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1. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2016 Healthcare Access and Quality, Fullman, Nancy, Yearwood, Jamal, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abreu, Daisy MX, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Adane, Akilew Awoke, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agius, Dominic, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Aljunid, Syed M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Alomari, Mahmoud A, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amenu, Kebede, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Araújo, Valdelaine EM, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Ashebir, Mengistu Mitiku, Asseffa, Netsanet Abera, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R, Atteraya, Madhu S, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayalew, Animut Alebel, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayer, Rakesh, Ayuk, Tambe Betrand, Azzopardi, Peter, Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Amitava, Banstola, Amrit, Barber, Ryan M, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Bassat, Quique, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, and Bedi, Neeraj
Subjects: Health Services and Systems, Public Health, Health Sciences, Clinical Research, Biodefense, Prevention, Vaccine Related, Good Health and Well Being, Communicable Diseases, Global Burden of Disease, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Noncommunicable Diseases, Quality of Health Care, Wounds and Injuries, GBD 2016 Healthcare Access and Quality Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract: BackgroundA key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016.MethodsDrawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita.FindingsIn 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries.InterpretationGBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view-and subsequent provision-of quality health care for all populations.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

2. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2016 SDG, Fullman, Nancy, Barber, Ryan M, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Assadi, Reza, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Bikbov, Boris, Bilal, Arebu I, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Blosser, Christopher D, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bose, Dipan, and Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, Pediatric, Prevention, Rare Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child, Preschool, Conservation of Natural Resources, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Health Status, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Infant, Infant Mortality, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Noncommunicable Diseases, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Sex Offenses, Young Adult, GBD 2016 SDG Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundThe UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of "leaving no one behind". Understanding today's gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990-2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030.MethodsWe used standardised GBD 2016 methods to measure 37 health-related indicators from 1990 to 2016, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2015. We substantially revised the universal health coverage (UHC) measure, which focuses on coverage of essential health services, to also represent personal health-care access and quality for several non-communicable diseases. We transformed each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile estimated between 1990 and 2030, and 100 as the 97·5th percentile during that time. An index representing all 37 health-related SDG indicators was constructed by taking the geometric mean of scaled indicators by target. On the basis of past trends, we produced projections of indicator values, using a weighted average of the indicator and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2016 with weights for each annual rate of change based on out-of-sample validity. 24 of the currently measured health-related SDG indicators have defined SDG targets, against which we assessed attainment.FindingsGlobally, the median health-related SDG index was 56·7 (IQR 31·9-66·8) in 2016 and country-level performance markedly varied, with Singapore (86·8, 95% uncertainty interval 84·6-88·9), Iceland (86·0, 84·1-87·6), and Sweden (85·6, 81·8-87·8) having the highest levels in 2016 and Afghanistan (10·9, 9·6-11·9), the Central African Republic (11·0, 8·8-13·8), and Somalia (11·3, 9·5-13·1) recording the lowest. Between 2000 and 2016, notable improvements in the UHC index were achieved by several countries, including Cambodia, Rwanda, Equatorial Guinea, Laos, Turkey, and China; however, a number of countries, such as Lesotho and the Central African Republic, but also high-income countries, such as the USA, showed minimal gains. Based on projections of past trends, the median number of SDG targets attained in 2030 was five (IQR 2-8) of the 24 defined targets currently measured. Globally, projected target attainment considerably varied by SDG indicator, ranging from more than 60% of countries projected to reach targets for under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria, to less than 5% of countries projected to achieve targets linked to 11 indicator targets, including those for childhood overweight, tuberculosis, and road injury mortality. For several of the health-related SDGs, meeting defined targets hinges upon substantially faster progress than what most countries have achieved in the past.InterpretationGBD 2016 provides an updated and expanded evidence base on where the world currently stands in terms of the health-related SDGs. Our improved measure of UHC offers a basis to monitor the expansion of health services necessary to meet the SDGs. Based on past rates of progress, many places are facing challenges in meeting defined health-related SDG targets, particularly among countries that are the worst off. In view of the early stages of SDG implementation, however, opportunity remains to take actions to accelerate progress, as shown by the catalytic effects of adopting the Millennium Development Goals after 2000. With the SDGs' broader, bolder development agenda, multisectoral commitments and investments are vital to make the health-related SDGs within reach of all populations.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2017

3. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2015 Risk Factors, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Afshin, Ashkan, Alexander, Lily T, Anderson, H Ross, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J, Cohen, Aaron J, Dandona, Lalit, Estep, Kara, Ferrari, Alize J, Frostad, Joseph J, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Godwin, William W, Griswold, Max, Hay, Simon I, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Patrick Y, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Neal, Bruce, Reitsma, Marissa B, Roth, Gregory A, Salomon, Joshua A, Sur, Patrick J, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore KM, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, and Azzopardi, Peter
Subjects: Prevention, Pediatric, Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Aetiology, Generic health relevance, Good Health and Well Being, Africa South of the Sahara, Africa, Northern, Air Pollution, Indoor, Alcohol Drinking, Biomarkers, Blood Glucose, Body Mass Index, Cholesterol, Cost of Illness, Disabled Persons, Environmental Exposure, Global Health, Humans, Hypertension, Life Expectancy, Malnutrition, Middle East, Occupational Exposure, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Smoking, Sodium, Dietary, Substance-Related Disorders, Unsafe Sex, GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context.MethodsWe used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors-the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI).FindingsBetween 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6-58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8-42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa.InterpretationDeclines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2016

4. Educational inequalities in falls mortality among older adults : population-based multiple cause of death data from Sweden

Author: Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Turkiewicz, Aleksandra, and Englund, Martin
Published: 2018

5. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Hay, Simon I, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adedeji, Isaac A, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Althouse, Benjamin M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Awasthi, Shally, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Azzopardi, Peter, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Robert, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Blyth, Fiona M, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bose, Dipan, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Briant, Paul S, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Carvalho, Felix, Casey, Daniel, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castle, Chris D, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chen, Honglei, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyrus, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cortinovis, Monica, Criqui, Michael H, Cromwell, Elizabeth A, Cross, Marita, Crump, John A, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dalal, Koustuv, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, De Leo, Diego, De Steur, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Dicker, Daniel, Djalainia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Dorsey, E Ray, dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebel, Beth E, Echko, Michelle, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshetie, Setegn, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, Farag, Tamer, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fazeli, Mir Sohail, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C, Ferrari, Alize J, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Franklin, Richard C, Frostad, Joseph J, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M, Futran, Neal D, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Geleto, Ayele, Gemechu, Bikila Lencha, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W, Ghajar, Alireza, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Goel, Kashish, Goenka, Shifalika, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gosselin, Richard A, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Graetz, Nicholas, 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Published: 2017
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6. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Vos, Theo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adamu, Abdu Abdullahi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, 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Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Pauline, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A, Kivimaki, Mika, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Sanjiv, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lambert, Nkurunziza, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Lavados, Pablo M, Leasher, Janet L, Lee, Paul H, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, James, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Li Kappe, Darya, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Stephen S, Linn, Shai, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Angela, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, London, Stephanie J, Looker, Katharine J, Lopez, Alan D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Low, Nicola, Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Timothy C D, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manguerra, Helena, Manhertz, Treh, Mantilla, Ana, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marczak, Laurie B, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, März, Winfried, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGaughey, Madeline, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, McNellan, Claire, Mehata, Suresh, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Tefera Chane, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mitchell, Philip B, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohanty, Sanjay K, Mokdad, Ali H, Mollenkopf, Sarah K, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Mori, Rintaro, Morozoff, Chloe, Morrison, Shane D, Moses, Mark, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Mueller, Ulrich O, Muller, Kate, Murdoch, Michele E, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negasa, Dumessa Edessa, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Negoi, Ionut, Newton, Charles R, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nolte, Sandra, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, O'Donnell, Martin J, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron, Osman, Majdi, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E, Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paulson, Katherine, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie Beth, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Prasad, Narayan, Purcell, Carrie, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quansah, Reginald, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Puja C, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E, Reiner, Robert C, Reinig, Nikolas, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Roy, Ambuj, Rubagotti, Enrico, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Saadat, Soheil, Sadat, Nafis, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salama, Joseph, Saleem, Huda Omer Ba, Salomon, Joshua A, Salvi, Sundeep Santosh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan R, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Shi, Peilin, Shields, Chloe, Shifa, Girma Temam, Shigematsu, Mika, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shirude, Shreya, Shishani, Kawkab, Shrime, Mark G, Sibai, Abla Mehio, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Narinder Pal, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skirbekk, Vegard, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Sligar, Amber, Smith, David L, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H A, Sobngwi, Eugene, Sorensen, Reed J D, Sousa, Tatiane Cristina Moraes, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Murray B, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Timothy J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Sylte, Dillon O, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Taylor, Hugh R, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfaye, Dawit Jember, Tesssema, Belay, Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Thomas, Katie E, Thrift, Amanda G, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tollanes, Mette C, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tortajada, Miguel, Touvier, Mathilde, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathi, Suryakant, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsoi, Derrick, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudi, van Boven, Job F M, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Venkatesh, S, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wadilo, Fiseha, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weaver, Marcia, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Woodbrook, Rachel, Woolf, Anthony D, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Pengpeng, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zhang, Xueying, Zhou, Maigeng, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2017
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7. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Gakidou, Emmanuela, Afshin, Ashkan, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Komal, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansari, Hossein, Antó, Josep M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arian, Nicholas, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Ballew, Shoshana H, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Batis, Carolina, Battle, Katherine E, Baumgarner, Blair R, Baune, Bernhard T, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Blosser, Christopher D, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R, Brauer, Michael, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Brugha, Traolach S, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Charlson, Fiona J, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J, Comfort, Haley, Cooper, Cyrus, Coresh, Josef, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Criqui, Michael H, Crump, John A, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Ding, Eric L, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Donkelaar, Aaron van, Dorsey, E Ray, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Duncan, Sarah, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Kairsten, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C, Ferrari, Alize J, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Frostad, Joseph J, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M, Ganji, Morsaleh, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Geleto, Ayele, Gemechu, Bikila Lencha, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W, Ghajar, Alireza, Gibney, Katherine B, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gillum, Richard F, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gona, Philimon N, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goryakin, Yevgeniy, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Jingwen, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hawley, Caitlin, Hay, Simon I, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Hoek, Hans W, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J, Huang, Hsiang, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ikeda, Chad, Inoue, Manami, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Jackson, Maria Delores, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Jauregui, Alejandra, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Johansson, Lars R K, Johnson, Catherine O, Jonas, Jost B, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kelbore, Sefonias Getachew, Kemmer, Laura, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Jun Y, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A, Kivimaki, Mika, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kromhout, Hans, Kumar, G Anil, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Paul H, Lee, Alexander, Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Linn, Shai, Liu, Patrick, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katherine J, Lopez, Alan D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manguerra, Helena, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Mapoma, Chabila C, Martin, Randall V, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Mathur, Manu Raj, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J, Mehata, Suresh, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Meier, Toni, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mensah, George A, Mensink, Gert B M, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Murali B V, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morrison, Shane D, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mullany, Erin C, Muller, Kate, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Nangia, Vinay, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Negoi, Ionut, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nomura, Marika, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olivares, Pedro R, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E, Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Piradov, Michael A, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A, Polinder, Suzanne, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Narayan, Purcell, Carrie, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rawaf, Salman, Rehm, Colin D, Rehm, Jürgen, Reiner, Robert C, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam, Rezaei, Satar, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Rivera, Juan A, Roba, Kedir Teji, Rojas-Rueda, David, Roman, Yesenia, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rushton, Lesley, Sadat, Nafis, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salama, Joseph, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Shen, Jiabin, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shields, Chloe, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shishani, Kawkab, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Smith, David L, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H A, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanner, Marcel, Tarekegn, Yihunie L, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesssema, Belay, Thakur, JS, Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Theis, Andrew M, Thomas, Matthew Lloyd, Thomson, Alan J, Thrift, Amanda G, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tobollik, Myriam, Tollanes, Mette C, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Touvier, Mathilde, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Boven, Job F M, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, Lennert J, Venkateswaran, Vidhya, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wadilo, Fiseha, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Woodbrook, Rachel, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zavala-Arciniega, Luis, Zhang, Xueying, Zimsen, Stephanie Raman M, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Lim, Stephen S, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2017
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8. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Naghavi, Mohsen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andersen, Hjalte H, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G, Awasthi, Ashish, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Baune, Bernhard T, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bourne, Rupert R A, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Charlson, Fiona J, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Cyrus, Cowie, Benjamin C, Criqui, Michael H, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dey, Subhojit, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Doku, David Teye, Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Echko, Michelle, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Enayati, Ahmadali, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C, Ferrari, Alize J, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Finegold, Samuel, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D, Foigt, Nataliya, Frank, Tahvi, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremichael, Delelegn Yilma, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W, Gillum, Richard F, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gold, Audra L, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gouda, Hebe N, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Griswold, Max, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Parkash C, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, He, Fei, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Henry, Nathaniel J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ikeda, Chad, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine O, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Karch, André, Karimi, Seyed M, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kieling, Christian, Kievlan, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivimaki, Mika, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lambert, Tea Lallukka Nkurunziza, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Paul H, Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Li Kappe, Darya, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Angela, Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Timothy C D, Ma, Stefan, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Maddison, Emilie R, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manguerra, Helena, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marczak, Laurie B, Markos, Desalegn, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, McAlinden, Colm, McGaughey, Madeline, McGrath, John J, Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mohamed, Ibrahim Abdelmageem, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Mollenkopf, Sarah K, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez, Julio C, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morozoff, Chloe, Morrison, Shane D, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Muller, Kate, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Nasher, Jamal T, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negoi, Ionut, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nong, Vuong Minh, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E, Pakhale, Smita, Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paulson, Katherine, Pereira, David M, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J, Pourmalek, Farshad, Purcell, Caroline, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Puja C, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E, Rehm, Jürgen, Reiner, Robert C, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Ruhago, George Mugambage, SA, Rizwan, Saadat, Soheil, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sadat, Nafis, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salama, Joseph, Salamati, Payman, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shey, Muki, Shi, Peilin, Shields, Chloe, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirude, Shreya, Shiue, Ivy, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Abhishek, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Sligar, Amber, Smith, David L, Smith, Alison, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H A, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strong, Mark, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J S, Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thomas, Katie E, Thompson, Alex H, Thomson, Alan J, Thrift, Amanda G, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsoi, Derrick, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudi, van Boven, Job F M, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whetter, Brian, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Woodbrook, Rachel, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Denis, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zhang, Xueying, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2017
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9. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Barber, Ryan M, Fullman, Nancy, Sorensen, Reed J D, Bollyky, Thomas, McKee, Martin, Nolte, Ellen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abreha, Girmatsion Fisseha, Adane, Kelemework, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Agarwal, Sunilkumar, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alexander, Lily, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amo-Adjei, Joshu, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anderson, Benjamin O, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Assadi, Reza, Astatkie, Ayalew, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atique, Suleman, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayele, Nebiyu Negussu, Azzopardi, Peter, Saleem, Huda Omer Ba, Bärnighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Baye, Kaleab, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bernal, Oscar Alberto, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Bose, Dipan, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Butt, Zahid A, Cárdenas, Rosario, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Car, Josip, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Casey, Daniel, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cecilio, Pedro, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Z, Chew, Adrienne, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Coggeshall, Megan S, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, De Leo, Diego, Del Gobbo, Liana C, del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Enayati, Ahmadali, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fürst, Thomas, Faghmous, Imad D A, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, João C, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thomas D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Franklin, Richard C, Frostad, Joseph, G/hiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gao, Wayne, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremichael, Mengistu Welday, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelaye, Amha Admasie, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Gibney, Katherine B, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gold, Audra, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Greaves, Felix, Griswold, Max, Guban, Peter Imre, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hakuzimana, Alex, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Hay, Simon I, Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Huntley, Bethany M, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Innos, Kaire, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, James, Spencer Lewis, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine, Johnson, Sarah C, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimi, Seyed M, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kerbo, Amene Abebe, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolk, Anneli, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Krohn, Kristopher J, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kumsa, Fekede Asefa, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lager, Anton Carl Jonas, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D, Lorch, Scott A, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Mackay, Mark T, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Marks, Guy B, Marquez, Neal, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Massano, João, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J, McNellan, Claire, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Meier, Toni, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memish, Ziad A, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengiste, Desalegn Tadese, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Mills, Edward J, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohanty, Sanjay K, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Moses, Mark, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagata, Chie, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Negoi, Ionut, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Grant, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nolte, Sandra, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olivares, Pedro R, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Osman, Majdi, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda W, Pakhale, Smita, Castillo, Elizabeth Palomares, Pana, Adrian, Papachristou, Christina, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Tejas, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paul, Vinod K, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Prakash, V, Purwar, Manorama, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quistberg, D Alex, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Rao, Puja C, Rawaf, Salman, Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago, Reitsma, Marissa, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Nawal K, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Seid, Abdulbasit Musa, Seifu, Canaan Negash, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Shamsipour, Mansour, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shi, Peilin, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sibamo, Ephrem Lejore Sibamo, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Sinke, Abiy Hiruye, Sinshaw, Aklilu Endalamaw, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Alison, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir, Soriano, Joan B, Sousa, Tatiane Cristina Moraes, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Stranges, Saverio, Strong, Mark, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sun, Jiandong, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarajia, Musharaf, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Teeple, Stephanie, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Thakur, JS, Thomson, Alan J, Tillmann, Taavi, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tortajada, Miguel, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tura, Abera Kenay, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Boven, Job F M, Van Dingenen, Rita, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A, Wakayo, Tolassa, Waller, Stephen G, Walson, Judd L, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Watkins, David A, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Wen, Chi-Pang, Werdecker, Andrea, Wesana, Joshua, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos, Zapata, Tomas, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2017
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10. Evolution and patterns of global health financing 1995–2014: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

