclusions: ERC using a single-balloon enteroscope in patients with Roux-Y HJA is significantly more difficult than the standard ERCP due to different post-surgical anatomy. In our sample of patients, we achieved 79% success rate for the diagnostic ERC and 89% success rate for the therapeutic ERC. Additional time should be allowed for the individual procedures. Furthermore, the presence of an anaesthesiologist during these operations (deep analgosedation) is essential. This is a technically very demanding technique that, however, is effective and safe and importantly extends the options available for the management of biliary pathologies in these patients.

The paper presents a case of 51 years old patient suffering from repetitive upper intestinal tract bleedings following several months after uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. After a difficult diagnostic algorithm the diagnosis is set as a right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm fistulating into the cystic duct stump. Several attempts of intraarterial embolisation (coiling) were done with only temporary effect. Finally an open surgical procedure with transligation of the aneurysm was performed with an immediate and definitive effect. No clinical signs of bleeding appeared within 6 months after the procedure. Key words: haemobilia, hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm, complication of cholecystectomy, coiling.