Author: Dieleman, Joseph, Campbell, Madeline, Chapin, Abigail, Eldrenkamp, Erika, Fan, Victoria Y, Haakenstad, Annie, Kates, Jennifer, Liu, Yingying, Matyasz, Taylor, Micah, Angela, Reynolds, Alex, Sadat, Nafis, Schneider, Matthew T, Sorensen, Reed, Evans, Tim, Evans, David, Kurowski, Christoph, Tandon, Ajay, Abbas, Kaja M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Alam, Khurshid, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Barac, Aleksandra, Bernal, Oscar Alberto, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, Birungi, Charles, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalia-Lopez, Ferran, Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, de Jager, Pieter, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dubey, Manisha, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Feigl, Andrea B, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph Robert Anderson, Foigt, Nataliya, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gupta, Rahul, Hamidi, Samer, Harb, Hilda L, Hay, Simon I, Hendrie, Delia, Horino, Masako, Jürisson, Mikk, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B, Karimi, Seyed M., Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinge, Jonas M, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Masiye, Felix, Meier, Toni, Meretoja, Atte, Miller, Ted R, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mohammed, Shafiu, Nangia, Vinay, Olgiati, Stefano, Osman, Abdalla Sidahmed, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Patel, Tejas, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Pereira, David M, Perelman, Julian, Polinder, Suzanne, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Salama, Joseph, Savic, Miloje, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shrime, Mark G, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Ao, Braden J Te, Tediosi, Fabrizio, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Thomson, Alan J, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Vasankari, Tommi, Violante, Francesco S, Werdecker, Andrea, Wijeratne, Tissa, Xu, Gelin, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2017
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11. Future and potential spending on health 2015–40: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

Author: Dieleman, Joseph L, Campbell, Madeline, Chapin, Abigail, Eldrenkamp, Erika, Fan, Victoria Y, Haakenstad, Annie, Kates, Jennifer, Li, Zhiyin, Matyasz, Taylor, Micah, Angela, Reynolds, Alex, Sadat, Nafis, Schneider, Matthew T, Sorensen, Reed, Abbas, Kaja M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Alam, Khurshid, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Barac, Aleksandra, Berheto, Tezera Moshago, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, Birungi, Charles, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalia-Lopez, Ferran, Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dubey, Manisha, Faro, Andé, Feigl, Andrea B, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R Anderson, Foigt, Nataliya, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gupta, Rahul, Hamidi, Samer, Harb, Hilda L, Hay, Simon I, Hendrie, Delia, Horino, Masako, Jürisson, Mikk, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B, Karimi, Seyed M, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinge, Jonas M, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Leung, Ricky, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Meretoja, Atte, Miller, Ted R, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mohammed, Shafiu, Molla, Gedefaw, Nangia, Vinay, Olgiati, Stefano, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Patel, Tejas, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Pereira, David M, Perelman, Julian, Polinder, Suzanne, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Savic, Miloje, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Ao, Braden J Te, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Thomson, Alan J, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Vargas, Veronica, Vasankari, Tommi, Violante, Francesco S, Wijeratne, Tissa, Xu, Gelin, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2017
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12. Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Lim, Stephen S, Allen, Kate, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Dandona, Lalit, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Hay, Simon I, Holmberg, Mollie, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kutz, Michael J, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, McNellan, Claire R, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Olsen, Helen E, Pigott, David M, Salomon, Joshua A, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Uzma, Alasfoor, Deena, AlBuhairan, Fadia S, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alkhateeb, Mohammad AB, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bernal, Oscar Alberto, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly A, Bikbov, Boris, Binagwaho, Agnes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Broday, David M, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Butt, Zahid A, Cahill, Leah E, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cecílio, Pedro, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Che, Xuan, Chen, Alan Zian, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Cohen, Aaron J, Cooke, Graham S, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cowie, Benjamin C, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, Neves, José das, Davis, Adrian C, Davletov, Kairat, de Castro, E Filipa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C, Deshpande, Aniruddha, deVeber, Gabrielle A, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Felicio, Manuela Mendonca, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Ferrari, Alize J, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C, Fraser, Maya, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thomas, Gabbe, Belinda, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gessner, Bradford D, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Graetz, Nicholas, Greenwell, Karen Fern, Griswold, Max, Gugnani, Harish, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A, Haakenstad, Annie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Jacobs, Troy A, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Jansen, Henrica A F M, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kandel, Amit, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Karunapema, Palitha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krueger, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimundas, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mapoma, Chabila C, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Randall V, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Massano, João, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert B M, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesfin, Yonatan Moges, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, de la Cruz Monis, Jonathan, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, 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Published: 2016
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13. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Naghavi, Mohsen, Allen, Christine, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Zian, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fraser, Maya S, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hay, Simon I, Huynh, Chantal, Johnson, Catherine O, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Larson, Heidi J, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Margaret, Lozano, Rafael, Marquez, Neal, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Roth, Gregory A, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J D, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, 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Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajavi, Zhale, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi L, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Puja, Rao, Sowmya R, Refaat, Amany H, Rehm, Jürgen, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Ricci, Stefano, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rios, Roberts, Bayard, Roca, Anna, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shetty, Balakrishna P, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tandon, Nikhil, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Have, Margreet Ten, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tirschwell, David L, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Trujillo, Ulises, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uthman, Olalekan A, Dingenen, Rita Van, van Donkelaar, Aaron, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Wagner, Joseph A, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Woolf, Anthony D, Xavier, Denis, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zannad, Faiez, Zavala, Diego E, Zeeb, Hajo, Zeleke, Berihun M, Zhang, Hao, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

14. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Vos, Theo, Allen, Christine, Arora, Megha, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Brown, Alexandria, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Z, Coggeshall, Megan, Cornaby, Leslie, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Dilegge, Tina, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Tom, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hay, Simon I, Johnson, Catherine O, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kawashima, Toana, Kemmer, Laura, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Olsen, Helen, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Rankin, Zane, Reinig, Nikolas, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Smith, Alison, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A, Troeger, Christopher, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Zoeckler, Leo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Arindam, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Jonathan, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyrus, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Gobbo, Liana C Del, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endres, Matthias, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Estep, Kara, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Felson, David T, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Fox, Jordan, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D, Gabbe, Belinda, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gibney, Katherine B, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Grainger, Rebecca, Greaves, Felix, Guillemin, Francis, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kumar, G Anil, Kutz, Michael, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Aparna, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Anders, Lavados, Pablo M, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Warren D, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Mackay, Mark T, Magdy, Mohammed, Razek, Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Massano, João, McGarvey, Stephen Theodore, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, McMahon, Brian J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mullany, Erin, Mumford, John Everett, Murdoch, Michele E, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolla, Joan M, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nunes, Bruno P, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, de Azeredo Passos, Valéria Maria, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rios, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Upasana, Shen, Jiabin, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Sivonda, Anna, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Sligar, Amber, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Søreide, Kjetil, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Timothy J, Steinke, Sabine, Stovner, Lars, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Gool, Coen H, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Woodbrook, Rachel, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

15. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Afshin, Ashkan, Alexander, Lily T, Anderson, H Ross, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J, Cohen, Aaron J, Dandona, Lalit, Estep, Kara, Ferrari, Alize J, Frostad, Joseph J, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Godwin, William W, Griswold, Max, Hay, Simon I, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Patrick Y, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Neal, Bruce, Reitsma, Marissa B, Roth, Gregory A, Salomon, Joshua A, Sur, Patrick J, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Batis, Carolina, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Broday, David M, Brugha, Traolach S, Brunekreef, Bert, Butt, Zahid A, Cahill, Leah E, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Coates, Matthew M, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Manzano, Alejandra G Contreras, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Rakhi, Darby, Sarah C, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davis, Adrian C, Davletov, Kairat, de Castro, E Filipa, De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C, del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Faraon, Emerito 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Published: 2016
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16. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Arora, Megha, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Brown, Jonathan, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Cornaby, Leslie, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hay, Simon I, Johnson, Catherine O, Kemmer, Laura, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kutz, Michael J, Kyu, Hmwe H, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Rankin, Zane, Reinig, Nikolas, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Smith, Alison, Sorensen, Reed J D, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Troeger, Chris, Truelsen, Thomas, VanderZanden, Amelia, Wagner, Joseph A, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Zhou, Maigeng, Zoeckler, Leo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adsuar, José C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Anderson, Gregory M, Anderson, 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Vinay, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolla, Joan M, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, PA, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pedro, João Mário, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Noela M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Dheeraj, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Ricci, Stefano, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Roy, Ambuj, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Sagar, Rajesh, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Soljak, Michael, Søreide, Kjetil, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Steiner, Timothy J, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thakur, J S, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Gool, Coen H, van Os, Jim, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2016
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17. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Dandona, Lalit, Gething, Peter W, Hay, Simon I, Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Naghavi, Mohsen, Pinho, Christine, Salomon, Joshua A, Steiner, Caitlyn, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdallat, Mahmud A, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Antoine, Rose Mayerline, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Wang, Neeraj Haidong, Bedi, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Abdulhak, Aref A Bin, Biroscak, Brian J, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brugha, Traolach S, Butt, Zahid A, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Dahiru, Tukur, Damasceno, Albertino, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, Leo, Diego De, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dicker, Daniel J, Ding, Eric L, Dossou, Edem, Dubey, Manisha, Ebel, Beth E, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Fleming, Tom, Foigt, Nataliya, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C, Fraser, Maya S, Friedman, Joseph, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Mengistu, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gibney, Katherine B, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G Anil, Kutz, Michael J, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lamadrid-Figueroa, Hector, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Stefan, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Marquez, Neal, Masiye, Felix, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mazorodze, Tasara T, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Monasta, Lorenzo, de la Cruz Monis, Jonathan, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D, Moore, Ami R, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Neupane, Subas, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, PA, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda, Papantoniou, Nikolaos, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Refaat, Amany H, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, Joao Vascos, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I, Schneider, Ione J C, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sligar, Amber, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Jessica M, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Linhong, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wolock, Timothy, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhao, Yi, Zhao, Yong, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2016
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18. Burden of lower respiratory infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Region between 1990 and 2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Khalil, Ibrahim, Afshin, Ashkan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Collison, Michael, Daoud, Farah, Chew, Adrienne, Krohn, Kristopher J, Colombara, Danny, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Foreman, Kyle J, Frostad, Joseph, Godwin, William W, Kutz, Michael, Rao, Puja C, Reiner, Robert, Troeger, Christopher, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abbas, Kaja M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Adane, Kelemework, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Beshir, Muktar, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alasfoor, Deena, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Arthur, Euripide Frinel G, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Drew, Charles R, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Michael, Brauer, Butt, Zahid A, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Danawi, Hadi, Djalalinia, Shirin, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eshrati, Babak, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebrehiwot, Kiros Tedla, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Horita, Nobuyuki, Husseini, Abdullatif, Spencer, Lewis James, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Farid, Habibolah Masoudi, Mehari, Alem, Memish, Ziad A, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mensah, George A, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Nakamura, Sachiko, Oren, Eyal, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Vafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Refaat, Amany H, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shigematsu, Mika, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Topor-Madry, Roman, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Werdecker, Andrea, Wijeratne, Tissa, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Hay, Simon I, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, and Hay, S
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Adolescent, 030231 tropical medicine, Disease, Eastern, Global Health, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Middle East, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Environmental health, medicine, Global health, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mortality, Child, Respiratory Tract Infections, Aged, DALY, Respiratory tract infections, business.industry, Mediterranean Region, Public health, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Age Factors, Infant, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Quality-adjusted life year, Lower respiratory infection, Malnutrition, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Child, Preschool, Life expectancy, Female, Original Article, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, business
Abstract: We used data from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study (GBD) to calculate the burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) in the 22 countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) from 1990 to 2015. We conducted a systematic analysis of mortality and morbidity data for LRI and its specific etiologic factors, including pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza virus. We used modeling methods to estimate incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We calculated burden attributable to known risk factors for LRI. In 2015, LRIs were the fourth-leading cause of DALYs, causing 11,098,243 (95% UI 9,857,095-12,396,566) DALYs and 191,114 (95% UI 170,934-210,705) deaths. The LRI DALY rates were higher than global estimates in 2015. The highest and lowest age-standardized rates of DALYs were observed in Somalia and Lebanon, respectively. Undernutrition in childhood and ambient particulate matter air pollution in the elderly were the main risk factors. Our findings call for public health strategies to reduce the level of risk factors in each age group, especially vulnerable child and elderly populations. Horizon Pharmaceuticals; American College of Rheumatology's (ACR) Annual Meeting Planning Committee (AMPC); Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee; Chair of the ACR Meet-the-Professor, Workshop and Study Group Subcommittee Dr. Carl Abelardo T. Antonio reports Grants and personal fees from Johnson and Johnson (Philippines), Inc. outside the submitted work. Dr. Jasvinder Singh serves as the principal investigator for an investigator-initiated study funded by Horizon Pharmaceuticals through a grant to DINORA, Inc., a 501 (c)(3) entity. Dr. Singh is a member of the executive of OMERACT, an organization that develops outcome measures in rheumatology and receives arms-length funding from 36 companies; a member of the American College of Rheumatology's (ACR) Annual Meeting Planning Committee (AMPC); Chair of the ACR Meet-the-Professor, Workshop and Study Group Subcommittee; and a member of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee. Other authors have no conflict of interest.
Published: 2017
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19. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adedeji, Isaac A, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Althouse, Benjamin M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Awasthi, Shally, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Azzopardi, Peter, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Robert, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Blyth, Fiona M, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bose, Dipan, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Briant, Paul S, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Carvalho, Felix, Casey, Daniel, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castle, Chris D, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chen, Honglei, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, 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Gakidou, E, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gebre, T, Gebregergs, G, Gebrehiwot, T, Geleijnse, J, Geleto, A, Gemechu, B, Gesesew, H, Gething, P, Ghajar, A, Gibney, K, Gillum, R, Ginawi, I, Gishu, M, Giussani, G, Godwin, W, Goel, K, Goenka, S, Goldberg, E, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, S, Gosselin, R, Gotay, C, Goto, A, Goulart, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, H, Gupta, P, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Gutiérrez, R, Hachinski, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, A, Hailu, G, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Handal, A, Hankey, G, Hao, Y, Harb, H, Hareri, H, Haro, J, Harun, K, Harvey, J, Hassanvand, M, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hay, R, Hedayati, M, Hendrie, D, Henry, N, Heredia-Pi, I, Heydarpour, P, Hoek, H, Hoffman, H, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, H, Hostiuc, S, Hotez, P, Hoy, D, Htet, A, Hu, G, Huang, J, Huynh, C, Iburg, K, Igumbor, E, Ikeda, C, Irvine, C, Islam, S, Jacobsen, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, James, P, Jassal, S, Javanbakht, M, Jayaraman, S, Jeemon, P, Jensen, P, Jha, V, Jiang, G, John, D, Johnson, C, Johnson, S, Jonas, J, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kamal, R, Kar, C, Karam, N, Karch, A, Karema, C, Karimi, S, Karimkhani, C, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, G, Kassaw, N, Kassebaum, N, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, S, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Keiyoro, P, Kemmer, L, Kengne, A, Keren, A, Kesavachandran, C, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Khoja, A, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kiadaliri, A, Kieling, C, Kim, Y, Kim, D, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kissoon, N, Kivimaki, M, Knudsen, A, Kokubo, Y, Kolte, D, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Kotsakis, G, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krohn, K, Kumar, G, Kumar, P, Kyu, H, Lager, A, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lambert, N, Lan, Q, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Leasher, J, Lee, P, Leigh, J, Leshargie, C, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liang, X, Liben, M, Lim, S, Linn, S, Liu, P, Liu, A, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lodha, R, Logroscino, G, Looker, K, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lucas, T, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, R, Macarayan, E, Maddison, E, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Magis-Rodriguez, C, Mahdavi, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manguerra, H, Manhertz, T, Mantovani, L, Mapoma, C, March, L, Marczak, L, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins, P, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, März, W, Mathur, M, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgaughey, M, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehata, S, Meier, T, Meles, K, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, M, Mengistie, M, Mengistu, D, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mezgebe, H, Micha, R, Millear, A, Miller, T, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Mishra, S, Mitchell, P, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, K, Mohammed, S, Mohan, M, Mokdad, A, Mollenkopf, S, Monasta, L, Montañez Hernandez, J, Montico, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Morrison, S, Moses, M, Mountjoy-Venning, C, Mruts, K, Mueller, U, Muller, K, Murdoch, M, Murray, C, Murthy, G, Murthy, S, Musa, K, Nachega, J, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Naidoo, K, Nangia, V, Nasher, J, Natarajan, G, Negasa, D, Negoi, R, Negoi, I, Newton, C, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, T, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, M, Nichols, E, Ningrum, D, Nong, V, Norheim, O, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nyandwi, A, Obermeyer, C, O'Donnell, M, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Olsen, H, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Ong, K, Opio, J, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osborne, R, Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Osman, M, Ota, E, Owolabi, M, Pa, M, Pacella, R, Panda, B, Pandian, J, Papachristou, C, Park, E, Parry, C, Parsaeian, M, Patil, S, Patten, S, Patton, G, Paudel, D, Paulson, K, Pearce, N, Pereira, D, Perez, K, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, C, Petri, W, Petzold, M, Phillips, M, Phipps, G, Pigott, D, Pillay, J, Pinho, C, Piradov, M, Plass, D, Pletcher, M, Popova, S, Poulton, R, Pourmalek, F, Prabhakaran, D, Prasad, N, Purcell, C, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Quintanilla, B, Rabiee, R, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rai, R, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Rangaswamy, T, Rankin, Z, Rao, P, Rawaf, S, Ray, S, Reiner, R, Reinig, N, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Ribeiro, A, Rivas, J, Roba, H, Robinson, S, Rojas-Rueda, D, Rokni, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Rubagotti, E, Ruhago, G, Saadat, S, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, M, Salama, J, Saleh, M, Salomon, J, Salvi, S, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanchez-Niño, M, Santomauro, D, Santos, J, Santos, I, Santric Milicevic, M, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Schelonka, K, Schmidt, M, Schneider, I, Schöttker, B, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shamsipour, M, Sharma, R, Sharma, J, She, J, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shields, C, Shifa, G, Shiferaw, M, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shirude, S, Shishani, K, Shoman, H, Siabani, S, Sibai, A, Sigfusdottir, I, Silberberg, D, Silva, D, Silva, J, Silveira, D, Singh, J, Singh, O, Singh, N, Singh, V, Sinha, D, Skiadaresi, E, Slepak, E, Smith, D, Smith, M, Sobaih, B, Sobngwi, E, Soljak, M, Sorensen, R, Sousa, T, Sposato, L, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stanaway, J, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Stein, D, Steiner, C, Steinke, S, Stokes, M, Stovner, L, Strub, B, Subart, M, Sufiyan, M, Sunguya, B, Sur, P, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, B, Sylte, D, Szoeke, C, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, S, Taffere, G, Takala, J, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tarekegn, Y, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Taylor, H, Tegegne, T, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Terkawi, A, Tesfaye, D, Tesssema, B, Thakur, J, Thamsuwan, O, Theadom, A, Theis, A, Thomas, K, Thomas, N, Thompson, R, Thrift, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Tobollik, M, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Tortajada, M, Touvier, M, Traebert, J, Tran, B, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T, Tsoi, D, Tuzcu, E, Tymeson, H, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, K, Undurraga, E, Uneke, C, Updike, R, Uthman, O, Uzochukwu, B, van Boven, J, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Veerman, L, Venkatesh, S, Venketasubramanian, N, Vidavalur, R, Vijayakumar, L, Violante, F, Vishnu, A, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Wadilo, F, Wakayo, T, Wallin, M, Wang, Y, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, R, Weiss, D, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Whiteford, H, Wijeratne, T, Williams, H, Wiysonge, C, Woldeyes, B, Wolfe, C, Woodbrook, R, Woolf, A, Workicho, A, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yadgir, S, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yan, L, Yano, Y, Ye, P, Yihdego, M, Yimam, H, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Yotebieng, M, Younis, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, M, Zegeye, E, Zenebe, Z, Zhang, X, Zheng, Y, Zhou, M, Zipkin, B, Zodpey, S, Zoeckler, L, Zuhlke, L, Brayne, Carol [0000-0001-5307-663X], Chowdhury, Rajiv [0000-0003-4881-5690], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Male, Dánarmein, AUSTRALIA, GBD, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), Heilsufar, Lífslíkur, Epidemiology, Life expectancy, Diseases, Global Health, THERAPY, Global Burden of Disease, Residence Characteristics, Fullorðnir, Cause of Death, Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychology, Konur, Aged, 80 and over, Tölfræði, PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM, Aldraðir, Sjúkdómar, Medicine (all), Fatlaðir, Men, Þjóðir, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, ASSOCIATION, Middle Aged, Health policy, PREVALENCE, Sálfræði, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), Female, Lýðheilsa, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Global Health Metrics, Adult, AFRICA, Quality of life, People with disabilities, GBD, WEIGHTS, Social ecology, Lífsgæði, Communicable Diseases, World health/statistics, Age Distribution, Life Expectancy, Medicine, General & Internal, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, Heilbrigðisstefna, Humans, Adults, Disabled Persons, Women, Sex Distribution, Mortality, Noncommunicable Diseases, Aged, Science & Technology, Faraldsfræði, MORTALITY, Wounds and injuries, EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, HIV, Áverkar, Karlar, Wounds and Injuries, Félagshagfræði, Older people
Abstract: Correction in: LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10106 Pages: E38-E38 Published: OCT 28 2017, Background Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75.2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71.9-78.6) for females and 72.0 years (68.8-75.1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45.6 years [42.0-49.5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41.5 years [39.0-44.0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6.24 years (5.97-6.48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6.04 years (5.74-6.27) for males and 6.49 years (6.08-6.77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1.78 years (1.61-1.93) for males and 1.96 years (1.69-2.13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2.3% [-5.9 to 0.9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16.1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Published: 2017

20. Intentional injuries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Charara, Raghid, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Afshin, Ashkan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Collison, Michael, Chew, Adrienne, Krohn, Kristopher J, Daoud, Farah, Colombara, Danny, Graetz, Nicholas, Kutz, Michael, Wang, Haidong, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Alam, Khurshid, Alghnam, Suliman, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Anwari, Palwasha, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bedi, Neeraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Butt, Zahid A, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, Hadi, De Leo, Diego, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doyle, Kerrie E, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gutierrez, Reyna A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Haro, Josep Maria, Hendrie, Delia, Hu, Guoqing, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kopec, Jacek A, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Memish, Ziad A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Miller, Ted R, Mohammed, Shafiu, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sobaih, Badr HA, Tabb, Karen M, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, RomanTopor-Madry, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Yaseri, Mehdi, NaohiroYonemoto, Younis, Mustafa Z, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Mokdad, AH, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Charara, R, Ahmed, M Beshir, Murray, C hristopher JL, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Intentional Injuries Collaborators, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, II kirurgian klinikka, Department of Oncology, and HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center
Subjects: Adult, Male, Burden of disease, SUICIDE, Health (social science), Adolescent, Scopus, Violence, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Middle East, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, Global health, Cost of illness, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, CONFLICT, MORTALITY, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Eastern mediterranean region, Intentional injuries, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, 16. Peace & justice, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, humanities, 3. Good health, Quality-adjusted life year, Eastern mediterranean, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Geography, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Female, Original Article, Public Health, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, HEALTH, Self-Injurious Behavior, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Objectives: We used GBD 2015 findings to measure the burden of intentional injuries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2015. Methods: The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study defines intentional injuries as a combination of self-harm (including suicide), interpersonal violence, collective violence (war), and legal intervention. We estimated number of deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for each type of intentional injuries. Results: In 2015, 28,695 individuals (95% UI: 25,474-37,832) died from self-harm, 35,626 (95% UI: 20,947-41,857) from interpersonal violence, and 143,858 (95% UI: 63,554-223,092) from collective violence and legal interventions. In 2015, collective violence and legal intervention was the fifth-leading cause of DALYs in the EMR and the leading cause in Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya; they account for 49.7% of total DALYs in Syria. Conclusions: Our findings call for increased efforts to stabilize the region and assist in rebuilding the health systems, as well as increasing transparency and employing preventive strategies to reduce self-harm and interpersonal injuries., Funding Agency:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Published: 2018

21. Burden of diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Khalil, Ibrahim, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Collison, Michael, Chew, Adrienne, Krohn, Kristopher J, Daoud, Farah, Colombara, Danny, Foreman, Kyle J, Godwin, William W, Kutz, Michael, Mirarefin, Mojde, Rao, Puja C, Jr, Reiner Robert, Troeger, Christopher, Wang, Haidong, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Elyazeed, Remon, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Alam, Khurshid, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla, Anwari, Palwasha, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Bacha, Umar, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bessong, Pascal Obong, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A, Danawi, Hadi, Deribew, Amare, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dubey, Manisha, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eshrati, Babak, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Husseini, Abdullatif, James, Spencer Lewis, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kopec, Jacek A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mohammed, Shafiu, Murthy, Srinivas, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shigematsu, Mika, Sobaih, Badr HA, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Sykes, Bryan L, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Topor-Madry, Roman, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Werdecker, Andrea, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yenesew, Muluken, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zein, Bassel, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Mokdad, AH, Khalil, I, El Bcheraoui, C, Beshir Ahmed, M, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Murray, CJL, and GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Diarrhea Collaborators
Subjects: Male, Health (social science), Psychological intervention, Eastern Mediterranean region, burden of disease, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Mediterranean Region, Health Policy, Mortality rate, Burden of disease, MEDITERRÂNEO, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Diarrhea, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Child, Preschool, Original Article, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, medicine.symptom, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, 030231 tropical medicine, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Middle East, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, Diarrheal diseases, Poverty, Health policy, Disease burden, Aged, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Years of potential life lost, business
Abstract: Objectives Diarrheal diseases (DD) are an important cause of disease burden, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact children’s potential livelihood through growth faltering, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. Methods As part of the Global Burden of Disease study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2015. We calculated disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs)—the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability—for both sexes and all ages. Results We estimate that over 103,692 diarrhea deaths occurred in the EMR in 2015 (95% uncertainty interval: 87,018–124,692), and the mortality rate was 16.0 deaths per 100,000 persons (95% UI: 13.4–19.2). The majority of these deaths occurred in children under 5 (63.3%) (65,670 deaths, 95% UI: 53,640–79,486). DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 304 (95% UI 228–400) in Kuwait to 38,900 (95% UI 25,900–54,300) in Somalia. Conclusions Our findings will guide evidence-based health policy decisions for interventions to achieve the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1008-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2018

22. Transport injuries and deaths in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Khalil, Ibrahim, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Collison, Michael, Daoud, Farah, Chew, Adrienne, Krohn, Kristopher J, Colombara, Danny, Cornaby, Leslie, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Graetz, Nicholas, Kutz, Michael, Troeger, Christopher, Wang, Haidong, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Alghnam, Suliman, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Philippines Palwasha, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Boufous, Soufiane, Butt, Zahid A, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, Hadi, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Djalalinia, Shirin, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gao, Wayne, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, James, Spencer Lewis, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jiang, Guohong, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kosen, Soewarta, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Larson, Heidi J, Linn, Shai, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Miller, Ted R, Mohammed, Shafiu, Assaye, Ashagre Molla, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Refaat, Amany H, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Rojas-Rueda, David, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Schwebel, David C, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sobaih, Badr HA, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunshine, Jacob E, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, JS, Topor-Madry, Roman, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Werdecker, Andrea, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, II kirurgian klinikka, Department of Oncology, and HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center
Subjects: Male, Health (social science), Poison control, Global Health, Suicide prevention, Occupational safety and health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cause of death, CASUALTIES, OUTCOMES, Mediterranean Region, 030503 health policy & services, Accidents, Traffic, Burden of disease, Human factors and ergonomics, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, MEDICAL-TREATMENT, POLICE, OPPORTUNITIES, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Original Article, Female, Public Health, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, HEALTH, 0305 other medical science, Adult, COUNTRIES, Adolescent, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Middle East, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, EPIDEMIC, Environmental health, Injury prevention, Transport injuries, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Humans, ROAD-TRAFFIC INJURIES, Estimation, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Years of potential life lost, Wounds and Injuries, business
Abstract: Objectives Transport injuries (TI) are ranked as one of the leading causes of death, disability, and property loss worldwide. This paper provides an overview of the burden of TI in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by age and sex from 1990 to 2015. Methods Transport injuries mortality in the EMR was estimated using the Global Burden of Disease mortality database, with corrections for ill-defined causes of death, using the cause of death ensemble modeling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on inpatient and outpatient datasets, 26 cause-of-injury and 47 nature-of-injury categories. Results In 2015, 152,855 (95% uncertainty interval: 137,900–168,100) people died from TI in the EMR countries. Between 1990 and 2015, the years of life lost (YLL) rate per 100,000 due to TI decreased by 15.5%, while the years lived with disability (YLD) rate decreased by 10%, and the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate decreased by 16%. Conclusions Although the burden of TI mortality and morbidity decreased over the last two decades, there is still a considerable burden that needs to be addressed by increasing awareness, enforcing laws, and improving road conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-0987-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2018

23. Burden of cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2005-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

Author: Fitzmaurice, Christina, Alsharif, Ubai, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Charara, Raghid, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Collison, Michael, Chew, Adrienne, Krohn, Kristopher J, Daoud, Farah, Dicker, Daniel, Foreman, Kyle J, Frostad, Joseph, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kutz, Michael, Wang, Haidong, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini, Erfan, Anber, Nahla, Anwari, Palwasha, Artaman, Al, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Awasthi, Ashish, Saleem, Huda Omer Ba, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Bedi, Neeraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Butt, Zahid A, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Danawi, Hadi, das Neves, Jose, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ekwueme, Donatus U, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hay, Roderick J, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hsairi, Mohamed, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Kim, Daniel, Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Linn, Shai, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Markos, Desalegn, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Miller, Ted R, Mohammed, Shafiu, Nangia, Vinay, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Mahesh, PA, Park, Eun-Kee, Patel, Tejas, Pereira, David M, Pishgar, Farhad, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Roba, Kedir Teji, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shrime, Mark G, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Werdecker, Andrea, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zein, Bassel, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Mokdad, Ali H, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Alsharif, U, El Bcheraoui, C, Khalil, I, Charara, R, Ahmed, MB, Fitzmaurice, C, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, II kirurgian klinikka, Clinicum, Department of Oncology, and HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center
Subjects: Health (social science), Palliative care, Global Health, Mediterranean Region / epidemiology, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Disability-adjusted life years, Global Burden of Disease, Middle East, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Breast cancer, Neoplasms / economics, Neoplasms, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, Environmental health, medicine, cancer, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mortality, Lung cancer, Disease burden, Global Burden of Disease / statistics & numerical data, Cancer, Cancer prevention, Mediterranean Region, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, DEATH, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, CARE, medicine.disease, mortality, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Neoplasms / mortality, 3. Good health, Cancer registry, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Original Article, Public Health, Neoplasms / epidemiology, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, business, Middle East / epidemiology
Abstract: Objectives: To estimate incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 2005 and 2015. Methods: Vital registration system and cancer registry data from the EMR region were analyzed for 29 cancer groups in 22 EMR countries using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 methodology. Results: In 2015, cancer was responsible for 9.4% of all deaths and 5.1% of all DALYs. It accounted for 722,646 new cases, 379,093 deaths, and 11.7 million DALYs. Between 2005 and 2015, incident cases increased by 46%, deaths by 33%, and DALYs by 31%. The increase in cancer incidence was largely driven by population growth and population aging. Breast cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia were the most common cancers, while lung, breast, and stomach cancers caused most cancer deaths. Conclusions: Cancer is responsible for a substantial disease burden in the EMR, which is increasing. There is an urgent need to expand cancer prevention, screening, and awareness programs in EMR countries as well as to improve diagnosis, treatment, and palliative care services. The funding source played no role in the design of thestudy, the analysis and interpretation of data, and the writing of thepaper. GBD 2015 is funded by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

24. Trends in future health financing and coverage: future health spending and universal health coverage in 188 countries, 2016-40

Author: Dieleman, Joseph L., Sadat, Nafis, Chang, Angela Y., Fullman, Nancy, Abbafati, Cristiana, Acharya, Pawan, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Alam, Khurshid, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Ammar, Walid, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Arernu, Olatunde, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, A., Ayer, Rakesh, Badali, Hamid, Banach, Maciej, Banstola, Amrit, Barac, Aleksandra, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Birungi, Charles, Bragazzi, Nicola L., Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Car, Josip, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Chapin, Abigail, Chen, Catherine S., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daryani, Ahmad, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dubey, Manisha, Edessa, Dumessa, Eldrenkamp, Erika, Eshrati, Babak, Faro, Andre, Feigl, Andrea B., Fenny, Ama P., Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J., Furst, Thomas, Ghimire, Mamata, Goli, Srinivas, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hamidi, Samer, Harb, Hilda L., Hay, Simon I., Hendrie, Delia, Ikilezi, Gloria, Javanbakht, Mehdi, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B., Kaldjian, Alexander, Kasaeian, Amir, Kasahun, Yawukal Chane, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinge, Jonas M., Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J., Kumar, G. Anil, Lafranconi, Alessandra, Lam, Hilton, Listl, Stefan, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Martinez, Gabriel, Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Atte, Micah, Angela, Miller, Ted R., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mlashu, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Mohammed, Ebrahim, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Moses, Mark, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nangia, Vinay, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Niriayo, Yirga, Noroozi, Mehdi, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Patel, Tejas, Pereira, David M., Polinder, Suzanne, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ray, Sarah E., Reiner, Robert C., Sajadi, Haniye Sadat, Santoro, Rocco, Santos, Joao Vasco, Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharif, Mehdi, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Shrime, Mark G., Sisay, Mekonnen, Soneji, Samir, Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Tao, Tianchan, Templin, Tara, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Thapa, Subash, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Bach Xuan Tran, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Tung Thanh Tran, Tung Thanh Tran, Undurraga, Eduardo A., Vasankari, Tommi, Violante, Francesco S., Werdecker, Andrea, Wijeratne, Tissa, Xu, Gelin, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zlavog, Bianca, Murray, Christopher J. L., and Public Health
Abstract: Background Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) requires health financing systems that provide prepaid pooled resources for key health services without placing undue financial stress on households. Understanding current and future trajectories of health financing is vital for progress towards UHC. We used historical health financing data for 188 countries from 1995 to 2015 to estimate future scenarios of health spending and pooled health spending through to 2040. Methods We extracted historical data on gross domestic product (GDP) and health spending for 188 countries from 1995 to 2015, and projected annual GDP, development assistance for health, and government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending from 2015 through to 2040 as a reference scenario. These estimates were generated using an ensemble of models that varied key demographic and socioeconomic determinants. We generated better and worse alternative future scenarios based on the global distribution of historic health spending growth rates. Last, we used stochastic frontier analysis to investigate the association between pooled health resources and UHC index, a measure of a country's UHC service coverage. Finally, we estimated future UHC performance and the number of people covered under the three future scenarios. Findings In the reference scenario, global health spending was projected to increase from US$10 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 10 trillion to 10 trillion) in 2015 to $20 trillion (18 trillion to 22 trillion) in 2040. Per capita health spending was projected to increase fastest in upper-middle-income countries, at 4.2% (3.4-5.1) per year, followed by lower-middle-income countries (4.0%, 3.6-4.5) and low-income countries (2.2%, 1.7-2.8). Despite global growth, per capita health spending was projected to range from only $40 (24-65) to $413 (263-668) in 2040 in low-income countries, and from $140 (90-200) to $1699 (711-3423) in lower-middle-income countries. Globally, the share of health spending covered by pooled resources would range widely, from 19.8% (10.3-38.6) in Nigeria to 97.9% (96.4-98.5) in Seychelles. Historical performance on the UHC index was significantly associated with pooled resources per capita. Across the alternative scenarios, we estimate UHC reaching between 5.1 billion (4.9 billion to 5.3 billion) and 5.6 billion (5.3 billion to 5.8 billion) lives in 2030. Interpretation We chart future scenarios for health spending and its relationship with UHC. Ensuring that all countries have sustainable pooled health resources is crucial to the achievement of UHC. Copyright (c) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2018

25. Neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Khalil, Ibrahim, Collison, Michael, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Krohn, Kristopher J, Daoud, Farah, Chew, Adrienne, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Colombara, Danny, Cornaby, Leslie, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Foreman, Kyle J, Fraser, Maya, Frostad, Joseph, Kemmer, Laura, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Liu, Patrick, Mikesell, Joseph, Nguyen, Grant, Rao, Puja C, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Smith, Alison, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Arnlov, Johan, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alraddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bennett, Derrick A, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bisanzio, Donal, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Estanislao Castro, Ruben, Danawi, Hadi, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giussani, Giorgia, Gona, Philimon N, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hoy, Damian G, Hu, Guoqing, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B, Karimi, Seyed M, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leasher, Janet L, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miller, Ted R, Monasta, Lorenzo, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ortiz, Alberto, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Pereira, Claudia C, Petzold, Max, Pereira, David M, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sartorius, Benn, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shiri, Rahman, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sobaih, Badr HA, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thakur, Arabia JS, Thomson, Alan J, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Wang, Haidong, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, and University of Helsinki
Subjects: Male, PNEUMONIA, Pediatrics, Health (social science), Poison control, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Infant mortality, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Neonatal, Global health, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 030212 general & internal medicine, health care economics and organizations, Mediterranean Region, Child Health, Burden of disease, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, UPDATED SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Child, Preschool, Female, Original Article, Public Health, CHILD-MORTALITY, INTERVENTIONS, COUNTRIES, Child mortality, medicine.medical_specialty, INTEGRATED APPROACH, Eastern Mediterranean Region, 03 medical and health sciences, Middle East, Neonatal mortality, Environmental health, Injury prevention, medicine, Humans, PROGRESS, Perinatal Mortality, METAANALYSIS, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Newborn, Klinisk medicin, Infant, DIARRHEA, mortality, Eastern mediterranean, Life expectancy, Morbidity, Clinical Medicine, business
Abstract: Objectives Although substantial reductions in under-5 mortality have been observed during the past 35 years, progress in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) has been uneven. This paper provides an overview of child mortality and morbidity in the EMR based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Methods We used GBD 2015 study results to explore under-5 mortality and morbidity in EMR countries. Results In 2015, 755,844 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 712,064–801,565) children under 5 died in the EMR. In the early neonatal category, deaths in the EMR decreased by 22.4%, compared to 42.4% globally. The rate of years of life lost per 100,000 population under 5 decreased 54.38% from 177,537 (173,812–181,463) in 1990 to 80,985 (76,308–85,876) in 2015; the rate of years lived with disability decreased by 0.57% in the EMR compared to 9.97% globally. Conclusions Our findings call for accelerated action to decrease child morbidity and mortality in the EMR. Governments and organizations should coordinate efforts to address this burden. Political commitment is needed to ensure that child health receives the resources needed to end preventable deaths. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-0998-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2018

26. Burden of cardiovascular diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Khalil, Ibrahim, Afshin, Ashkan, Collison, Michael, Daoud, Farah, Krohn, Kristopher J, Chew, Adrienne, Cornaby, Leslie, Foreman, Kyle J, Frostad, Joseph, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kemmer, Laura, Kutz, Michael, Liu, Patrick, Mirarefin, Mojde, Nguyen, Grant, Wang, Haidong, Zipkin, Ben, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abouzeid, Marian, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla, Anwari, Palwasha, Arnlov, Johan, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Awasthi, Ashish, Baernighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Butt, Zahid A, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Estanislao Castro, Ruben, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Solomon Weldemariam, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gillum, Richard F, Gona, Philimon N, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hsairi, Mohamed, Jee, Sun Ha, Jonas, Jost B, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Kim, Daniel, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Linn, Shai, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Meier, Toni, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Miller, Ted R, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mohammed, Shafiu, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nong, Vuong Minh, Pearson-Stuttard, Jonathan, Pishgar, Farhad, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Roba, Kedir Teji, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sobaih, Badr HA, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Szoeke, Cassandra EI, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Weintraub, Robert G, Wessly, Priscilla R, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wolfe, Charles DA, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Roth, Gregory A, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Ahmed, MB, Mokdad, AH, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Cardiovascular Disease Collaborators, Department of Neurosciences, Neurologian yksikkö, Clinicum, and HUS Neurocenter
Subjects: AFFORDABILITY, PERSONAL HEALTH-CARE, Health (social science), Heart disease, Eastern Mediterranean region, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, burden of disease, Global Health, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, Cardiovascular disease, Burden of disease, Eastern Mediterranean Region, 0302 clinical medicine, SAUDI-ARABIA, Risk Factors, cardiovascular disease, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, PREDICTORS, 2. Zero hunger, Middle East, Mediterranean Region, Middle Aged, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, MIDDLE-INCOME, Cholesterol, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Cardiovascular Diseases, MEDICINES, Hypertension, Original Article, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, INCOME COUNTRIES, ARÁBIA SAUDITA, business.industry, MORTALITY, AVAILABILITY, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Klinisk medicin, Middle income, medicine.disease, Quality-adjusted life year, Eastern mediterranean, Clinical Medicine, business, Body mass index
Abstract: Objectives To report the burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) during 1990–2015. Methods We used the 2015 Global Burden of Disease study for estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of different CVD in 22 countries of EMR. Results A total of 1.4 million CVD deaths (95% UI: 1.3–1.5) occurred in 2015 in the EMR, with the highest number of deaths in Pakistan (465,116) and the lowest number of deaths in Qatar (723). The age-standardized DALY rate per 100,000 decreased from 10,080 in 1990 to 8606 in 2015 (14.6% decrease). Afghanistan had the highest age-standardized DALY rate of CVD in both 1990 and 2015. Kuwait and Qatar had the lowest age-standardized DALY rates of CVD in 1990 and 2015, respectively. High blood pressure, high total cholesterol, and high body mass index were the leading risk factors for CVD. Conclusions The age-standardized DALY rates in the EMR are considerably higher than the global average. These findings call for a comprehensive approach to prevent and control the burden of CVD in the region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1012-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2018

27. Maternal mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean Region : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Khalil, Ibrahim, Collison, Michael, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Chew, Adrienne, Daoud, Farah, Krohn, Kristopher J, Colombara, Danny, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Kutz, Michael, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Ayele, Tadesse Awoke, Baernighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Boneya, Dube Jara, Borschmann, Rohan, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Butt, Zahid A, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Danawi, Hadi, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Doyle, Kerrie E, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Fekadu, Wubalem, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Maria Haro, Josep, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hsairi, Mohamed, Huang, Hsiang, Husseini, Abdullatif, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Spencer Lewis, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lee, Paul H, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Ricky, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Farid, Habibolah Masoudi, Mazidi, Mohsen, McGrath, John J, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mensah, George A, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miller, Ted R, Mitchell, Philip B, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Palomares Castillo, Elizabeth, Papachristou, Christina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Pervaiz, Aslam, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Refaat, Amany H, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiabadi, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Saylan, Mete I, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sobaih, Badr HA, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stein, Dan J, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah, Tabb, Karen M, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Topor-Madry, Roman, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, UCH. Departamento de Farmacia, Producción Científica UCH 2018, Mokdad, Ali H, Khalil, Ibrahim, Collison, Michael, El Bcheraou, Charbel, Ciobanu, Liliana G, and Murray, Christopher JL
Subjects: Adult, Burden of disease, Maternal mortality, medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Psychological intervention, SAÚDE DA MULHER, Global Health, maternal health, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Global Burden of Disease, Middle East, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, medicine, Global health, Journal Article, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Mediterranean Region, maternal mortality, business.industry, Public health, Age Factors, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Reproductive life, 3. Good health, Eastern mediterranean, Pregnant women - Mortality - Eastern Mediterranean, Standardized mortality ratio, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Life expectancy, Mujeres embarazadas - Mortalidad - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), Original Article, Female, Public Health, Maternal health, Morbidity, business
Abstract: Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la página web de la revista en la siguiente URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00038-017-1004-3 Este artículo forma parte del suplemento titulado "The state of health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015". Objectives Assessing the burden of maternal mortality is important for tracking progress and identifying public health gaps. This paper provides an overview of the burden of maternal mortality in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We used the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to explore maternal mortality in the EMR countries. Results The maternal mortality ratio in the EMR decreased 16.3% from 283 (241–328) maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 237 (188–293) in 2015. Maternal mortality ratio was strongly correlated with socio-demographic status, where the lowest-income countries contributed the most to the burden of maternal mortality in the region. Conclusion Progress in reducing maternal mortality in the EMR has accelerated in the past 15 years, but the burden remains high. Coordinated and rigorous efforts are needed to make sure that adequate and timely services and interventions are available for women at each stage of reproductive life.
Published: 2018

28. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Fullman, Nancy, Yearwood, Jamal, Abay, Solomon M., Abbafati, Cristiana, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abreu, Daisy M. X., Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Adane, Akilew Awoke, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agius, Dominic, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I., Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Aljunid, Syed M., Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Alomari, Mahmoud A., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amenu, Kebede, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Araujo, Valdelaine E. M., Aremu, Olatunde, Arnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Ashebir, Mengistu Mitiku, Asseffa, Netsanet Abera, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R., Atteraya, Madhu S., Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayalew, Animut Alebel, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayer, Rakesh, Ayuk, Tambe Betrand, Azzopardi, Peter, Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Amitava, Banstola, Amrit, Barber, Ryan M., Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H., Bassat, Quique, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Htet, Aung Soe, Kisa, Adnan, Norheim, Ole Frithjof, Savic, Miloje, Skirbekk, Vegard Fykse, Vollset, Stein Emil, Weiderpass, Elisabete, and Winkler, Andrea Sylvia
Abstract: Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0–100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8–98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9–97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5–97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1–24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3–23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2–26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1–93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4–53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6–68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3–38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view—and subsequent provision—of quality health care for all populations. publishedVersion
Published: 2018

29. The burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990-2015 : findings from the global burden of disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Charara, Raghid, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Collison, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J, Chew, Adrienne, Daoud, Farah, Charlson, Fiona J, Colombara, Danny, Degenhardt, Louisa, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Kutz, Michael, Leung, Janni, Santomauro, Damian, Wang, Haidong, Whiteford, Harvey A, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Yimam, Kedir, Beshir, Muktar, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Ayele, Tadesse Awoke, Baernighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Drew, Charles R, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Boneya, Dube Jara, Borschmann, Rohan, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Butt, Zahid A, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Danawi, Hadi, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Doyle, Kerrie E, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Fekadu, Wubalem, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Carvalho, Alessandra, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hsairi, Mohamed, Huang, Hsiang, Husseini, Abdullatif, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Spencer Lewis, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lee, Paul H, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Ricky, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Farid, Habibolah Masoudi, Mazidi, Mohsen, McGrath, John J, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miller, Ted R, Mitchell, Philip B, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Castillo, Elizabeth Palomares, Papachristou, Christina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pervaiz, Aslam, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Refaat, Amany H, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiabadi, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Saylan, Mete I, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sobaih, Badr HA, Stein, Dan J, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Topor-Madry, Roman, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zein, Bassel, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, UCH. Departamento de Farmacia, Producción Científica UCH 2018, Hay, S, Mokdad, Ali H, Charara, Raghid, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Ciobanu, Liliana G, and Murray, Christopher JL
Subjects: Male, Health (social science), Eastern Mediterranean region, Poison control, burden of disease, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Depression, Mental - Eastern Mediterranean, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Global health, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mental illness - Eastern Mediterranean, Mediterranean Region, Mental Disorders, Epidemiología psiquiátrica, Burden of disease, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Anxiety, Original Article, Mental health, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, medicine.symptom, mental health, Adult, Depressive disorders, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Anxiety - Eastern Mediterranean, Mental health - Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, anxiety disorders, Injury prevention, Journal Article, Humans, Depresión mental - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), Psychiatry, Disease burden, Aged, DEPRESSÃO, business.industry, Public health, Enfermedades mentales - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Salud mental - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), Ansiedad - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), 030227 psychiatry, Quality-adjusted life year, Psychiatric epidemiology, depressive disorders, business, Anxiety disorders
Abstract: Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la página web de la revista en la siguiente URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00038-017-1006-1 Este artículo forma parte del suplemento titulado "The state of health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015". Objectives. Mental disorders are among the leading causes of nonfatal burden of disease globally. Methods. We used the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2015 to examine the burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR). We defined mental disorders according to criteria proposed in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV and the 10th International Classification of Diseases. Results Mental disorders contributed to 4.7% (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 3.7–5.6%) of total disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), ranking as the ninth leading cause of disease burden. Depressive disorders and anxiety disorders were the third and ninth leading causes of nonfatal burden, respectively. Almost all countries in the EMR had higher age-standardized mental disorder DALYs rates compared to the global level, and in half of the EMR countries, observed mental disorder rates exceeded the expected values. Conclusions The burden of mental disorders in the EMR is higher than global levels, particularly for women. To properly address this burden, EMR governments should implement nationwide quality epidemiological surveillance of mental disorders and provide adequate prevention and treatment services.
Published: 2018

30. Adolescent health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region : findings from the global burden of disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Azzopardi, Peter, Cini, Karly, Kennedy, Elissa, Sawyer, Susan, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Khalil, Ibrahim, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Collison, Michael, Afifi, Rima A, Al-Raiby, Jamela, Krohn, Kristopher J, Daoud, Farah, Chew, Adrienne, Afshin, Ashkan, Foreman, Kyle J, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Liu, Patrick, Olsen, Helen E, Smith, Alison, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Wang, Haidong, Arnlov, Johan, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Butt, Zahid A, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Charlson, Fiona J, Danawi, Hadi, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Denno, Donna, Deribe, Kebede, Jarlais, Don C Des, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Djalalinia, Shirin, Erskine, Holly E, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Ferrari, Alize J, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gona, Philimon N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rajeev, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Maria Haro, Josep, Hay, Roderick J, Hearps, Stephen JC, Hendrie, Delia, Hotez, Peter J, Hu, Guoqing, Jonas, Jost B, Karch, Andre, Karimi, Seyed M, Kasaeian, Amir, Kebede, Seifu, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Anders, Leasher, Janet L, Leung, Janni, Li, Yongmei, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mitchell, Philip B, Monasta, Lorenzo, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Oh, In-Hwan, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Ortiz, Alberto, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Matti, Pereira, David M, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Reavley, Nicola, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Sadegh-Rezai, Mohammad, Rios-Zertuche, Diego, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Santomauro, Damian, Sartorius, Benn, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shiri, Rahman, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sobaih, Badr HA, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Whiteford, Harvey A, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Patton, George C, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany., Department of Public Health, Secure Systems research group / N. Asokan, and Clinicum
Subjects: Male, Health (social science), Nutrition and Disease, Laboratory of Virology, Poison control, Adolescent health, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Global Health, Occupational safety and health, Global Burden of Disease, Disasters, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Voeding en Ziekte, Prevalence, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, education.field_of_study, Middle East, Mediterranean Region, Mental Disorders, Smoking, 1. No poverty, Burden of disease, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, MEDITERRÂNEO, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Contraception, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, OBESITY, Original Article, Female, Public Health, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Population, OS Groenvoorziening, Developing country, Communicable Diseases, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Laboratorium voor Virologie, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, FUTURE, Environmental health, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, medicine, Humans, Noncommunicable Diseases, education, VLAG, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Klinisk medicin, Overweight, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, RISK-FACTORS, INJURIES, Morbidity, Clinical Medicine
Abstract: Objectives The 22 countries of the East Mediterranean Region (EMR) have large populations of adolescents aged 10–24 years. These adolescents are central to assuring the health, development, and peace of this region. We described their health needs. Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we report the leading causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents in the EMR from 1990 to 2015. We also report the prevalence of key health risk behaviors and determinants. Results Communicable diseases and the health consequences of natural disasters reduced substantially between 1990 and 2015. However, these gains have largely been offset by the health impacts of war and the emergence of non-communicable diseases (including mental health disorders), unintentional injury, and self-harm. Tobacco smoking and high body mass were common health risks amongst adolescents. Additionally, many EMR countries had high rates of adolescent pregnancy and unmet need for contraception. Conclusions Even with the return of peace and security, adolescents will have a persisting poor health profile that will pose a barrier to socioeconomic growth and development of the EMR. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1003-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2018

31. Spending on health and HIV/AIDS: domestic health spending and development assistance in 188 countries, 1995-2015

Author: Dieleman, Joseph L., Haakenstad, Annie, Micah, Angela, Moses, Mark, Abbafati, Cristiana, Acharya, Pawan, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Alam, Khurshid, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Ammar, Walid, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aremu, Olatunde, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayer, Rakesh, Badali, Hamid, Banach, Maciej, Banstola, Amrit, Barac, Aleksandra, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Birungi, Charles, Bragazzi, Nicola L., Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Car, Josip, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Chapin, Abigail, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daryani, Ahmad, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dubey, Manisha, Edessa, Dumessa, Eldrenkamp, Erika, Eshrati, Babak, Faro, Andre, Feigl, Andrea B., Fenny, Ama P., Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J., Fullman, Nancy, Ghimire, Mamata, Goli, Srinivas, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hamidi, Samer, Harb, Hilda L., Hay, Simon I., Hendrie, Delia, Ikilezi, Gloria, Javanbakht, Mehdi, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B., Kaldjian, Alexander, Kasaeian, Amir, Kates, Jennifer, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinge, Jonas M., Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J., Kumar, G. Anil, Lam, Hilton, Listl, Stefan, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Atte, Miller, Ted R., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mlashu, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Mohammed, Ebrahim, Mohammed, Shafiu, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nangia, Vinay, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Niriayo, Yirga, Noroozi, Mehdi, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Pereira, David M., Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ray, Sarah E., Reiner, Robert C., Sadat, Nafis, Sajadi, Haniye Sadat, Santos, Joao Vasco, Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Schneider, Matthew, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharif, Mehdi, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Sisay, Mekonnen, Soneji, Samir, Soofi, Moslem, Tadesse, Andualem Henok, Tao, Tianchan, Templin, Tara, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Thapa, Subash, Thomson, Alan J., Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Bach Xuan Tran, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Tung Thanh Tran, Tung Thanh Tran, Undurraga, Eduardo A., Vasankari, Tommi, Violante, Francesco S., Wijeratne, Tissa, Xu, Gelin, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhou, Lei, Zlavog, Bianca, Murray, Christopher J. L., Dieleman, Joseph L, Haakenstad, Annie, Micah, Angela, Moses, Mark, Abbafati, Cristiana, Acharya, Pawan, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar, Alam, Khurshid, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Ammar, Walid, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aremu, Olatunde, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayer, Rakesh, Badali, Hamid, Banach, Maciej, Banstola, Amrit, Barac, Aleksandra, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Birungi, Charle, Bragazzi, Nicola L, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Car, Josip, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chapin, Abigail, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daryani, Ahmad, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dubey, Manisha, Edessa, Dumessa, Eldrenkamp, Erika, Eshrati, Babak, Faro, André, Feigl, Andrea B, Fenny, Ama P, Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Fullman, Nancy, Ghimire, Mamata, Goli, Sriniva, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hamidi, Samer, Harb, Hilda L, Hay, Simon I, Hendrie, Delia, Ikilezi, Gloria, Javanbakht, Mehdi, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B, Kaldjian, Alexander, Kasaeian, Amir, Kates, Jennifer, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinge, Jonas M, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Lam, Hilton, Listl, Stefan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Miller, Ted R, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mlashu, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Mohammed, Ebrahim, Mohammed, Shafiu, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nangia, Vinay, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Niriayo, Yirga, Noroozi, Mehdi, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Pereira, David M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ray, Sarah E, Reiner, Robert C, Sadat, Nafi, Sajadi, Haniye Sadat, Santos, João Vasco, Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Schneider, Matthew, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharif, Mehdi, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Sisay, Mekonnen, Soneji, Samir, Soofi, Moslem, Tadesse, Henok, Tao, Tianchan, Templin, Tara, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Thapa, Subash, Thomson, Alan J, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tran, Tung Thanh, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Vasankari, Tommi, Violante, Francesco S, Wijeratne, Tissa, Xu, Gelin, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhou, Lei, Zlavog, Bianca, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: Financing, Government, Medicine (all), HIV, International Agencies, HIV Infections, Infections, Global Health, Article, spending across disease, health spending by source, spatiotemporal Gaussian regression, Animals, Domestic, Animals, Health Resources, Humans, Economic Development, Health Expenditures, Developing Countries
Abstract: Background Comparable estimates of health spending are crucial for the assessment of health systems and to optimally deploy health resources. The methods used to track health spending continue to evolve, but little is known about the distribution of spending across diseases. We developed improved estimates of health spending by source, including development assistance for health, and, for the first time, estimated HIV/AIDS spending on prevention and treatment and by source of funding, for 188 countries. Methods We collected published data on domestic health spending, from 1995 to 2015, from a diverse set of international agencies. We tracked development assistance for health from 1990 to 2017. We also extracted 5385 datapoints about HIV/AIDS spending, between 2000 and 2015, from online databases, country reports, and proposals submitted to multilateral organisations. We used spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to generate complete and comparable estimates for health and HIV/AIDS spending. We report most estimates in 2017 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars and adjust all estimates for the effect of inflation. Findings Between 1995 and 2015, global health spending per capita grew at an annualised rate of 3.1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3.1 to 3.2), with growth being largest in upper-middle-income countries (5.4% per capita [UI 5.3-5.5]) and lower-middle-income countries (4.2% per capita [4.2-4.3]). In 2015, $9.7 trillion (9.7 trillion to 9.8 trillion) was spent on health worldwide. High-income countries spent $6.5 trillion (6.4 trillion to 6.5 trillion) or 66.3% (66.0 to 66.5) of the total in 2015, whereas low-income countries spent $70.3 billion (69.3 billion to 71.3 billion) or 0.7% (0.7 to 0.7). Between 1990 and 2017, development assistance for health increased by 394.7% ($29.9 billion), with an estimated $37.4 billion of development assistance being disbursed for health in 2017, of which $9.1 billion (24.2%) targeted HIV/AIDS. Between 2000 and 2015, $562.6 billion (531.1 billion to 621.9 billion) was spent on HIV/AIDS worldwide. Governments financed 57.6% (52.0 to 60.8) of that total. Global HIV/AIDS spending peaked at 49.7 billion (46.2-54.7) in 2013, decreasing to $48.9 billion (45.2 billion to 54.2 billion) in 2015. That year, low-income and lower-middle-income countries represented 74.6% of all HIV/AIDS disability-adjusted life-years, but just 36.6% (34.4 to 38.7) of total HIV/AIDS spending. In 2015, $9.3 billion (8.5 billion to 10.4 billion) or 19.0% (17.6 to 20.6) of HIV/AIDS financing was spent on prevention, and $27.3 billion (24.5 billion to 31.1 billion) or 55.8% (53.3 to 57.9) was dedicated to care and treatment. Interpretation From 1995 to 2015, total health spending increased worldwide, with the fastest per capita growth in middle-income countries. While these national disparities are relatively well known, low-income countries spent less per person on health and HIV/AIDS than did high-income and middle-income countries. Furthermore, declines in development assistance for health continue, including for HIV/AIDS. Additional cuts to development assistance could hasten this decline, and risk slowing progress towards global and national goals. Copyright (c) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2017

32. Evaluation of a digital platform for osteoarthritis treatment: study protocol for a randomised clinical study

Author: Nero, Håkan, primary, Ranstam, Jonas, additional, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, additional, and Dahlberg, Leif E, additional
Published: 2018
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33. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O., Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibthiel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aiyar, Sneha, Akanda, Shafqat, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alabed, Samer, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed M., Alkaabi, Juma M., Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allam, Shalini D., Allebeck, Peter, Kivimaki, Mika, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Weiderpass, Elisabete, GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators, Clinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Department of Neurosciences, Neurologian yksikkö, Department of Surgery, Department of Oncology, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, and HUS Neurocenter
Subjects: INCOME, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, SURVIVAL, DEATH, 3112 Neurosciences, HIV, ALCOHOL, CHILD-MORTALITY, HEALTH, DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES, RUSSIAN MORTALITY, METAANALYSIS, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health
Abstract: Background Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Methods We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0.5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Sociodemographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. Findings Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86.9 years (95% UI 86.7-87.2), and for men in Singapore, at 81.3 years (78.8-83.7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap between male and female life expectancy increased with progression to higher levels of SDI. Some countries with exceptional health performance in 1990 in terms of the difference in observed to expected life expectancy at birth had slower progress on the same measure in 2016. Interpretation Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Countries that now lead in terms of having higher observed life expectancy than that expected on the basis of development alone, or locations that have either increased this advantage or rapidly decreased the deficit from expected levels, could provide insight into the means to accelerate progress in nations where progress has stalled. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2017

34. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Hay, Simon I., Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Ackerman, Ilana N., Adedeji, Isaac A., Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M., Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Kivimaki, Mika, Lallukka, Tea, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Weiderpass, Elisabete, GBD 2016 DALYs HALE Collaborators, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, Department of Public Health, Center for Population, Health and Society, Department of Neurosciences, Neurologian yksikkö, Department of Surgery, Department of Oncology, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, and HUS Neurocenter
Subjects: AFRICA, AUSTRALIA, PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM, MORTALITY, WEIGHTS, 3122 Cancers, EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, 3112 Neurosciences, HIV, ASSOCIATION, THERAPY, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, PREVALENCE, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine
Abstract: Background Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75.2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71.9-78.6) for females and 72.0 years (68.8-75.1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45.6 years [42.0-49.5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41.5 years [39.0-44.0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6.24 years (5.97-6.48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6.04 years (5.74-6.27) for males and 6.49 years (6.08-6.77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1.78 years (1.61-1.93) for males and 1.96 years (1.69-2.13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2.3% [-5.9 to 0.9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16.1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2017

35. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: An analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Fullman, Nancy, Barber, Ryan M., Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Ansari, Hossein, Anwari, Palwasha, Arora, Megha, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Hoek, Hans W., van Boven, Job F. M., Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC)
Subjects: SYSTEMS, MORTALITY, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, 40-PERCENT, PREPAID PRIVATE, CARE, GOVERNMENT, COVERAGE, CHINA, MEXICO
Abstract: Background The UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of "leaving no one behind". Understanding today's gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990-2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030. Methods We used standardised GBD 2016 methods to measure 37 health-related indicators from 1990 to 2016, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2015. We substantially revised the universal health coverage (UHC) measure, which focuses on coverage of essential health services, to also represent personal health-care access and quality for several non-communicable diseases. We transformed each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2.5th percentile estimated between 1990 and 2030, and 100 as the 97.5th percentile during that time. An index representing all 37 health-related SDG indicators was constructed by taking the geometric mean of scaled indicators by target. On the basis of past trends, we produced projections of indicator values, using a weighted average of the indicator and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2016 with weights for each annual rate of change based on out-of-sample validity. 24 of the currently measured health-related SDG indicators have defined SDG targets, against which we assessed attainment. Findings Globally, the median health-related SDG index was 56.7 (IQR 31.9-66.8) in 2016 and country-level performance markedly varied, with Singapore (86.8, 95% uncertainty interval 84.6-88.9), Iceland (86.0, 84.1-87.6), and Sweden (85.6, 81.8-87.8) having the highest levels in 2016 and Afghanistan (10.9, 9.6-11.9), the Central African Republic (11.0, 8.8-13.8), and Somalia (11.3, 9.5-13.1) recording the lowest. Between 2000 and 2016, notable improvements in the UHC index were achieved by several countries, including Cambodia, Rwanda, Equatorial Guinea, Laos, Turkey, and China; however, a number of countries, such as Lesotho and the Central African Republic, but also high-income countries, such as the USA, showed minimal gains. Based on projections of past trends, the median number of SDG targets attained in 2030 was five (IQR 2-8) of the 24 defined targets currently measured. Globally, projected target attainment considerably varied by SDG indicator, ranging from more than 60% of countries projected to reach targets for under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria, to less than 5% of countries projected to achieve targets linked to 11 indicator targets, including those for childhood overweight, tuberculosis, and road injury mortality. For several of the health-related SDGs, meeting defined targets hinges upon substantially faster progress than what most countries have achieved in the past. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides an updated and expanded evidence base on where the world currently stands in terms of the health-related SDGs. Our improved measure of UHC offers a basis to monitor the expansion of health services necessary to meet the SDGs. Based on past rates of progress, many places are facing challenges in meeting defined health-related SDG targets, particularly among countries that are the worst off. In view of the early stages of SDG implementation, however, opportunity remains to take actions to accelerate progress, as shown by the catalytic effects of adopting the Millennium Development Goals after 2000. With the SDGs' broader, bolder development agenda, multisectoral commitments and investments are vital to make the health-related SDGs within reach of all populations. Copyright The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article published under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2017

36. Danger ahead: the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2015

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Khalil, Ibrahim, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Collison, Michael, Daoud, Farah, Krohn, Kristopher J, Chew, Adrienne, Biryukov, Stan, Casey, Daniel, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J, Cornaby, Leslie, Dicker, Daniel, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle J, Fraser, Maya, Frostad, Joseph, Godwin, William W, Griswold, Max, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kemmer, Laura, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Leung, Janni, Liu, Patrick, Mikesell, Joseph, Nguyen, Grant, Olsen, Helen E, Reiner, Robert, Reitsma, Marissa, Roth, Gregory, Santomauro, Damian, Smith, Alison, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Sur, Patrick, Wang, Haidong, Whiteford, Harvey A, Afifi, Rima, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Anwari, Palwasha, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Bacha, Umar, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bisanzio, Donal, Butt, Zahid A, Deribew, Amare, Djalalinia, Shirin, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farvid, Maryam S, Chan, Harvard TH, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamidi, Samer, Hotez, Peter J, Hsairi, Mohamed, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef S, Khan, Ejaz A, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khoja, Abdullah TA, Khoja, Tawfik AM, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kopec, Jacek A, Larson, Heidi J, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Memish, Ziad A, Mensah, George A, Nasher, Jamal T, Obermeyer, Carla M, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, David L, Rawaf, Salman, Refaat, Amany H, Rezaei, Satar, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood A, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sobaih, Badr HA, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah S, Topor-Madry, Roman, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vollset, Stein Emil, Werdecker, Andrea, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yaseri, Mehdi, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Hay, Simon I, Murray, Christopher JL, and Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Poison control, Nutritional Status, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Disease, Global Health, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Disability-adjusted life years, Child Nutrition Disorders, Occupational safety and health, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Middle East, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Neoplasms, Injury prevention, medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Risk factor, Child, Noncommunicable Diseases, Cause of death, 2. Zero hunger, Injuries, business.industry, Mediterranean Region, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Burden of disease, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Diet, Malnutrition, Risk factors, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Original Article, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, business
Abstract: Objectives The Eastern Mediterranean Region faces several health challenges at a difficult time with wars, unrest, and economic change. Methods We used the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to present the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the Eastern Mediterranean Region from 1990 to 2015. Results Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of death in the region in 2015, followed by cerebrovascular disease. Changes in total deaths ranged from a reduction of 25% for diarrheal diseases to an increase of about 42% for diabetes and tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer. Collective violence and legal intervention increased by 850% during the time period. Diet was the leading risk factor for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for men compared to maternal malnutrition for females. Childhood undernutrition was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 1990 and 2005, but the second in 2015 after high blood pressure. Conclusions Our study shows that the region is facing several health challenges and calls for global efforts to stabilise the region and to address the current and future burden of disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1017-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2017

37. International Journal of Public Health

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Wang, Haidong, Charara, Raghid, Khalil, Ibrahim, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Collison, Michael, Daoud, Farah, Chew, Adrienne, Krohn, Kristopher J, Carter, Austin, Foreman, Kyle J, He, Fei, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kutz, Michael, Mirarefin, Mojde, Nguyen, Grant, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Adane, Kelemework, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Ayele, Tadesse Awoke, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Baernighausen, Till, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bessong, Pascal Obong, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Birungi, Charles, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Danawi, Hadi, das Neves, Jose, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doyle, Kerrie E, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eshrati, Babak, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Fischer, Florian, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Gona, Philimon N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Horita, Nobuyuki, Husseini, Abdullatif, Ibrahim, Ahmed, James, Spencer Lewis, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Markos, Desalegn, Farid, Habibolah Masoudi, Mehari, Alem, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Moore, Ami R, Mumtaz, Ghina R, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negin, Joel, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ota, Erika, Pereira, David M, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sibamo, Ephrem Lejore Sibamo, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sobaih, Badr HA, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sykes, Bryan L, Taveira, Nuno, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Shifa, Girma Temam, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tesssema, Belay, Topor-Madry, Roman, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wadilo, Fiseha, Wakayo, Tolassa, Alebachew, Minyahil, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde
Subjects: Health (social science), HIV Infections, Global Health, Mediterranean Region / epidemiology, Global Burden of Disease, HIV Infections / epidemiology, 0302 clinical medicine, Prevalence, 030212 general & internal medicine, Global Burden of Disease / statistics & numerical data, education.field_of_study, HIV mortality, Mediterranean Region, Mortality rate, Burden of disease, MEDITERRÂNEO, 3. Good health, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Original Article, Public Health, Life Expectancy / trends, 0305 other medical science, medicine.medical_specialty, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / epidemiology, Population, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / economics, Eastern Mediterranean Region, 03 medical and health sciences, Middle East, Life Expectancy, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), medicine, Humans, Mortality, education, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 030505 public health, business.industry, Public health, Body Weight, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, HIV, Sequela, medicine.disease, Years of potential life lost, Life expectancy, Morbidity, business, HIV Infections / economics, Demography, Middle East / epidemiology
Abstract: Objectives We used the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to estimate trends of HIV/AIDS burden in Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries between 1990 and 2015. Methods Tailored estimation methods were used to produce final estimates of mortality. Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated by multiplying the mortality rate by population by age-specific life expectancy. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were computed as the prevalence of a sequela multiplied by its disability weight. Results In 2015, the rate of HIV/AIDS deaths in the EMR was 1.8 (1.4–2.5) per 100,000 population, a 43% increase from 1990 (0.3; 0.2–0.8). Consequently, the rate of YLLs due to HIV/AIDS increased from 15.3 (7.6–36.2) per 100,000 in 1990 to 81.9 (65.3–114.4) in 2015. The rate of YLDs increased from 1.3 (0.6–3.1) in 1990 to 4.4 (2.7–6.6) in 2015. Conclusions HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality increased in the EMR since 1990. To reverse this trend and achieve epidemic control, EMR countries should strengthen HIV surveillance, and scale up HIV antiretroviral therapy and comprehensive prevention services. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1023-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2017

38. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015 : a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Barber, Ryan M., Fullman, Nancy, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Bollyky, Thomas, McKee, Martin, Nolte, Ellen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abreha, Girmatsion Fisseha, Adane, Kelemework, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O., Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Agarwal, Sunilkumar, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alexander, Lily, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Lallukka, Tea, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Weiderpass, Elisabete, GBD 2015 Healthcare Access Quality, Clinicum, Department of Public Health, Center for Population, Health and Society, University of Helsinki, Department of Surgery, Department of Oncology, II kirurgian klinikka, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, and HUS Neurocenter
Subjects: AVOIDABLE MORTALITY, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, DEATH, COMPARATIVE RISK-ASSESSMENT, UNITED-STATES, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 3126 Surgery, anesthesiology, intensive care, radiology, EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, TRENDS, MEDICAL-CARE
Abstract: Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r= 0.88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r= 0.83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r= 0.77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28.6 to 94.6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40.7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39.0-42.8) in 1990 to 53.7 (52.2-55.4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21.2 in 1990 to 20.1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73.8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-systemcharacteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2017

39. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Afshin, Ashkan, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, and Szoeke, Cassandra
Abstract: Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22 717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined. Findings Since 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men were smoking (124·1 million DALYs [95% UI 111·2 million to 137·0 million]), high systolic blood pressure (122·2 million DALYs [110·3 million to 133·3 million], and low birthweight and short gestation (83·0 million DALYs [78·3 million to 87·7 million]), and for women, were high systolic blood pressure (89·9 million DALYs [80·9 million to 98·2 million]), high body-mass index (64·8 million DALYs [44·4 million to 87·6 million]), and high fasting plasma glucose (63·8 million DALYs [53·2 million to 76·3 million]). In 2016 in 113 countries, the leading risk factor in terms of attributable DALYs was a metabolic risk factor. Smoking remained among the leading five risk factors for DALYs for 109 countries, while low birthweight and short gestation was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 38 countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In terms of important drivers of change in trends of burden attributable to risk factors, between 2006 and 2016 exposure to risks explains an 9·3% (6·9–11·6) decline in deaths and a 10·8% (8·3–13·1) decrease in DALYs at the global level, while population ageing accounts for 14·9% (12·7–17·5) of deaths and 6·2% (3·9–8·7) of DALYs, and population growth for 12·4% (10·1–14·9) of deaths and 12·4% (10·1–14·9) of DALYs. The largest contribution of trends in risk exposure to disease burden is seen between ages 1 year and 4 years, where a decline of 27·3% (24·9–29·7) of the change in DALYs between 2006 and 2016 can be attributed to declines in exposure to risks. Interpretation Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the RRs for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends. Metabolic risks warrant particular policy attention, due to their large contribution to global disease burden, increasing trends, and variable patterns across countries at the same level of development. GBD 2016 findings show that, while it has huge potential to improve health, risk modification has played a relatively small part in the past decade. Funding The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Bloomberg Philanthropies.
Published: 2017

40. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related sustainable development goals in 188 countries: An analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: GBD 2016 SDG Collaborators, Fullman, Nancy, Barber, Ryan M., Abajobir, Amanuel A., Abate, Kalkidan H., Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., and Szoeke, Cassandra
Abstract: Background The UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of “leaving no one behind”. Understanding today's gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990–2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030. Methods We used standardised GBD 2016 methods to measure 37 health-related indicators from 1990 to 2016, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2015. We substantially revised the universal health coverage (UHC) measure, which focuses on coverage of essential health services, to also represent personal health-care access and quality for several non-communicable diseases. We transformed each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile estimated between 1990 and 2030, and 100 as the 97·5th percentile during that time. An index representing all 37 health-related SDG indicators was constructed by taking the geometric mean of scaled indicators by target. On the basis of past trends, we produced projections of indicator values, using a weighted average of the indicator and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2016 with weights for each annual rate of change based on out-of-sample validity. 24 of the currently measured health-related SDG indicators have defined SDG targets, against which we assessed attainment. Findings Globally, the median health-related SDG index was 56·7 (IQR 31·9–66·8) in 2016 and country-level performance markedly varied, with Singapore (86·8, 95% uncertainty interval 84·6–88·9), Iceland (86·0, 84·1–87·6), and Sweden (85·6, 81·8–87·8) having the highest levels in 2016 and Afghanistan (10·9, 9·6–11·9), the Central African Republic (11·0, 8·8–13·8), and Somalia (11·3, 9·5–13·1) recording the lowest. Between 2000 and 2016, notable improvements in the UHC index were achieved by several countries, including Cambodia, Rwanda, Equatorial Guinea, Laos, Turkey, and China; however, a number of countries, such as Lesotho and the Central African Republic, but also high-income countries, such as the USA, showed minimal gains. Based on projections of past trends, the median number of SDG targets attained in 2030 was five (IQR 2–8) of the 24 defined targets currently measured. Globally, projected target attainment considerably varied by SDG indicator, ranging from more than 60% of countries projected to reach targets for under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria, to less than 5% of countries projected to achieve targets linked to 11 indicator targets, including those for childhood overweight, tuberculosis, and road injury mortality. For several of the health-related SDGs, meeting defined targets hinges upon substantially faster progress than what most countries have achieved in the past. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides an updated and expanded evidence base on where the world currently stands in terms of the health-related SDGs. Our improved measure of UHC offers a basis to monitor the expansion of health services necessary to meet the SDGs. Based on past rates of progress, many places are facing challenges in meeting defined health-related SDG targets, particularly among countries that are the worst off. In view of the early stages of SDG implementation, however, opportunity remains to take actions to accelerate progress, as shown by the catalytic effects of adopting the Millennium Development Goals after 2000. With the SDGs' broader, bolder development agenda, multisectoral commitments and investments are vital to make the health-related SDGs within reach of all populations. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2017

41. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, Hay, Simon I., Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Ackerman, Ilana N., Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibithel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, and Szoeke, Cassandra
Abstract: Background Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9–78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8–75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0–49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0–44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97–6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74–6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08–6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61–1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69–2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (–2·3% [–5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2017

42. The burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013

Author: Charara, Raghid, Forouzanfar, Mohammad, Naghavi, Mohsen, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Vos, Theo, Daoud, Farah, Wang, Haidong, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Al-Hamad, Nawal, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Rafay, Anwar, Asghar, Rana, Rana, Saleem M., Shaheen, Amira, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Al Rayess, Zulfa A., AlBuhairan, Fadia S., Hsairi, Mohamed, Alomari, Mahmoud A., Ali, Raghib, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Hamidi, Samer, Refaat, Amany H., Westerman, Ronny, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Akanda, Ali S., Ali, Syed Danish, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Faghmous, Imad A. D., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Jonas, Jost B., Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Mehari, Alem, Omer, Saad B., Pourmalek, Farshad, Uthman, Olalekan A., Mokdad, Ali A., Maalouf, Fadi T., Abd-Allah, Foad, Akseer, Nadia, Arya, Dinesh, Borschmann, Rohan, Brazinova, Alexandra, Brugha, Traolach S., Catalá-López, Ferrán, Degenhardt, Louisa, Ferrari, Alize, Haro, Josep Maria, Horino, Masako, Hornberger, John C., Huang, Hsiang, Kieling, Christian Costa, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yunjin, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Mitchell, Philip B., Patton, George, Sagar, Rajesh, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savuon, Kim, Seedat, Soraya, Shiue, Ivy, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Stein, Dan J., Tabb, Karen M., Whiteford, Harvey A., Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Murray, Christopher J. L., and Mokdad, Ali H.
Subjects: Depressão, Transtornos mentais
Abstract: The Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is witnessing an increase in chronic disorders, including mental illness. With ongoing unrest, this is expected to rise. This is the first study to quantify the burden of mental disorders in the EMR. We used data from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD) 2013. DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) allow assessment of both premature mortality (years of life lost±YLLs) and nonfatal outcomes (years lived with disability±YLDs). DALYs are computed by adding YLLs and YLDs for each age-sex-country group. In 2013, mental disorders contributed to 5.6% of the total disease burden in the EMR (1894 DALYS/100,000 population): 2519 DALYS/100,000 (2590/100,000 males, 2426/ 100,000 females) in high-income countries, 1884 DALYS/100,000 (1618/100,000 males, 2157/100,000 females) in middle-income countries, 1607 DALYS/100,000 (1500/100,000 males, 1717/100,000 females) in low-income countries. Females had a greater proportion of burden due to mental disorders than did males of equivalent ages, except for those under 15 years of age. The highest proportion of DALYs occurred in the 25±49 age group, with a peak in the 35±39 years age group (5344 DALYs/100,000). The burden of mental disorders in EMR increased from 1726 DALYs/100,000 in 1990 to 1912 DALYs/100,000 in 2013 (10.8% increase). Within the mental disorders group in EMR, depressive disorders accounted for most DALYs, followed by anxiety disorders. Among EMR countries, Palestine had the largest burden of mental disorders. Nearly all EMR countries had a higher mental disorder burden compared to the global level. Our findings call for EMR ministries of health to increase provision of mental health services and to address the stigma of mental illness. Moreover, our results showing the accelerating burden of mental health are alarming as the region is seeing an increased level of instability. Indeed, mental health problems, if not properly addressed, will lead to an increased burden of diseases in the region.
Published: 2017

43. Future and potential spending on health 2015-40: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

Author: Dieleman, Joseph L., Campbell, Madeline, Chapin, Abigail, Eldrenkamp, Erika, Fan, Victoria Y., Haakenstad, Annie, Kates, Jennifer, Li, Zhiyin, Matyasz, Taylor, Micah, Angela, Reynolds, Alex, Sadat, Nafis, Schneider, Matthew T., Sorensen, Reed, Abbas, Kaja M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Alam, Khurshid, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Barac, Aleksandra, Berheto, Tezera Moshago, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, Birungi, Charles, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Estanislao Castro, Ruben, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dubey, Manisha, Faro, Ande, Feigl, Andrea B., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. Anderson, Foigt, Nataliya, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gupta, Rahul, Hamidi, Samer, Harb, Hilda L., Hay, Simon I., Hendrie, Delia, Horino, Masako, Jurisson, Mikk, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Javanbakht, Mehdi, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B., Karimi, Seyed M., Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinge, Jonas M., Krohn, Kristopher J., Kumar, G. Anil, Leung, Ricky, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Meretoja, Atte, Miller, Ted R., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mohammed, Shafiu, Molla, Gedefaw, Nangia, Vinay, Olgiati, Stefano, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Patel, Tejas, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Pereira, David M., Perelman, Julian, Polinder, Suzanne, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Savic, Miloje, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Te Ao, Braden J., Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Thomson, Alan J., Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Undurraga, Eduardo A., Vargas, Veronica, Vasankari, Tommi, Violante, Francesco S., Wijeratne, Tissa, Xu, Gelin, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Murray, Christopher J. L., Department of Neurosciences, Neurologian yksikkö, Clinicum, and HUS Neurocenter
Subjects: INCOME, Science & Technology, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, DEMAND, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, PAYMENTS, INSURANCE, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, CHOICE, MEDICAL-CARE, POVERTY
Abstract: Background The amount of resources, particularly prepaid resources, available for health can affect access to health care and health outcomes. Although health spending tends to increase with economic development, tremendous variation exists among health financing systems. Estimates of future spending can be beneficial for policy makers and planners, and can identify financing gaps. In this study, we estimate future gross domestic product (GDP), all-sector government spending, and health spending disaggregated by source, and we compare expected future spending to potential future spending. Methods We extracted GDP, government spending in 184 countries from 1980-2015, and health spend data from 1995-2014. We used a series of ensemble models to estimate future GDP, all-sector government spending, development assistance for health, and government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending through 2040. We used frontier analyses to identify patterns exhibited by the countries that dedicate the most funding to health, and used these frontiers to estimate potential health spending for each low-income or middle-income country. All estimates are inflation and purchasing power adjusted. Findings We estimated that global spending on health will increase from US$9.21 trillion in 2014 to $24.24 trillion (uncertainty interval [UI] 20.47-29.72) in 2040. We expect per capita health spending to increase fastest in upper-middle-income countries, at 5.3% (UI 4.1-6.8) per year. This growth is driven by continued growth in GDP, government spending, and government health spending. Lower-middle income countries are expected to grow at 4.2% (3.8-4.9). High-income countries are expected to grow at 2.1% (UI 1.8-2.4) and low-income countries are expected to grow at 1.8% (1.0-2.8). Despite this growth, health spending per capita in low-income countries is expected to remain low, at $154 (UI 133-181) per capita in 2030 and $195 (157-258) per capita in 2040. Increases in national health spending to reach the level of the countries who spend the most on health, relative to their level of economic development, would mean $321 (157-258) per capita was available for health in 2040 in low-income countries. Interpretation Health spending is associated with economic development but past trends and relationships suggest that spending will remain variable, and low in some low-resource settings. Policy change could lead to increased health spending, although for the poorest countries external support might remain essential.
Published: 2017

44. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O., Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aiyar, Sneha, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, and Szoeke, Cassandra E. I.
Abstract: Background Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Methods We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15–60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. Findings Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5–24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates—a measure of relative inequality—increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7–87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8–83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap between male and female life expectancy increased with progression to higher levels of SDI. Some countries with exceptional health performance in 1990 in terms of the difference in observed to expected life expectancy at birth had slower progress on the same measure in 2016. Interpretation Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Countries that now lead in terms of having higher observed life expectancy than that expected on the basis of development alone, or locations that have either increased this advantage or rapidly decreased the deficit from expected levels, could provide insight into the means to accelerate progress in nations where progress has stalled. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health.
Published: 2017

45. Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries : a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Lim, Stephen S., Allen, Kate, Bhutta, Zulficiar A., Dandona, Lalit, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Goldberg, Ellen M., Hay, Simon I., Holmberg, Mollie, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kutz, Michael J., Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, McNellan, Claire R., Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Naghavi, Mohsen, Olsen, Helen E., Pigott, David M., Salomon, Joshua A., Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Weiderpass, Elisabete, GBD 2015 SDG Collaborators, Department of Surgery, and Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics
Subjects: MORTALITY, OFFLINE, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, MANAGEMENT, SDG, MENTAL-HEALTH, PROGRESS, MALARIA CONTROL, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health
Abstract: Background In September, 2015, the UN General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs specify 17 universal goals, 169 targets, and 230 indicators leading up to 2030. We provide an analysis of 33 health-related SDG indicators based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015). Methods We applied statistical methods to systematically compiled data to estimate the performance of 33 health-related SDG indicators for 188 countries from 1990 to 2015. We rescaled each indicator on a scale from 0 (worst observed value between 1990 and 2015) to 100 (best observed). Indices representing all 33 health-related SDG indicators (health-related SDG index), health-related SDG indicators included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG index), and health-related indicators not included in the MDGs (non-MDG index) were computed as the geometric mean of the rescaled indicators by SDG target. We used spline regressions to examine the relations between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI, a summary measure based on average income per person, educational attainment, and total fertility rate) and each of the health-related SDG indicators and indices. Findings In 2015, the median health-related SDG index was 59.3 (95% uncertainty interval 56.8-61.8) and varied widely by country, ranging from 85.5 (84.2-86.5) in Iceland to 20.4 (15.4-24.9) in Central African Republic. SDI was a good predictor of the health-related SDG index (r(2) = 0.88) and the MDG index (r(2) = 0.2), whereas the non-MDG index had a weaker relation with SDI (r(2) = 0.79). Between 2000 and 2015, the health-related SDG index improved by a median of 7.9 (IQR 5.0-10.4), and gains on the MDG index (a median change of 10.0 [6.7-13.1]) exceeded that of the non-MDG index (a median change of 5.5 [2.1-8.9]). Since 2000, pronounced progress occurred for indicators such as met need with modern contraception, under-5 mortality, and neonatal mortality, as well as the indicator for universal health coverage tracer interventions. Moderate improvements were found for indicators such as HIV and tuberculosis incidence, minimal changes for hepatitis B incidence took place, and childhood overweight considerably worsened. Interpretation GBD provides an independent, comparable avenue for monitoring progress towards the health-related SDGs. Our analysis not only highlights the importance of income, education, and fertility as drivers of health improvement but also emphasises that investments in these areas alone will not be sufficient. Although considerable progress on the health-related MDG indicators has been made, these gains will need to be sustained and, in many cases, accelerated to achieve the ambitious SDG targets. The minimal improvement in or worsening of health-related indicators beyond the MDGs highlight the need for additional resources to effectively address the expanded scope of the health-related SDGs.
Published: 2016

46. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Barber, Ryan M, Fullman, Nancy, Sorensen, Reed J D, Bollyky, Thomas, McKee, Martin, Nolte, Ellen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abreha, Girmatsion Fisseha, Adane, Kelemework, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Agarwal, Sunilkumar, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alexander, Lily, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amo-Adjei, Joshu, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anderson, Benjamin O, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Assadi, Reza, Astatkie, Ayalew, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atique, Suleman, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayele, Nebiyu Negussu, Azzopardi, Peter, Saleem, Huda Omer Ba, Bärnighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Baye, Kaleab, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bernal, Oscar Alberto, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Bose, Dipan, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Butt, Zahid A, Cárdenas, Rosario, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Car, Josip, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Casey, Daniel, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cecilio, Pedro, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Z, Chew, Adrienne, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Coggeshall, Megan S, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, De Leo, Diego, Del Gobbo, Liana C, del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Enayati, Ahmadali, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fürst, Thomas, Faghmous, Imad D A, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, João C, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thomas D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Franklin, Richard C, Frostad, Joseph, G/hiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gao, Wayne, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremichael, Mengistu Welday, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelaye, Amha Admasie, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Gibney, Katherine B, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gold, Audra, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Greaves, Felix, Griswold, Max, Guban, Peter Imre, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hakuzimana, Alex, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Hay, Simon I, Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Huntley, Bethany M, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Innos, Kaire, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, James, Spencer Lewis, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine, Johnson, Sarah C, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimi, Seyed M, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kerbo, Amene Abebe, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolk, Anneli, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Krohn, Kristopher J, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kumsa, Fekede Asefa, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lager, Anton Carl Jonas, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D, Lorch, Scott A, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Mackay, Mark T, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Marks, Guy B, Marquez, Neal, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Massano, João, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J, McNellan, Claire, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Meier, Toni, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memish, Ziad A, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengiste, Desalegn Tadese, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Mills, Edward J, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohanty, Sanjay K, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Moses, Mark, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagata, Chie, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Negoi, Ionut, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Grant, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nolte, Sandra, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olivares, Pedro R, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Osman, Majdi, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda W, Pakhale, Smita, Castillo, Elizabeth Palomares, Pana, Adrian, Papachristou, Christina, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Tejas, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paul, Vinod K, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Prakash, V, Purwar, Manorama, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quistberg, D Alex, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Rao, Puja C, Rawaf, Salman, Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago, Reitsma, Marissa, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Nawal K, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Seid, Abdulbasit Musa, Seifu, Canaan Negash, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Shamsipour, Mansour, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shi, Peilin, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sibamo, Ephrem Lejore Sibamo, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Sinke, Abiy Hiruye, Sinshaw, Aklilu Endalamaw, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Alison, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir, Soriano, Joan B, Sousa, Tatiane Cristina Moraes, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Stranges, Saverio, Strong, Mark, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sun, Jiandong, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarajia, Musharaf, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Teeple, Stephanie, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Thakur, JS, Thomson, Alan J, Tillmann, Taavi, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tortajada, Miguel, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tura, Abera Kenay, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Boven, Job F M, Van Dingenen, Rita, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A, Wakayo, Tolassa, Waller, Stephen G, Walson, Judd L, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Watkins, David A, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Wen, Chi-Pang, Werdecker, Andrea, Wesana, Joshua, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos, Zapata, Tomas, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
Abstract: National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015.
Published: 2024
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47. Burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, primary, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, additional, Vollset, Stein Emil, additional, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, additional, Daoud, Farah, additional, Afshin, Ashkan, additional, Charara, Raghid, additional, Khalil, Ibrahim, additional, Higashi, Hideki, additional, Abd El Razek, Mohamed Magdy, additional, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, additional, Alam, Khurshid, additional, Akseer, Nadia, additional, Al-Hamad, Nawal, additional, Ali, Raghib, additional, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, additional, Alomari, Mahmoud A, additional, Al-Rabeeah, Abdullah A, additional, Alsharif, Ubai, additional, Altirkawi, Khalid A, additional, Atique, Suleman, additional, Badawi, Alaa, additional, Barrero, Lope H, additional, Basulaiman, Mohammed, additional, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, additional, Bedi, Neeraj, additional, Bensenor, Isabela M, additional, Buchbinder, Rachelle, additional, Danawi, Hadi, additional, Dharmaratne, Samath D, additional, Zannad, Faiez, additional, Farvid, Maryam S, additional, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, additional, Farzadfar, Farshad, additional, Fischer, Florian, additional, Gupta, Rahul, additional, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, additional, Hamidi, Samer, additional, Horino, Masako, additional, Hoy, Damian G, additional, Hsairi, Mohamed, additional, Husseini, Abdullatif, additional, Javanbakht, Mehdi, additional, Jonas, Jost B, additional, Kasaeian, Amir, additional, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, additional, Khubchandani, Jagdish, additional, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, additional, Kopec, Jacek A, additional, Lunevicius, Raimundas, additional, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, additional, Majeed, Azeem, additional, Malekzadeh, Reza, additional, Mate, Kedar, additional, Mehari, Alem, additional, Meltzer, Michele, additional, Memish, Ziad A, additional, Mirarefin, Mojde, additional, Mohammed, Shafiu, additional, Naheed, Aliya, additional, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, additional, Oh, In-Hwan, additional, Park, Eun-Kee, additional, Peprah, Emmanuel Kwame, additional, Pourmalek, Farshad, additional, Qorbani, Mostafa, additional, Rafay, Anwar, additional, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, additional, Shiri, Rahman, additional, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, additional, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, additional, Rana, Saleem M, additional, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, additional, Shaikh, Masood Ali, additional, Shiue, Ivy, additional, Sibai, Abla Mehio, additional, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, additional, Singh, Jasvinder A, additional, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, additional, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, additional, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, additional, Westerman, Ronny, additional, Yonemoto, Naohiro, additional, Yoon, Seok-Jun, additional, Younis, Mustafa Z, additional, Zaidi, Zoubida, additional, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, additional, Lim, Stephen S, additional, Wang, Haidong, additional, Vos, Theo, additional, Naghavi, Mohsen, additional, Lopez, Alan D, additional, Murray, Christopher J L, additional, and Mokdad, Ali H, additional
Published: 2017
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48. The Burden of Mental Disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013

Author: Charara, Raghid, primary, Forouzanfar, Mohammad, additional, Naghavi, Mohsen, additional, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, additional, Afshin, Ashkan, additional, Vos, Theo, additional, Daoud, Farah, additional, Wang, Haidong, additional, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, additional, Khalil, Ibrahim, additional, Hamadeh, Randah R., additional, Khosravi, Ardeshir, additional, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, additional, Khader, Yousef, additional, Al-Hamad, Nawal, additional, Makhlouf Obermeyer, Carla, additional, Rafay, Anwar, additional, Asghar, Rana, additional, Rana, Saleem M., additional, Shaheen, Amira, additional, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., additional, Husseini, Abdullatif, additional, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., additional, Khoja, Tawfik, additional, Al Rayess, Zulfa A., additional, AlBuhairan, Fadia S., additional, Hsairi, Mohamed, additional, Alomari, Mahmoud A., additional, Ali, Raghib, additional, Roshandel, Gholamreza, additional, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, additional, Hamidi, Samer, additional, Refaat, Amany H., additional, Westerman, Ronny, additional, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, additional, Akanda, Ali S., additional, Ali, Syed Danish, additional, Bacha, Umar, additional, Badawi, Alaa, additional, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, additional, Faghmous, Imad A. D., additional, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, additional, Fischer, Florian, additional, Jonas, Jost B., additional, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, additional, Mehari, Alem, additional, Omer, Saad B., additional, Pourmalek, Farshad, additional, Uthman, Olalekan A., additional, Mokdad, Ali A., additional, Maalouf, Fadi T., additional, Abd-Allah, Foad, additional, Akseer, Nadia, additional, Arya, Dinesh, additional, Borschmann, Rohan, additional, Brazinova, Alexandra, additional, Brugha, Traolach S., additional, Catalá-López, Ferrán, additional, Degenhardt, Louisa, additional, Ferrari, Alize, additional, Haro, Josep Maria, additional, Horino, Masako, additional, Hornberger, John C., additional, Huang, Hsiang, additional, Kieling, Christian, additional, Kim, Daniel, additional, Kim, Yunjin, additional, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, additional, Mitchell, Philip B., additional, Patton, George, additional, Sagar, Rajesh, additional, Satpathy, Maheswar, additional, Savuon, Kim, additional, Seedat, Soraya, additional, Shiue, Ivy, additional, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, additional, Stein, Dan J., additional, Tabb, Karen M., additional, Whiteford, Harvey A., additional, Yip, Paul, additional, Yonemoto, Naohiro, additional, Murray, Christopher J. L., additional, and Mokdad, Ali H., additional
Published: 2017
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49. Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Khalil, Ibrahim, primary, Colombara, Danny V., additional, Forouzanfar, Mohammad Hossein, additional, Troeger, Christopher, additional, Daoud, Farah, additional, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, additional, Bcheraoui, Charbel El, additional, Rao, Puja C., additional, Afshin, Ashkan, additional, Charara, Raghid, additional, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, additional, Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El, additional, Abd-Allah, Foad, additional, Abu-Elyazeed, Remon, additional, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, additional, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, additional, Akseer, Nadia, additional, Alam, Khurshid, additional, Alasfoor, Deena, additional, Ali, Raghib, additional, AlMazroa, Mohammad A., additional, Alomari, Mahmoud A., additional, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa Mohammad Salem, additional, Alsharif, Ubai, additional, Alsowaidi, Shirina, additional, Altirkawi, Khalid A., additional, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, additional, Ammar, Walid, additional, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., additional, Asayesh, Hamid, additional, Asghar, Rana Jawad, additional, Atique, Suleman, additional, Awasthi, Ashish, additional, Bacha, Umar, additional, Badawi, Alaa, additional, Barac, Aleksandra, additional, Bedi, Neeraj, additional, Bekele, Tolesa, additional, Bensenor, Isabela M., additional, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, additional, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, additional, Abdulhak, Aref A. Bin, additional, Butt, Zahid A., additional, Danawi, Hadi, additional, Dubey, Manisha, additional, Endries, Aman Yesuf, additional, Faghmous, Imad D. A., additional, Farid, Talha, additional, Farvid, Maryam S., additional, Farzadfar, Farshad, additional, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, additional, Fischer, Florian, additional, Fitchett, Joseph Robert Anderson, additional, Gibney, Katherine B., additional, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, additional, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, additional, Gugnani, Harish Chander, additional, Gupta, Rahul, additional, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, additional, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, additional, Hamidi, Samer, additional, Harb, Hilda L., additional, Hedayati, Mohammad T., additional, Hsairi, Mohamed, additional, Husseini, Abdullatif, additional, Jahanmehr, Nader, additional, Javanbakht, Mehdi, additional, Jibat, Tariku, additional, Jonas, Jost B., additional, Kasaeian, Amir, additional, Khader, Yousef Saleh, additional, Khan, Abdur Rahman, additional, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, additional, Khan, Gulfaraz, additional, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, additional, Kinfu, Yohannes, additional, Kissoon, Niranjan, additional, Koyanagi, Ai, additional, Lal, Aparna, additional, Latif, Asma Abdul Abdul, additional, Lunevicius, Raimundas, additional, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, additional, Majeed, Azeem, additional, Malekzadeh, Reza, additional, Mehari, Alem, additional, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., additional, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, additional, Memish, Ziad A., additional, Mendoza, Walter, additional, Misganaw, Awoke, additional, Mohamed, Layla Abdalla Ibrahim, additional, Nachega, Jean B., additional, Nguyen, Quyen Le, additional, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, additional, Peprah, Emmanuel Kwame, additional, Platts-Mills, James A., additional, Pourmalek, Farshad, additional, Qorbani, Mostafa, additional, Rafay, Anwar, additional, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, additional, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, additional, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, additional, Rana, Saleem M., additional, Ranabhat, Chhabi L., additional, Rao, Sowmya R., additional, Refaat, Amany H., additional, Riddle, Mark, additional, Roshandel, Gholamreza, additional, Ruhago, George Mugambage, additional, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, additional, Sanabria, Juan R., additional, Sawhney, Monika, additional, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., additional, Setegn, Tesfaye, additional, Sliwa, Karen, additional, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., additional, Sykes, Bryan L., additional, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, additional, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, additional, Terkawi, Abdullah S., additional, Ukwaja, Kingsley, additional, Uthman, Olalekan A., additional, Westerman, Ronny, additional, Wubshet, Mamo, additional, Yenesew, Muluken A., additional, Yonemoto, Naohiro, additional, Younis, Mustafa Z., additional, Zaidi, Zoubida, additional, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, additional, Rabeeah, Abdullah A. Al, additional, Wang, Haidong, additional, Naghavi, Mohsen, additional, Vos, Theo, additional, Lopez, Alan D., additional, Murray, Christopher J. L., additional, and Mokdad, Ali H., additional
Published: 2016
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50. Gender and Social Disparities in Esophagus Cancer Incidence in Iran, 2003-2009: A Time Trend Province-level Study

Author: Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, primary
Published: 2014
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